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    Thermo 7

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    Ahmed Ali

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    Thermo 7

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    Ahmed Ali
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    Thermo 7

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Ali

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Thermodynamic

    2nd year
    Electromechanical
    Engineering Department
    University of Technology
    (2021-2022)

    Lecture 7

    Steam Generation

    Dr. Amged Al Ezzi


    Steam Formation
    - A system in which a liquid is being transformed into vapor is a two –phase mix system
    - It is assumed that the water is in a container (boiler) and the steam is formed at constant pressure condition
    - If a mass of water is heated, then its temperature increases till the boiling occurs, the boiling temperature is called saturation
    temperature since the temperature is remained constant so long as there is water present.
    - As the steam breaks away from the water water surface, it will carry with a small water droplets.
    ( steam with these small suspension droplets is called wet steam)
    - Further transfer of heat to the wet steam will convert the suspended water droplets into steam and finally the steam is called
    (dry saturated steam)
    - Further transfer of heat to the dry saturated steam produces a temperature rise and the steam becomes a superheated steam

    • There are three stages in production of steam from water


    • Stage 1: Water temperature (twater) increase to becomes saturation temperature (tsat.), (liquid enthalpy- hf KJ/Kg )
    • Stage 2: Saturation temperature (tsat.) constant temp to becomes saturated vapor, (enthalpy of evaporation – hfg KJ/Kg)

    • Stage 3: Saturated vapor increase to becomes superheated steam, (enthalpy of superheat- hg KJ/Kg)

    Nots: saturation temperature depends of pressure. ( if the pressure increases, the saturation temperature increases)
    Steam Formation

    Don’t forget !!! ( h = u + pv )


    Enthalpy of steam:
    1) Liquid Enthalpy (hf ) : energy added to water in the first stage – KJ/KG
    2) Enthalpy of evaporation (hfg) : energy added at constant temperature second stage – hfg KJ/Kg
    3) Specific enthalpy (h): is the liquid enthalpy + (dryness *enthalpy of evaporation), [ h = hf + xhfg]
    4) Saturation vapor enthalpy (hg) : enthalpy of dry saturated vapor – KJ/Kg. ( hg = hf + hfg )
    5) Superheated enthalpy (h) : addition of heat to dry saturated vapor will rise the temperature above tsat. (f).
    degree of superheat = (t-tf), the superheat enthalpy [h = hg+ cp(t– tf)]
    ** Cp = 2.093 KJ/Kg.k

    ** X : is dryness fraction. It is the ration X = (mass of dry saturated vapor) / (total mass of wet + dry vapor)
    Steam Formation
    Exp:
    Determine the specific enthalpy of steam at 2 MN/m2 and with a temperature of 275 0C?

    Sol:
    From steam saturated table at 2MN/m2 the temperature of saturation tsat.f = 212.4 0C
    In comparison with t= 275 0C the steam must be superheated
    Specific enthalpy at superheated region might be found from :
    1) formula
    h = hg+ cp(t– tsat)
    Where
    (t– tsat) = (275 – 212.4) = 62.6 k
    Cp = 2.0934 KJ/Kg.k
    From the superheated steam table at P = 2 MN/m2 = 20 bar …… hg = 2799 KJ/Kg
    Thus, h = 2799 + 2.0934 * 62.6 = 2930 KJ/Kg

    2) Interpolation steam superheated table at P = 2 MN/m2 = 20 bar


    enthalpy at temperature 250 0C = 2904 (2904 + 3025)/2 = 2946.5 KJ/Kg
    enthalpy at temperature 300 0C = 3025
    Steam Formation
    Exp:
    Determine the enthalpy of 1 Kg of steam at a pressure of 5 MN/m2 and with a dryness fraction of 0.9 ?
    Sol:
    h = hf + xhfg , from steam tables at 5 MN/m2
    hf = 1155 KJ/Kg , hfg = 1639 KJ/Kg
    h = 1155 + (0.9 * 1639) = 2630.1 KJ/kg

    Saturated water-steam volume

    - Specific Volume of saturated water 𝜐f m3/Kg


    - Specific volume of saturated steam 𝜐g m3/Kg
    - Specific volume of wet steam 𝜐 = x 𝜐g + (1-x) 𝜐f
    For low pressure, the 𝜐f value is very low and can be neglected
    Thus, Specific volume of wet steam
    𝜐 = x 𝜐g

    𝟏
    Density 𝝆 =
    𝝊
    Steam Formation
    Exp:
    1.5 Kg of steam originally at a pressure of 1 MN/m2 and temperature 225 0C is expanded until the pressure becomes 0.28 MN/m2.
    The dryness fraction of the steam is then 0.9. Determine the change of internal energy which occurs?

    Sol:
    point 1 specifications: from superheated steam table
    At 1 MN/m2 = 10 bar, and 225 0C
    h1 = interpolation = (hg(200) + hg(250) ) / 2 = 2886 KJ/Kg
    𝜐 1 = interpolation = (𝜐 g(200) + 𝜐 g(250) ) / 2 = 0.22 m3/kg
    U1 = h1 – P1 𝜐 1 = 2886 – [(1*10^3)(0.22)] = 2666 KJ/Kg

    Point 2 specifications: from saturated steam tables


    At o.28 MN/m2 = 2.8 bar, and X = 0.9
    h2 = hf+ xhfg = 551.4 + 0.9 (2170.1) = 2504.49
    𝜐2 = x 𝜐g = 0.9 (0.646) = 0.5814 m3/Kg
    U2 = h2 – P2 𝜐 2 = 2504.49 – [(0.28*10^3) * 0.5814] = 2341.69 KJ/Kg

    Change of internal energy = U2 – U1 = 2341.69 – 2666 = -324.31 KJ/Kg


    Steam Formation
    Exp:
    A closed vessel of 0.6 m3 capacity contains dry saturated steam at 350 KN/m2. The vessel is cooled until the pressure is reduced to
    200 KN/m2 . Find 1) the mass of the steam 2) the dryness of steam 3) the amount of heat transferred during the cooling process.

    Sol:
    1) From saturated steam table
    At 350 KN/m2 = 3.5 bar , 𝜐g = 0.52 m3/Kg as it mentioned (dry saturated steam means x=1) thus 𝜐g = 𝜐
    ! ! '(
    Density 𝜌 = = = 1.92 ………… m = 𝜌 * V = 1.92 * 0.6 = 1.153 Kg.
    " #.%& )!

    2) From saturated steam table


    At 200 KN/m2 = 2 bar , 𝜐g,2 = 0.885 m3/Kg ……. 𝜐 = x𝜐g,2 ……… x = (𝜐 / 𝜐g ) = ( 0.52/0.885) = 0.58
    3) 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 ,
    U1 = at saturation steam line = Ug from saturated steam table at 3.5 bar = 2549 KJ/Kg
    U2 = h2 – P2 𝜐 2 …… from saturated steam table at 2 bar, and X = 0.58
    h2 = hf+ xhfg ……. 505 + (0.58*2707) = 2075 KJ/Kg
    𝜐2 = x 𝜐g,2 = 0.58*0.885 = 0.513 m3/Kg
    U2 = 2075 – (200*0.513) = 1972.34 KJ/Kg
    ∆𝑈 = 1972.34 – 2549 = - 576.66 KJ/Kg
    Q = -576.66 * 1.153 = - 663.15 KJ
    Steam Tables
    Psychrometric chart
    Psychrometric charts are complex graphs that can be used to assess the physical and thermodynamic properties
    of gas-vapor mixtures at a constant pressure. They are often used to assess the properties of moist air

    - There are 5 factors indicated on the chart:


    • dry bulb temperature.
    • wet bulb temperature (also known as saturation temperature)
    • dew point temperature.
    • relative humidity.
    • moisture content (also known as humidity ratio)
    • enthalpy (also known as total heat)
    • specific volume (the inverse of density)

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