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Week 04

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11 views

Week 04

Uploaded by

hassanansari12121515
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE-116

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Muzammil Ahmad Khan
[email protected]

Computer Engineering Department


WEEK NO:04

2
The Controlling Statement
Switch statement
• A switch statement's controlling statement must return one
of these basic types:
• -A bool value
• An int type
• A char type
• switch will not work with strings in the controlling statement.

Better Way͙ Using switch


• An alternative for constructing multi-way branches
3
The Controlling Statement
Switch statement

4
Can I Use the break Statement in a Loop?

5
C++ Switch Statements

• Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to be executed.
• Syntax
switch(expression) {
case x:
// code block
break;
case y:
// code block
break;
default:
// code block
}
6
How it works:

• The switch expression is evaluated once


• The value of the expression is compared with the values of
each case
• If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
• The break and default keywords are optional, and will be
described later in this chapter

7
The example below uses the weekday number
to calculate the weekday name:

8
The break Keyword

• When C++ reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.

• This will stop the execution of more code and case testing inside the block.

• When a match is found, and the job is done, it's time for a break. There is
no need for more testing.

• A break can save a lot of execution time because it "ignores" the execution
of all the rest of the code in the switch block.

9
The default Keyword

10
The default Keyword

11
Blocks

12
Local vs. Global Variables

13
Local vs. Global Variables - Example

14
Local vs. Global Variables - Example

Output??

15
Local vs. Global Variables - Example

Output??
CS 98.CS 98.CS 98

(there’s a newline character at the end)

16
goto Statement

• In C++ programming, the goto statement is used for altering the


normal sequence of program execution by transferring control
to some other part of the program.
• Syntax of goto Statement
goto label;
... .. ...
... .. ...
... .. ...
label:
statement;
... .. ...
• In the syntax above, label is an identifier. When goto label; is
encountered, the control of program jumps to label: and
17
executes the code below it.
Example: goto Statement
// This program calculates the average of numbers entered by the user.
// If the user enters a negative number, it ignores the number and
if(num < 0.0)
// calculates the average number entered before it.
{
// Control of the program move to jump:
# include <iostream>
using namespace std; goto jump;
int main() }
{ sum += num;
float num, average, sum = 0.0; }
int i, n;
cout << "Maximum number of inputs: ";
jump:
cin >> n;
average = sum / (i - 1);
for(i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
{
cout << "\nAverage = " << average;
cout << "Enter n" << i << ": "; return 0;
cin >> num; }
18
Output

Maximum number of inputs: 10


Enter n1: 2.3
Enter n2: 5.6
Enter n3: -5.6
Average = 3.95

• You can write any C++ program without the use of goto statement and
is generally considered a good idea not to use them.

19
Reason to Avoid goto Statement

• The goto statement gives the power to jump to any part of a program but,
makes the logic of the program complex and tangled.

• In modern programming, the goto statement is considered a harmful


construct and a bad programming practice.

• The goto statement can be replaced in most of C++ program with the use of
break and continue statements.

20
Enumeration
• An enumeration is a user-defined data type that consists of integral
constants. To define an enumeration, keyword enum is used.
• enum season { spring, summer, autumn, winter };
• Here, the name of the enumeration is season.
• And, spring, summer and winter are values of type season.
• By default, spring is 0, summer is 1 and so on. You can change the default
value of an enum element during declaration (if necessary).
enum season
{ spring = 0,
summer = 4,
autumn = 8,
winter = 12
};
21
Enumerated Type Declaration

• When you create an enumerated type, only blueprint for the variable is created. Here's
how you can create variables of enum type.

enum boolean { false, true };

// inside function
enum boolean check;

• Here is another way to declare same check variable using different syntax.
enum boolean
{
false, true
} check;
22
Example 1: Enumeration Type
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

enum week { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday };

int main()
{
week today;
today = Wednesday;
cout << "Day " << today+1;
return 0;
}

Output
Day 4
23
Example2:
Changing Default Value of Enums
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

enum seasons { spring = 34, summer = 4, autumn = 9, winter = 32};


int main() {
seasons s;
s = summer;
cout << "Summer = " << s << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Summer = 4
24
Example2:
Changing Default Value of Enums
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

enum seasons { spring = 34, summer = 4, autumn = 9, winter = 32};


int main() {
seasons s;
s = summer;
cout << "Summer = " << s << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Summer = 4
25

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