American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering (EEE)

Course Name : Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Course Code: EEE2202

Semester : Fall 2021-22 Sec : B
Item: CO5: Formulate a solution, procedure, and method using first principles of Electromagnetic
Fields & Waves for practical applications (P.b.2.C4)
Student Name: Md. Hasibul Haque Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-42171-1 SL: 18
Student Name: Md. Rakibur Rahman Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-42266-1 SL: 21
Student Name: Ar Sadman Sakib Rahman Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-42262-1 SL: 19
Student Name: Fahim Ahmed Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-42263-1 SL: 20
Student Name: Mahmudul Hasan Saykat Dept: EEE Student ID: 19-40964-2 SL: 09
Application Topic: Design a Quarter-wave Dipole Antenna
using CST Microwave Studio Software
Submission Date: 12th& 14thDecember, 2021

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Faculty):

Assessment Proficien Goo Acceptabl Unacceptabl No Response Secured
t [5] d e [2-3] e [1] [0] Marks
[4]
Ability to Successfully Demonstrates some Demonstrates partial Demonstrates minimal Fails to demonstrate
simulate the demonstrate the ability to simulate the ability to simulate the or no understanding the ability to simulate
design complete simulation of design with design without of the simulation the design.
the design with appropriate results appropriate results
appropriate results and and analysis. and analysis.
analysis.
Explanation of Relates the first Demonstrates some Unaware of Demonstrates minimal Fails to identify and
the design principles that are ability to Relates and appropriateness of the or no ability to explain the method &
Method & most applicable to Applies the first first principles that are identify with partial procedure
Procedure by systematic, theory- principles but may not most applicable to explanation of the
relating the based formulation of adequately explain the theory-based method & procedure
EMFW engineering method & procedure. formulation of
principles fundamentals required engineering
with the proper fundamentals; but still
explanation of the tries to explain the
method & procedure. method & procedure
Identify the Applies the Demonstrates some Unaware of Demonstrates minimal Fails to identify or use
Mathematical Mathematical ability to Relates and appropriateness of the or no ability to the Mathematical
equations of equations that are most Applies the Mathematical identify or use the equations that are most
EMFW which applicable to Mathematical equations that are most Mathematical applicable to theory-
will relate with systematic, theory- equations but may not applicable to theory- equations that are most based formulation of
the chosen topic based formulation of implement based formulation of applicable to theory- engineering
[K2] engineering systematically. engineering based formulation of fundamentals
fundamentals required fundamentals; but still engineering
in the engineering tries to utilize partially fundamentals
discipline.
Presentation Presentation logically Presentation was well Presentation has some Key ideas not very Presentation rambles.
and skillfully structured and key structure. Key ideas remarkable. Not organized; key
structured. ideas are compelling, generally identifiable. Introduction, ideas are difficult to
Introduction, and articulated with Introduction, supporting details identify, and are
supporting details and exceptional clarity supporting details and/or summary unremarkable. No
summary are clearly and concision. and/or summary may missing. clear introduction,
evident and be too broad, too supporting details and
memorable. detailed. summary.
Comments: Total Marks
(Out of 20):
 Instruction

Students are required to Design a Dipole Antenna and formulate a solution for a particular
frequency using CST Microwave Studio software. Students must prepare an online presentation
and submit a report by addressing:

i) Simulation & Result Analysis (S11, VRWR, Radiation Pattern 2D, 3D).
ii) Relation to the Mathematical equations of EMFW [K2]
iii) Explanation of the design Method & Procedure

Group No Type Frequency

2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Half Wave (λ/2 ) ID basis
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 Quarter Wave (λ/4) ID basis

6
20-422 3-1

20-42262-1 66.667 Use all of your ID (4

member) in this way.
20-42266-1

19-40964-2

20-42171-1

Instructions:

➢ Use this page as a Top page of your Report & Presentation.

➢ Make a Report as per the above question and it will be in single column
➢ Write your Name, ID, Serial properly on the above section
➢ Report must be in pdf format.
➢ During Presentation you just use the Report. No need to make any ppt file.
➢ Each Group will get 10min maximum for their Presentation.
➢ After presentation you must submit your Report & Design File in the given MS Teams
Channel (Final_OBE_Report)
➢ One file will be submitted from each group.
 Design a Quarter-wave Dipole Antenna using CST
Microwave Studio Software

Abstract:
In this paper, a simple Quarter-wave dipole antenna has been designed and
analyzed for wireless applications. Resonant frequency for the dipole antenna
was 66.667 GHz and as a simulation tool CST Microwave Studio (MWS) has
been used. After that the S11 parameters curve, the VSWR curve and the 2D-
3D far-field radiation patterns of the Quarter-wave dipole antenna have been
observed.

1. Theory:
Dipole antenna is very common practical wire antenna. There are several types
of dipole antennas such as hertzian dipole, full-wave dipole, half-wave dipole,
quarter-wave dipole, small dipole, etc.

Fig. 1: Quarter-wave Dipole Antenna

Quarter-wavelength dipole the total length of this antenna is a quarter the

wavelength corresponding to the frequency to be used. It uses the reflective
ground plane that provides an image of the antenna to complete the dipole.
A general construction of a Quarter-wave dipole antenna has been shown in
the Fig.1. There is a gap between two arms of Quarter-wave dipole antenna for
feeding purpose. Here L= 𝛌/4 is the total length of the antenna; D is the
 thickness of antenna arm and g is the feeding gap. Radiation resistance of the
half-wave dipole is 73 Ohm which matched with the line impedance.

2. Design Parameters and Calculation:

Dimension of an antenna changes based on the resonant frequency. As a

resonant frequency 66.667 GHz has been chosen. By taking this into
consideration several antenna dimensions have been calculated.

Resonant frequency, fr = 66.667 GHz

= 66.667×109 Hz

C = 3×108
𝑐 3×108
Wavelength, 𝜆 = Wv = =
𝑓 66.667×109

= 0.004499 m

= 4.499 mm ..…. (1)

Length of quarter-wave dipole antenna,

𝜆 4.499
L = 0.95 × = 0.95 × = 1.07 …... (2)
4 4

Radius of the wire,

4.499
R= = 0.00459 mm …... (3)
1000

Feeding gap of the antenna,

𝐿 1.007
g= = = 0.0053 …... (4)
200 200
 From the first equation, wavelength has been calculated based on which
length of the dipole antenna has been found from the second equation.
Feeding gap and radius of the wire have been calculated from the equation
no.3 and 4 respectively.
All dimensions of the antenna are given in the Table-1
Table 1: Design Parameters of the Antenna
Parameter Value Unit
Resonant Frequency (fr) 66.667 GHz
Wavelength (λ) 4.499 mm
Impedance 73 Ohm
Length of the dipole (L) 1.07 mm
Radius of the dipole (R) 0.0459 mm
Feeding gap of the antenna (g) 0.0053

3. Procedure of Design Method:

Create a Project
Schematic Modeling
Template

Transform Cylinder-1 Local WCS

Cylinder-2 Brick Simulation

4. Simulations & Result:
4.1 Simulations:
According to the design parameters a quarter-wave dipole antenna has been
designed in CST MWS. In the Fig. 2 designed Quarter-wave dipole antenna has
been shown.

Fig. 2: Designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna

For making the simulation fast and more accurate global mesh properties have
been optimized. As antenna copper (annealed) has been used and between
the two antenna arms a sheet has been selected.

Simulation Procedure:

Picks edge Discrete Port Field Monitor

Setup Slover
 4.2 Results:
After the simulation the magnitude of S-Parameter or return loss has been
observed. S1,1 for maximum and minimum has been shown in the Fig.3 & Fig.
4.

Fig. 3: Return Loss Curve for the designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna for Maximum f

Fig. 4: Return Loss Curve for the designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna for Minimum f

VSWR curve has shown in the Fig. 6. Authors have found it was 63666507.1 at the
resonant frequency 66.667GHz.

Fig. 6: VSWR Plot of the designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna

Magnetic field density has shown in the Fig. 7.

Fig. 7: H-field Distribution of the designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna

Electric field distribution has shown in the Fig. 8.

Fig. 8: E-field Distribution of the designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna

Far-field radiation pattern has been shown in the Fig. 9. Directivity has found as
1.002 dBi. Obtained directivity was almost identical to the theoretical ones. Red
color shows the maximum radiation.

Fig. 9: 3-D Far-Field Radiation Pattern for Directivity of Designed Quarter-Wave Dipole Antenna

5. Relation to the Mathematical equations of EMFW:

Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Radiation: Since a changing electric field
produces a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, once
sinusoidal fields are created they can propagate on their own. These propagating fields
are called electromagnetic waves. The four basic laws of electricity and magnetism had
been discovered experimentally through the work of physicists such as Oersted,
Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday. Maxwell discovered logical inconsistencies in these
earlier results and identified the incompleteness of Ampère’s law as their cause.

Recall that according to Ampère’s law, the integral of the magnetic field around a closed
loop C is proportional to the current I passing through any surface whose boundary is
loop C itself.

Wavelength calculation of Dipole in free space,

2𝜋 𝑐 3×108
𝜆= = = (Free Space)
𝑘0 𝑓 𝑓

The reciprocal of C, The velocity of light in free space,

 1
𝑐= = 2.998 × 108 = 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
√𝑀0 𝐸0

K0 is the phase constant for a uniform plane wave in free space

Voltage standing wave ratio,

6. Conclusion:
Main objective of this paper was to observe the several antenna
characteristics for popular wire antenna. As a popular practical antenna
Quarter-wave dipole antenna was selected. Obtained results were acceptable
for practical implementation of this types of antennas. As a simulation tool CST
Microwave Studio was used which ease the simulation. VSWR curve has shown
in the Fig. 6. We have found it was 63666507.1 at the resonant frequency
66.667GHz. Directivity has found as 1.002 dBi. There are few scopes to
improve the results by optimizing several parameters which might be fruitful
for researchers. We would like to work on these in future.

7. References:
1) Balanis, Constantine A., “Antenna Theory Analysis and
Design”, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, USA (2005),
pg.151
2) Ramo, Simon, Whinnery, John R., Duzer, Theodore Van,
“Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics”,
John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, Canada (1994)
3) Saunders, Simon R., Zavala, Alezandro Aragon,
“Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication
Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, England
(2007), pg. 73
4) Balanis, Constantine A., “Antenna Theory Analysis and
Design”, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, USA (2005),
pg. 182
5) Parminder Singh, Ankita Sharma, Neha Uniyal, Richa
Kala, “Half-Wave Dipole Antenna for GSM
Applications”, International Journal of AdvancedComputer Research