American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering (EEE)

Course Name : Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Course Code: EEE2202

Semester : Fall 2021-22 Sec : B Group : 8
CO5: Formulate a solution, procedure, and method using first principles of Electromagnetic
Item:
Fields & Waves for practical applications (P.b.2.C4)
Student Name: Rajia Sultana Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-44053-2 SL: 37
Student Name: Shaikh Tawhidul Islam Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-44026-2 SL: 35
Student Name: Alman Komoruddin Dept: EEE Student ID: 19-39413-1 SL: 06
Student Name: Md Inteshar Ishrak Dept: EEE Student ID: 20-44029-2 SL: 36
Application Topic: Half Wave Dipole Antenna Design
Submission Date: 12th December, 2021

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Faculty):

Assessment Proficient Good Acceptable Unacceptable No Response Secured
[5] [4] [2-3] [1] [0] Marks
Ability to Successfully Demonstrates some Demonstrates partial Demonstrates minimal Fails to demonstrate
simulate the demonstrate the ability to simulate the ability to simulate the or no understanding the ability to simulate
design complete simulation of design with design without of the simulation the design.
the design with appropriate results and appropriate results and
appropriate results and analysis. analysis.
analysis.
Explanation of Relates the first Demonstrates some Unaware of Demonstrates minimal Fails to identify and
the design principles that are ability to Relates and appropriateness of the or no ability to explain the method &
Method & most applicable to Applies the first first principles that are identify with partial procedure
Procedure by systematic, theory- principles but may not most applicable to explanation of the
relating the based formulation of adequately explain the theory-based method & procedure
EMFW engineering method & procedure. formulation of
principles fundamentals required engineering
with the proper fundamentals; but still
explanation of the tries to explain the
method & procedure. method & procedure
Identify the Applies the Demonstrates some Unaware of Demonstrates minimal Fails to identify or use
Mathematical Mathematical ability to Relates and appropriateness of the or no ability to the Mathematical
equations of equations that are most Applies the Mathematical identify or use the equations that are most
EMFW which applicable to Mathematical equations that are most Mathematical applicable to theory-
will relate with systematic, theory- equations but may not applicable to theory- equations that are most based formulation of
the chosen topic based formulation of implement based formulation of applicable to theory- engineering
[K2] engineering systematically. engineering based formulation of fundamentals
fundamentals required fundamentals; but still engineering
in the engineering tries to utilize partially fundamentals
discipline.
Presentation Presentation logically Presentation was well Presentation has some Key ideas not very Presentation rambles.
and skillfully structured and key structure. Key ideas remarkable. Not organized; key
structured. ideas are compelling, generally identifiable. Introduction, ideas are difficult to
Introduction, and articulated with Introduction, supporting details identify, and are
supporting details and exceptional clarity and supporting details and/or summary unremarkable. No
summary are clearly concision. and/or summary may missing. clear introduction,
evident and be too broad, too supporting details and
memorable. detailed. summary.
Comments: Total Marks
(Out of 20):
 Instruction

Students are required to Design a Dipole Antenna and formulate a solution for a particular
frequency using CST Microwave Studio software. Students must prepare an online
presentation and submit a report by addressing:

i) Simulation & Result Analysis (S11, VSWR, Radiation Pattern 2D, 3D).
ii) Relation to the Mathematical equations of EMFW [K2]
iii) Explanation of the design Method & Procedure

Group No Type Frequency

2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Half Wave (λ/2 ) ID basis
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 Quarter Wave (λ/4) ID basis

19-39412-1
20-44026-2 12.25 Use all of your ID (4
member) in this way.
20-44029-2

20-44053-2

Instructions:

➢ Use this page as a Top page of your Report & Presentation.

➢ Make a Report as per the above question and it will be in single column
➢ Write your Name, ID, Serial properly on the above section
➢ Report must be in pdf format.
➢ During Presentation you just use the Report. No need to make any ppt file.
➢ Each Group will get 10min maximum for their Presentation.
➢ After presentation you must submit your Report & Design File in the given MS Teams
Channel (Final_OBE_Report)
➢ One file will be submitted from each group.
Abstract:

The purpose of the report is to find the half-wave dipole antenna's simulation and result
analysis (S11, VSWR, Radiation Pattern 2D, 3D) in a particular frequency, relation to the
mathematical equations of Electrical Magnetic Field and Waves for the antenna being
modelled, as well as explanation of the design method and procedure. In this project various
factors of antenna such as the S11 parameter, VSWR and radiation patterns 2D, 3D are also
evaluated. The simulation is done using CST Studio Suit 2019.

Theory:

A dipole antenna is the most basic type of radio antenna, consisting of a conductive wire rod
half the length of the antenna's maximum wavelength. An insulator separates the two portions
of this wire rod, which are split in the middle. At the end closest to the antenna's center, each
rod is attached to a coaxial wire. At the middle, between the two conductors, radio frequency
voltages are applied to dipole antennas. They're used as antennas on their own, particularly in
rabbit-ear television antennas, and as driven elements in other antennas. Dipole antenna was
invented in 1886 by a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz. Dipole antennas are oriented
vertically, horizontally or in slants. Polarization of electromagnetic fields radiated by dipole
transmitting antennas correspond to element orientation. Radio frequency current in dipoles is
at its maximum at the centers of the dipole and at its minimum at ends of the elements, and
vice versa for RF voltages.

Wired antennas are simple antennas, yet they are still useful in this day of printed antennas.
They are the most basic in terms of construction, gain, directivity, and efficiency. The
radiation pattern is pleasing to the eye and is cost-effective. It can be designed for any
frequency as long as the length isn't too short, i.e., half a wavelength. Loop antennas, helical
antennas, log periodic antennas, and other wired antennas are examples. They each have their
own set of benefits.
Calculation:

The dimension of the antenna is changed according to the resonant frequency and the resonant
frequency is taken as 12.25MHz. The values needed to design the antenna can be calculated by
using the following equations.

Resonant frequency = 12.25 MHz (According to our ID)

c 3 x 10^8
Wavelength, Wv = = = 24489.80 mm
f 12.25 x 10^6

Length of the half-wave dipole, L = 0.475 Wv = 0.475 X 24489.8 = 11498.5 mm

Radius of the wire, R = 0.001 Wv = 24.49mm

L 11498.5
Feeding gap, g = = = 58.16 mm
200 200

Where, the dimension of the diameter should be in mm. Wv is the wavelength in mm, L is the
length of the antenna in mm and g is a gap between two arms of half-wave dipole antenna.
Here to get the radius of the wire we had to multiply the wavelength with 0.001.

Parameter Value Unit

Resonant Frequency (f) 12.25 MHz

Wavelength, Wv 24489.80 mm

Impedance 73 Ω

Length of the dipole, L 11498.5 mm

Radius of the dipole (R) 24.49 mm

Gab feeding of the dipole (F) 58.16 mm

Simulation and result analysis:

S11: S – parameter is the short form of scattering parameter. It is used to model N – port linear
networks. It is very important at high frequencies to define a network in terms of waves rather
than voltage or current. As a result, power waves are used in S-parameters.

S11 parameter is known as reflection coefficient. When the magnitude of S11 is expressed in
decibel then it is known as the return loss at the input port. If frequency is taken along X – axis
and return loss in dB along Y - axis and plot the corresponding values, return loss plot can be
achieved. By plotting return loss some important information can be determined. Such as,
whether the antenna is a single band or a multi band form. The bandwidth of the corresponding
frequency can also be determined.

In CST Studio 2019 software, we can find the S11 parameter from the folder named 1D
Results.

Fig: 1. Return loss for 12.25MHz from CST (S1,1 parameter)

Here, for 12.25MHz frequency a tip can be seen. Here only one tip is obtained, so it is a single
band antenna. The return loss of proposed dipole antenna at 12.25MHz is -40.505458 dB.
The bandwidth difference for -10dB is = (12.936 – 11.637) = 1.3MHz.
VSWR: Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio between transmitted and
reflected voltage standing waves in a radio frequency (RF) electrical transmission system. It is a
measure of how efficiently RF power is transmitted from the power source, through a
transmission line, and into the load. A common example is a power amplifier connected to an
antenna through a transmission line.

100% of the energy is transmitted in a perfect system. This necessitates a perfect match between
the source impedance, the transmission line's characteristic impedance, and all of its connectors,
as well as the load's impedance. Because the signal travels through without interference, the AC
voltage will be the same from beginning to end.

According to [10] VSWR should be between 1 and 2. In Figure 2 shows VSWR of dipole
antenna less than 2. The good result of VSWR takes it from CST for 12.25Mhz is equal to
1.0190491.

Fig: 2. VSWR for 12.25MHz from CST

Radiation Pattern: The radiation pattern of a dipole antenna is of particular importance for
many reasons it needs to be orientated so that it picks up the maximum level of signal or
radiates the maximum amount of signal in the required direction. The radiation pattern reflects
the amount of power radiated from the dipole in any given direction. As the performance of the
antenna is the same in transmit and receive, it also reflects the 'sensitivity' of the antenna in
different directions.

An understanding of the dipole radiation pattern enables the antenna to be orientated in the
optimum direction at any time.

The radiation pattern polar diagram for a half wave dipole antenna shows that the direction of
maximum radiation or sensitivity is at right angles to the axis of the RF antenna. The radiation
falls to zero along the axis of the RF antenna as might be expected.
In a half-wave dipole, the radiation is maximum perpendicular to the antenna, declining as
(sin2θ) to zero on the axis

Fig: 3. 2D radiation pattern for 12.25MHz

In a three-dimensional plot, the radiation pattern envelope for points of equal radiation intensity
for a doughnut type shape, with the axis of the antenna passing through the hole in the center of
the doughnut.

Fig: 4. 3D radiation pattern for 12.25MHz

Now, if the polar plane is observed of this 3D radiation pattern, main lobe magnitude is 2.21
dB, main lobe is direction is 90 degree and angular width (3 dB) is 73.3 degree.
Fig: 5. Polar Azimuth plane of 3D radiation pattern for 12.25MHz

Fig: 5. Polar Elevation plane of 3D radiation pattern for 12.25MHz

Relation to the Mathematical equations of EMFW:

Wavelength relation: An electromagnetic wave has a frequency and a wavelength associated

with it and travels at the speed of light, or c. The relationship among these wave characteristics
can be described by VW = fλ, where VW is the propagation speed of the wave, f is the frequency,
and λ is the wavelength. Here VW = c, so that for all electromagnetic waves, c = fλ.

Thus, for all electromagnetic waves, the greater the frequency, the smaller the wavelength.

Figure 6 shows how the various types of electromagnetic waves are categorized according to
their wavelengths and frequencies—that is, it shows the electromagnetic spectrum. Many of the
characteristics of the various types of electromagnetic waves are related to their frequencies and
wavelengths, as we shall see.

Fig: 6. The electromagnetic field spectrum

Length of the half-wave dipole relation:

As it is a half – wave dipole antenna the length of the antenna will be half of wavelength. So,
the equation becomes,

L = 0.475 Wv
A half-wave dipole antenna consists of two quarter-wavelength conductors placed end to end
for a total length of approximately L = λ/2. The current distribution is that of a standing wave,
approximately sinusoidal along the length of the dipole, with a node at each end and an
antinode (peak current) at the center.

where k = 2π/λ and z runs from −L/2 to L/2.

In the far field, this produces a radiation pattern whose electric field is given by

The directional factor cos[(π/2) cos θ]/sin θ is barely different from sin θ applying to the short
dipole, resulting in a very similar radiation pattern as noted above

We can now also find the radiation resistance as we did for the short dipole by solving

Here,

Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Radiation: Hertz also developed a theory of

radiation by his dipole antenna. Near the antenna, the electric field is like that for a static
distribution of charge, and the magnetic field is like that due to a long wire.
Maxwell’s equations are available in two forms: differential form and integral form. The
integral forms of Maxwell’s equations are helpful in their understanding the physical
significance

These equations are the fundamental or the backbone for the rules of antenna and it’s
propagation.

Explanation of the design Method & Procedure:

• The needed values for 12.25 MHz were calculated to design the half-wave dipole
antenna.

• In the CST Studio Suit 2019 software the parameters were placed under the schematic
section. The dimension was taken in millimeter.
• From the modeling section Cylinder was chosen from Shapes and the material was
Copper (annealed). Outer radius was R and Wmax was L/2.

• After that by selecting Transforming WCS the co-ordinate system was moved by -g
equivalent value in dW direction.

• Then, another Cylinder was chosen but this time Wmin was -L/2.

• After that, Brick was chosen. Values of Umin and Umax is respectively -R and R. Value
of Wmin was put g. This time the material type was Vacuum.
• From the Simulation sector Field Monitor was selected and then E-type, H-field and
surface current and Far field/RCS were simulated for 12.25Mhz frequency.

• By using the Setup Solver option minimum frequency was put 0Mhz and maximum was
put 24.5MHz. Then, for 73-ohm impedance the dipole antenna was simulated.
 From the Navigation Tree section by choosing 1D results, 2D/3D results S11 parameter,
VSWR and radiation pattern 2D, 3D can be found for the particular resonant frequency
which is 12.25MHz in this case.

Conclusion:

A half-wave dipole antenna has been designed and simulated using CST software that facilitates
the simulation. To obtain the target frequency of 12.25MHz for the LTE application a popular
practical half-wave dipole antenna was selected. Return loss was acquired as
-40.505458 dB which shows the characteristic of reflection coefficient. The VSWR is less than
two, in the radiation pattern main lobe magnitude is 2.21 dB, main lobe is direction is 90 degree
and angular width (3 dB) is 73.3 degree in this half-wave dipole antenna.
Reference:

[1] Mr. Gopinath Gampala, Dr.C.J., “Antenna Design Considerations for LTE Mobile Applications”

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society on November 8, 2011.

[2] N.I. Mohamed, T.A. Rahman, C.Y. Leow, “Issues and challenges of LTE antenna designs for USB

dongle device”, IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless

Communications (APWC), 2012.

[3] A. Friedrich, B. Geck, O. Klemp, H. Kellermann, “On the design of a 3D LTE antenna for automotive

applications based on MID technology”, European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 2013

[4] I. Goncharovian, s. Lindenmeier, “A high-efficient 3-D Neferantenna for LTE communication on a

car”, 8th European Conference on. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2014