Network Lecture 1

DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• Data communication “ means exchange of

data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.”
• It may be communicated from sender-
>receiver (or) from one station->another
station.
• Data communications have 4
characteristics:-
Delivery Accuracy Jitter:-

• Deliver the data • deliver the data accuretely.
Timliness:- time lag between
sender sending
In time or useless the message and
reciever recieves
it.
Five components of data communication
1.Message:- means information's (data) to be communicated.

E.g.text,numbers,audio,video.
2.Sender:-sends the data message. It can be a computer ,workstation, video etc..
3.Reciever:-receives the message send from the sender. It can be a computer

,work station etc.
4.Transmission medium:-path by which a message travels from sender -> reciever.

5.Protocols:-a set rules that govern data communication. Without a protocols
E.g. twisted pair wire,coaxial cable,fibre-optic cable etc.
,two devices may be connected but not communicated.
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
1)Simplex:-unidirectional, one way street.
2)Half-duplex:-both transmit and receive but not at same time.
3) Full-duplex:-both can transmit and receives simultaneously.

Physical structures
Point to
Types of point
connections
multipoint
Physical Mesh
structures
Star
Physical
Bus
topologies
Ring
Hybrid
Point to • A dedicated link between two
devices.
point
• One in which more than two
multipoint specific devices share a single
link.
Physical Topologies
• Point to • Point to
point point
Ring Mesh
Bus Star
• Multi • Point to
point point
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
Advantages:
1.Elimanting traffic problems.
2.Robust.
3.If one link became unusable, it does
not incapacitate the entire system.
4.Privacy & security.
• Disadvantages:-
• Installation & reconnection .
• More space.
• Amount of cabling & I/o ports .
E.g.:-Telephone network.
A star topology connecting four stations
Advantages:-
1)A central controller called
Hub.
2)Devices are not directly link
to one another .
3)Here controller acts as
mediator between two
stations.
4) Less expensive than mesh
topologies & less cabling .
5) Each devices needs one link • Disadvantage:-
& one I/o port to connect it .
6) Easy to install & reconfigure Topology depends on Hubs,if
7)Robustness & if one link fail
only that link get affected.
hub goes down dead , then
E.g.:-LANs whole system is dead.
A bus topology connecting three stations
Disadvantages:-
• 1)Reconnection
• 2)A bus is designed
optimally efficient in
installation, so, difficult to
add new devices.
A ring topology connecting six stations
In ring topology a signal is

passed along the ring
which incorporates a
repeater.
ADVANTAGES:-
1.Easy to install &
reconfigure. Each device is
linked to its immediate
neighbors.
2.Fault isolation is
simplified.
UNIDIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC • E.g.:-IBM

CAN BE A DISADVANTAGE.
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
Combination of
Point –to-point &
Multipoint is
Hybrid topology.
Network Devices: Network devices, also known as networking hardware,
are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to
communicate and interact with one another.
For example, Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Routers, Gateway, and NIC,
etc.
1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to

regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too
weak or corrupted to extend the length to which the signal can be
transmitted over the same network. An important point to be noted about
repeaters is that they not only amplify the signal but also regenerate it.
When the signal becomes weak, they copy it bit by bit and regenerate it at
its star topology connectors connecting following the original strength. It is
a 2-port device.
2. Hub – A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A hub connects
multiple wires coming from different branches, for example, the
connector in star topology which connects different stations.
Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected
devices. Also, they do not have the intelligence to find out the
best path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies and
wastage.
3. Bridge – A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a

repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by
reading the MAC addresses of the source and destination. It is
also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same
protocol. It has a single input and single output port, thus making
it a 2-port device.
4. Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a
design that can boost its efficiency (a large number of ports
imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data link layer
device. The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not
forward packets that have errors and forward good packets
selectively to the correct port only.
• 5. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on
their IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally
connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on
which they make decisions on routing the data packets. The router divides the
broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
6. Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two
networks that may work upon different networking models. They work as
messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to
another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate
at any network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switches or
routers. A gateway is also called a protocol converter.
7. NIC – NIC or network interface card is a network adapter that is used to

connect the computer to the network. It is installed in the computer to
establish a LAN. It has a unique id that is written on the chip, and it has a
connector to connect the cable to it. The cable acts as an interface between the
computer and the router or modem. NIC card is a layer 2 device which means
that it works on both the physical and data link layers of the network model.
Network Types
• Define the Internet
– The internet is defined as a global mesh of
interconnected networks
INTERNET
1.Internet means a network of networks.
2.Concieved in USA in 1969 as the ARPA

NET(Advance Research Project Agency
Network)by the Defence Department of USA.
Network Structure
• Define a network
– Data or information networks capable of carrying
many different types of communications
Network Structure
• Describe how messages are communicated
– Data is sent across a network in small “chunks”
called segments
Network Structure
• Define the components of a network
– Network components
• Hardware
• Software
Network Structure
• End Devices and their Role in the Network
– End devices form interface with human network
& communications network
– Role of end devices:
• Client
• Server
CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS
LAN(Local Area Network)
Covering a confined region area.
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

Lies in between MAN & WAN
WAN(Wide Area Network)

Covering a whole world.
Network Types
• Define Local Area Networks (LANs)
– A network serving a home, building or campus is
considered a Local Area Network (LAN)
Network Types
• Define Wide Area Networks (WANs)
– LANs separated by geographic distance are
connected by a network known as a Wide Area
Network (WAN)
Network Types
Describe network representations
PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards.
First, we define protocol, which is governs with rule.
Protocols:-set of rules that governs data communication.
Syntax:Structures or format of the data,meaning order

in which data can be represented.
Semantics:meaning of each section of bits.
Timing:Data should be sent in time.
1.28
Standards represents agreed -upon rules.
Its having two categories:-de jure& de facto.
De jure:-by law/organisation/committee.
De facto:-by fact,by law.
Some of the standards organisation are:-
ISO:-International Oragnization for
Standardisation.
ITU-T:-International Telecommunication Unit

for Tele Standards.
ANSI:-American National Standards Institute
IEEE:-Institute of Electrical& Electronics

Engineers.
EIA:-Electronics Industries Association.

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS

• Data communication “ means exchange of

Delivery Accuracy Jitter:-

1.Message:- means information's (data) to be communicated.

2.Sender:-sends the data message. It can be a computer ,workstation, video etc..

3.Reciever:-receives the message send from the sender. It can be a computer

4.Transmission medium:-path by which a message travels from sender -> reciever.

2)Half-duplex:-both transmit and receive but not at same time.

3) Full-duplex:-both can transmit and receives simultaneously.

In ring topology a signal is

UNIDIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC • E.g.:-IBM

1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to

3. Bridge – A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a

7. NIC – NIC or network interface card is a network adapter that is used to

2.Concieved in USA in 1969 as the ARPA

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

Protocols:-set of rules that governs data communication.

Syntax:Structures or format of the data,meaning order

Semantics:meaning of each section of bits.

Timing:Data should be sent in time.

ITU-T:-International Telecommunication Unit

IEEE:-Institute of Electrical& Electronics

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