Engineering and Technology Journal e-ISSN: 2456-3358

Volume 08 Issue 06 June-2023, Page No.-2327-2333

DOI: 10.47191/etj/v8i6.05, I.F. – 7.136
© 2023, ETJ

Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with

Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
Murni Yuniwati1, Bambang Kusmartono2, Muhammad Yusuf 3, Raditya Yoga4
1,2,3,4
Institut Sains dan Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: Ethyl acetate is an ester of ethanol and acetic acid. This compound is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.
Ethyl acetate is widely used as a solvent because of its high solubility. The manufacture of ethyl acetate (ethyl ester) is referred to
as the esterification process. This esterification reaction is an exothermic reaction, is reversible and generally runs very slowly so
it requires a catalyst to obtain maximum ester. Domestic demand for ethyl acetate is increasing, while production in Indonesia is
still lacking. Reactor design requires a reaction mechanism and kinetic data in the form of reaction rate equations and reaction rate
constants. This study aims to determine the kinetics of the etherification of acetic acid presented in the form of the reaction rate
equation, the value of the reaction rate constant, and the reaction equilibrium constant. In addition, this research also stu died how
the influence of sulfuric acid catalyst on the reaction rate constant and the reaction balance. The esterification reaction was carried
out in a batch reactor. 99% acetic acid and H 2SO4 catalyst whose concentrations are varied, are mixed in a reactor equipped with
a magnetic stirrer which is operated at 400 rpm, then 96% ethanol is poured with a volume ratio of 1:1 to acetic acid, 5 mL of
sample is taken to analyze the remaining acid after The reaction takes place, every certain time interval a sample is taken t o be
analyzed until an equilibrium point is obtained. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the esterification reaction
of acetic acid with ethanol to produce ethyl acetate is a second order reaction with the reaction rate equation ( -rA) = k1CACB –
k2CCCD. By using a reaction temperature of 34oC and a stirring speed of 400 rpm, the best conditions were obtained using a catalyst
of 5.3% by volume, with the reaction rate constant to the right (k 1) being 0.014 L/(gmol min), the value of the equilibrium constant
(K=k1/k2) is 5.51 and the balance conversion is 77%.
KEY WORD: Catalyst, Esterification, Ethyl acetate

1. INTRODUCTION a catalyst to obtain maximum ester. (Suleman, N. ,

Major industries that are growing rapidly in Indonesia 2017). Esterification is the reaction of converting a
today are the cosmetic, paint, detergent, glue, ink, carboxylic acid and an alcohol into an ester using an
thinner, poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) film, and organic acid catalyst. (Widyawati, Yeti. 2007). Domestic
chemical industries. These industries in the demand for ethyl acetate is increasing, while domestic
manufacture of their products, require large amounts of production has not met demand, a new ethyl acetate
solvents. The solvent most often used is ethyl acetate plant is needed to meet domestic demand for ethyl
(CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 ). Ethyl acetate is a colorless liquid with acetate.
a molecular weight of 88.10 g/mol. Ethyl acetate is The Fischer esterification reaction of acetic acid and
easily soluble in water and organic solvents, such as ethanol is usually accompanied by an acid catalyst such
alcohol, acetone, ether and chloroform (Dutia, 2004). as sulfuric acid, producing orange-scented ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetate is a semi-polar solvent with low toxicity, (synthetic flavour). (Fatimah, I., & Julianto, T. S.,
so it is expected to attract polar and non-polar 2004). The esterification reaction is a reversible
compounds. (Putri, W. S., et al, 2013). Ethyl acetate is reaction, that is, a reaction that can be reversed.
commonly used as a flavor enhancer (Azura, S.L., and Reaction equilibrium will be reached when the rate of
Sutri, R., 2015). Ethyl acetate can be used as a solvent reaction towards the products is equal to the rate of
in the extraction of pharmaceutical and food products reaction towards the reactants. At that time the
(Konakom et al., 2010). concentration of reactants and reaction products
Ethyl acetate is made by reacting acetic acid with remained relatively constant. (Setyawardani, D. A., et
alcohol to produce ethyl acetate and water which is al., 2013). The equation for the esterification reaction
called the Fischer esterification reaction. This of acetic acid with ethanol to form ethyl acetate and
esterification reaction is an exothermic reaction, is water can be written as follows (Kirk, R. E., and R.F.
reversible and generally runs very slowly so it requires Othmer, 1951):

2327 Murni Yuniwati, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023

 Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
5. Because of its affinity for water, sulfuric acid can
CH 3 COOH + CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 + remove most of the moisture and wet gases, such as
H2O moist air.
6. The concentration of H+ ions affects the reaction rate.
7. Concentrated sulfuric acid is able to bind water
(hygroscopic), so for an equilibrium reaction that
Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl produces water it can shift the direction of the reaction
Acetate Water to the right (towards the product).
From the factors above, it can be concluded that the
The reversible chemical reaction velocity equation addition of sulfuric acid as a catalyst to speed up the
model can be written as follows: (Pasaribu, A. A., and reaction rate because the reaction between sulfuric acid
Rustamaji, H., 2016). and water (the esterification process) to produce ethyl
𝑑𝐶𝐴 acetate and water is a strong exothermic reaction.
𝑟𝐴 = − = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐷
𝑑𝑡 Water added with concentrated sulfuric acid will be
In terms of the reaction kinetics, the speed of the ester able to boil, so the reaction temperature will be high.
formation reaction will increase with increasing The higher the reaction temperature, the more
temperature, stirring and adding a catalyst. This can be molecules that have energy greater than or equal to the
explained by the Arrenius equation, namely activation energy, so the reaction is faster. (Sukardjo,
(Levenspiel and Octaf, 1999): 1997).
k=Ae (-E/RT) A catalyst is added so that the reaction takes place with
k = reaction rate constant a lower activation energy so that the value of the
A = collision frequency factor reaction rate constant (k) will be greater, so that the
T = Temperature reaction speed will also be greater. (Megawati, E., et
Ae = Activation Energy al., 2022). In addition, because concentrated sulfuric
R = gas constant constant acid is able to bind water (hygroscopic), then for a
balanced esterification reaction that produces water,
Based on the Arrhenius equation, it can be seen that the concentrated sulfuric acid can shift the reaction
reaction rate constant is influenced by the values of A, direction to the right (towards the product), so that the
E, and T. Where the greater the collision factor (A), the resulting product becomes more. (Sukardjo, 1997)
greater the reaction rate constant, the greater the This study aims to determine the kinetics of the
stirring speed, the greater the possibility of collisions. etherification of acetic acid by presenting the reaction
The value of the activation energy (E) is affected by the rate equation, the value of the reaction rate constant,
use of a catalyst, the presence of a catalyst will reduce and the reaction equilibrium constant. In addition, this
the activation energy so that the value of k is greater. study also studied how the influence of sulfuric acid
Increasing the concentration of the catalyst will further catalyst on the reaction rate constant and the reaction
lower the activation energy, thereby increasing the balance. In this study, 99% acetic acid, 96% ethanol
number of activated molecules which results in an and 98% sulfuric acid were used as catalysts. The
increase in the reaction rate. (Purnami, P., et al., esterification process begins with assembling the
(2015). experimental apparatus, then 99% acetic acid and 98%
The higher the temperature (T), the greater the value of H2SO4 catalyst with variations (2.7%; 4.0%; 5.3%;
k. Based on a thermodynamic review, an increase in 6.7% v/v to acetic acid), mixed in three neck flask.
temperature can shift the equilibrium to the left Then the magnetic stirrer was run at 400 rpm, then 96%
(towards the formation of reactants) because the ethanol was poured with a volume ratio of 1:1 to acetic
esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol acid into a three neck flask. Then 5 mL of sample was
is exothermic and reversible. (Smith,J.M.,1981). The taken to analyze the remaining acid starting from the
choice of using sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) as a catalyst in beginning of the reaction t = 0 with a time of taking
the esterification reaction is due to several factors, each certain time interval until the equilibrium point
including (Satriadi, H., 2015): was obtained. The equipment used for the esterification
1. Sulfuric acid besides being acidic is also a strong process is as follows (Figure 1).
oxidizing agent.
2. Sulfuric acid is soluble in water at all concentrations
3. The reaction between sulfuric acid and water is a
strongly exothermic reaction
4. If concentrated sulfuric acid is added to water, it is
capable of boiling
2328 Murni Yuniwati1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023
Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
Information: 3,45 2,81 2,00
24 18
1. Static 0 2 0 2,277
2. Clamps 3,33 2,72 1,97
28 21
3. Cooling back 4 5 1 2,277
4. Cooling water 3,16 2,63 1,94
32 24
line 0 8 2 2,154
5. Three neck 3,04 2,52 1,88
36 27
pumpkin 4 2 4 2,092
6. Thermometer 2,89 2,46 1,85
40 30
7. Magnetic stirrer 9 4 5 1,969
8. Ethyl acetate 2,87 2,37 1,82
44 33
solution 0 7 6 1,969
9 Electric stoves 2,75 2,39 1,79
48 36
Figure 1. A series of esterification devices 4 1 7 1,969
2,63 2,29 1,79
52 39
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8 0 7 1,969
Determine the Reaction Speed Equation 2,63 2,26 1,79
56 - -
The equation for the esterification reaction of acetic 8 1 7
acid with ethanol to become ethyl acetate and water is 2,63 2,20 1,79
60 - -
a back and forth reaction which can be written as 8 3 7
follows: 2,63 2,17
64 - - -
CH 3 COOH + CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 + 8 4
H2O 2,11
68 - - - -
Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl 6
Acetate Water 2,11
72 - - - -
The reaction rate equation can be expressed by (Smith, 6
J.M., 1981):
reaction velocity to the right: r 1 = k 1 C A p C B q From the analysis results obtained a relationship
reaction velocity to the left: r 2 = k 2 C C r C D s between time (t) and the concentration of acetic acid
The values of k 1 , k 2 , p, q, r, and s can be obtained (C A ) at various variations of the addition of catalyst (%
experimentally by reacting acetic acid with ethanol and v/v to acetic acid), as shown in table 1 is the
observing changes in the concentration of acetic acid at relationship between time (t) and the concentration of
each time until equilibrium is reached. acetic acid at various variations of catalyst addition (%
v/v to acetic acid) with C A0 = 8.1414 gmol/L; C B0 =
Table 1. Relationship between time (t) and acetic acid 10.2972 gmol/L; T average = 34 o C; stirring speed = 400
concentration rpm.
CA
t C A (gmol/L) t (gmol/
2,67% 4% 5,30% 6,67%
(minut (minut L)
Acid concentration (gmol//L)

e) 2,67 5,3 e) 10
4% 6,67%
% % 8
8,14 8,14 8,14 6
0 0
14 14 14 8,1414
4
6,03 6,26 3,74
4 3 2
1 3 0 4,492
5,04 4,75 2,87 0
8 6 0 20 40 60 80
5 5 0 3,323 Time (minutes)
4,43 3,74 2,49
12 9 Figure 2. Graph of the relationship between time
6 0 3 2,892
(t) and the concentration of acetic acid (CA) at
4,03 3,24 2,20
16 12 various variations in the addition of the amount of
0 7 3 2,646
catalyst
3,74 3,01 2,11
20 15
0 5 6 2,400
Table 1 and Figure 2 show that the greater the addition
of catalyst, the smaller the concentration of acetic acid
2329 Murni Yuniwati1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023
Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
at the same time. This shows that the reaction speed is 0,090 0,154 0,318 0,229
28 21
getting bigger. The form of the reaction equation can 2 4 0 0
be determined by the following steps: 0,103 0,166 0,336 0,273
32 24
a. Predict the reaction order 7 1 4 6
The first step predicts a rightward reaction order of 2 0,115 0,185 0,388 0,309
36 27
(one for acetic acid and one for ethanol or p = 1 and q 6 4 1 2
= 1 ) and a leftward reaction order of 2 (one for ethyl 0,136 0,197 0,429
40 -
acetate and one for water or r = 1 and s = 1) , so the 6 3 4 -
chemical reaction rate equation is as follows: 0,142 0,219 0,500
44 - -
𝑑𝐶𝐴 3 6 1
𝑟𝐴 = − = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐷
𝑑𝑡 0,175 0,239
48 - -
5 3 -
b. Determine the linear equation of the mass balance. 0,251
In the literature review, the mass balance has been 52 - - -
- 3
described for the second order reaction, and the 0,265
following equation is obtained: 56 - - - -
7
−(𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 (𝐶𝐵0 − (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )) − 𝑘2 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )(𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )) 0,305
60 - - - -
𝑑𝐶𝐴 9
=
𝑑𝑡 0,338
The above equation is integrated by entering data from 64 - - - -
0
table 1, the following equation is obtained:

0.6
1 𝐶𝐴 − 2,6388 1 𝐶𝐴 + 18,0292
−( 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 )
20,688 𝐶𝐴0 − 2,6388 20,688 𝐶𝐴0 + 18,0292 0.4
Y

= 𝑘1 𝑡
0.2

0
The equation above is a linear equation y = kt, with: 0 20 40 60
X
1 𝐶𝐴 − 2,6388
𝑦 = −( 𝑙𝑛
20,688 𝐶𝐴0 − 2,6388 2,67% 4% 5,30% 6,67%
1 𝐶𝐴 + 18,0292
+ 𝑙𝑛 ) Figure 3. Graph of the x and y relationship for
20,688 𝐶𝐴0 + 18,0292
From the equation above, a table 2 can be made of the various catalyst amounts
relationship between t (time) and y for each addition of
the catalyst. Figure 3 shows that the x and y relationship for various
catalyst additions is close to linear. It can be concluded
Table 2. Relationship between t and y values for that the esterification reaction of acetic acid with
each addition of catalyst (% v/v to acetic acid) ethanol to ethyl acetate is a 2nd order reaction to the
t Y t Y right and 2nd order to the left, namely r A = k 1 C A C B -
(minut 2,67 (minut 6,67 k2CCCD.
4% 5,3% The value of k (reaction rate constant) can be calculated
e) % e) %
0,019 0,020 0,087 0,057 by the Least Square method. The value of k 1 at various
4 3 catalyst additions can be seen in table 3
3 7 5 2
0,033 0,049 0,140 0,104
8 6 Table 3. The effect of adding catalyst volume to the
9 1 4 7
0,046 0,082 0,181 0,135 reaction rate constant (k 1 )
12 9 Catalyst Reaction rate constant to the
7 3 1 7
0,058 0,108 0,233 0,161 addition (%) right (L/(gmol.minute))
16 12 2,67 0,0033
2 2 5 6
0,068 0,125 0,257 0,200 4 0,0046
20 15 5,3 0,0101
9 1 3 0
0,083 0,144 0,302 0,229 6,67 0,0098
24 18
0 3 5 0

2330 Murni Yuniwati1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023

Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
Reaction rate constant k1
0.012 obtained through the calculation results from the
following equation:
0.01
𝐶𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝐷𝑒
0.008 𝑋𝑒 =
𝐶𝐴𝑒 𝐶𝐵𝑒
0.006
0.004 C Ae = concentration of acetic acid at equilibrium
0.002 (gmol/L)
C Be = ethanol concentration at equilibrium (gmol/L)
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 C Ce = concentration of ethyl acetate at equilibrium
Addition of catalyst (% v/v) (gmol/L)
C Ce = water concentration at equilibrium (gmol/L)
Figure 4. Graph of the relationship between the
addition of catalyst and the reaction rate constant Table 4. The relationship between the addition of
to the right. catalyst (% v/v to acetic acid) with the equilibrium
constant (K)
In Figure 4 it can be seen that the more catalyst volume Addition of Equilibrium
added, the greater the reaction rate constant. This is catalyst (%) constant (K)
because the addition of a catalyst will lower the 2,67 2,393211
activation energy needed to react so that the reaction 4 3,955487
rate constant will be greater. However, with the 5,3 5,513133
addition of the amount of catalyst above the 5.3% 6,67 4,497816
constant, the reaction rate to the right decreased. This
is due to the fact that the greater the speed of the 6
Equilibrium constant, K

reaction to the right will produce more water in a short

time, while the increase in the ability of H2SO4 to 4
absorb water is not significant, so that the reaction shift
to the right decreases and shifts to the left. This can 2
also be seen from the decrease in the constant value of
the decreasing reaction balance shown in Figure 5 . 0
Activation energy is the minimum energy that must be 0 2 4 6 8
met for a reaction to occur. The relationship between Addition of catalyst (% v/v)
the reaction rate constant (k) and the activation energy
(E) can be seen by the Arrhenius equation (Levenspiel, Figure 5. Graph of the relationship between the
1972): addition of catalyst and the equilibrium constant.
(-E/RT)
k = A.e In Figure 5 it can be seen that the greater the amount of
with: H 2 SO 4 , the greater the balance constant, but if it is too
k = reaction rate constant large, the equilibrium constant drops.
A = collision frequency factor As the equilibrium constant changes, it will affect the
E = activation energy change in the equilibrium conversion. From the data
R = universal gas constant table 1 it can be calculated the equilibrium conversion
T = reaction temperature (Xe) for each addition of the catalyst with the following
At a certain collision frequency (A), universal gas calculation:
constant (R), and reaction temperature (T), the smaller 𝐶𝐴0 −𝐶𝐴𝑒
Xe =
the value of the activation energy (E), the value of k 𝐶𝐴0

will increase. C A0 = initial concentration of acetic acid (gmol/L)

An increase in the concentration of the catalyst will C Ae = concentration of acetic acid at equilibrium (gmol/L)
further lower the activation energy, thus increasing the
number of activated molecules which results in an The relationship between the addition of catalyst (%
increase in the reaction rate, but the water that is v/v to acetic acid) and the equilibrium conversion (Xe)
formed is faster and can reduce the shift of the reaction can be seen in Table 5 and Figure 6.
to the right.
The effect of the amount of catalyst on the equilibrium
constant can be seen in Table 4 and Figure 5 which is

2331 Murni Yuniwati1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023

Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
Table 5. Effect of adding catalyst volume to 2. Dutia, P. (2004). Ethyl acetate: A techno -
equilibrium conversion (Xe). commercial profile. CHEMICAL
Catalyst addition Equilibrium WEEKLY-BOMBAY-, 49, 179-186.
(%) conversion (Xe) 3. Fatimah, I., & Julianto, T. S. (2004).
2,67 0,675879 Sintesis Bentonit Terpilar Al₂, O₃ Sebagai
4 0,73828 Katalis pada Reaksi Esterifikasi Etil
5,3 0,776264 Asetat.
6,67 0,753319 4. Kirk, R. E., and R.F. Othmer, 1951,
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
In Figure 6 it can be seen that the more catalyst added vol. 9, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Canada.
the equilibrium conversion will be greater until the 5. Konakom, K., Saengchan, A.,
addition of 5.3% catalyst then drops to the addition of Kittisupakorn, P., & Mujtaba, I. M. (2010).
6.67% catalyst, because in these conditions the reaction High purity ethyl acetate production with a
shifts to the left batch reactive distillation column using
dynamic optimization strategy. In
Proceedings of the world congress on
0.8
consversion Xe

engineering and computer science (Vol. 2,

Equilibrium

0.75 pp. 978-988).

0.7 6. Levenspiel,dan Octave.,(1999). Chemical
0.65 Reaction Engineering3th edition.
0 2 4 6 8 Department of
Addition of catalyst (% v/v)) 7. Chemical Engineering Oregon State
University, New York.
Figure 6. Graph of the relationship between the 8. Megawati, E., Pratama, A. H., Warsa, I. K.,
additions of catalyst to the equilibrium conversion. Putra, A. O. P., Effendi, N., & Yuniarti, Y.
(2022). Optimasi volume katalis H2SO4
3. CONCLUSION dan waktu proses esterifikasi pada tahapan
The esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol to proses biodisel. Jurnal Teknik Kimia,
form ethyl acetate is a balanced reaction with the reaction 28(1), 37-43
rate of order 2 to the right and order 2 to the left with the 9. Pasaribu, A. A., & Rustamaji, H. (2016,
reaction rate equation r A = k1CACB – k2CCCD. where k1 = January). Kinetika Reaksi Esterifikasi
reaction rate constant to the right, C A = acetic acid Asam Lemak Bebas Dari Palm Fatty Acid
concentration, CB = ethanol concentration, k 2 = reaction Distillate (PFAD) Menjadi Metil Ester. In
rate constant to the left, C C = ethyl acetate concentration Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains,
and CD = water concentration. The addition of sulfuric acid Matematika, Informatika dan Aplikasinya
catalyst affects the reaction rate, the more volume of (Vol. 3, No. 3).
catalyst added, the value of the reaction rate constant to the 10. Purnami, P., Wardana, I. N. G., &
right (k1) and the reaction speed to the left (k 2), is greater, Veronika, K. (2015). Pengaruh Pengunaan
but when the catalyst is added more than a certain amount Katalis Terhadap Laju Dan Efisiensi
there is a decrease in the reaction rate to the right and the Pembentukan Hidrogen. Jurnal Rekayasa
constant balance decreases or the reaction shift to the right Mesin, 6(1), 51-59.
decreases. By using a reaction temperature of 34 oC and a 11. Putri, W. S., Warditiani, N. K., &
stirring speed of 400 rpm, the best conditions were obtained Larasanty, L. P. F. (2013). Skrining
by using a catalyst of 5.3% by volume of acetic acid, with fitokimia ekstrak etil asetat kulit buah
the reaction rate constant to the right (k 1) being 0.014 manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.). Jurnal
L/(gmol min), the value of the equilibrium constant Farmasi Udayana, 2(4), 56-60.
(K=k1/k2) is 5.51 with a balance conversion of 77%. 12. Smith, J.M., 1981 “Chemical Engineering
Kinetic”,3ed,P.44,Mc. Graw Hill, Book
REFERENCES Company, Inc, Singapura.
1. Azura,S.L., & Sutri, R. (2015). Pembuatan 13. Suleman, N. (2017). Penentuan Energi
Etil Asetat dari Hasil Hidrolisis, Aktivasi Reaksi Esterifikasi Minyak Biji
Fermentasi dan Esterifikasi Kulit Pisang Kapuk. Jambura Journal of Educational
Raja (Musa paradisiaca L.). Jurnal Teknik Chemistry, 12(1), 118-120.
Kimia USU, 4(1), 1-6. 14. Satriadi, H. (2015). Kinetika reaksi
esterifikasi gliserol dan asam asetat
2332 Murni Yuniwati1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023
Reaction Kinetics of Acetic Acid with Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst
menjadi triacetin menggunakan katalis 16. Sukardjo. 1997. Kimia Fisika. Jakarta:
asam sulfat. Teknik, 36(2), 75-80. Rineka Cipta.
15. Setyawardani, D. A., Distantina, S., 17. Widyawati, Yeti. 2007. Disain Proses Dua
Budiyanto, R., & Swarte, W. (2013). Tahap Esterifikasi-Transesterifikasi
Penggeseran reaksi kesetimbangan (Estrans) pada Pembuatan Metil Ester
hidrolisis minyak dengan pengambilan (Biodiesel) dari Minyak Jarak Pagar
gliserol untuk memperoleh asam lemak (Jatropha curcas. L). Tesis. Program Studi
jenuh dari minyak biji karet. Ekuilibrium, Teknologi Industri Pertanian IPB, Bog
12(2), 63-6

2333 Murni Yuniwati1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 06 June 2023