DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKLET ON BASIC

HTML

A RESEARCH STUDY

Presented to the Faculty of the Basic Education Laboratory

OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
San Jose Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

RESEARCH II

KURT NEIL T. ARTIENDA

KHLOE LAYNE L. SANTOS
JOSE MARI S. NACAR
AGATHA NILLYZE O. DELA CRUZ
MASHKA BRYONY D. ASUNCION
JILIANE G. GUTIERREZ

2024
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Global educators have both possibilities and problems as a result of the Fourth Industrial

Revolution's rapid changes. It is even more urgent to address these issues in the Philippines,

where there is a known lag in the quality of education, especially in the area of technology

education. Teachers have the responsibility of preparing children in Generation Z for a rapidly

changing digital environment. In addition to teaching knowledge, this calls for the development

of critical thinking, problem-solving techniques, digital literacy, and adaptability. Leveraging

digital resources and integrating technology into the classroom can improve student engagement

and learning outcomes.

Nonetheless, a number of variables play a part in the Philippines' current educational

problems. These could include obsolete curricula, inadequate teacher preparation, inadequate

infrastructure and resources, and socioeconomic gaps that impede access to high-quality

education. There is a need for coordinated initiatives at all levels to close the gap in technology

education and enhance overall educational performance. This includes efforts to address

socioeconomic barriers to education access and equity, curriculum reforms that prioritize STEM

(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, investments in teacher training

and professional development, and the provision of contemporary learning tools and resources.

The implementation of creative solutions and best practices to raise the standard of

education in the Philippines can also be facilitated by collaborations between the public and

private sectors, civic society, and educational institutions. Teachers may better prepare
Generation Z pupils for success in an increasingly digital and connected world by tackling these

issues head-on and seizing the opportunities provided by the Fourth Industrial Revolution

(Rogayan & Dollete, 2019).

Objectives of the Study

This study sought to develop and validate an Educational Booklet for Basic HTML

Coding for Junior High School. Specifically, the researcher aimed to answer the following sub-

problems:

1. To determine what learning objective could be included in the supplementary educational

booklet, as determined by a needs analysis.

2. To ascertain the appropriate design methods that could be used to create the

supplementary educational booklet.

3. To assess the validity of the created supplementary educational booklet in terms of;

3.1 Adequacy

3.2 Coherence

3.3 Appropriateness

3.4 Usefulness

4. To deduce implications drawn, based on the findings of the study.

Significance of the Study

In this case, this study will help the students to improve student achievements. Thus, the

results and findings of the study may best serve the following:

Students. This study can serve as a thorough reference since it provides students

with concise explanations, useful examples, and interactive tasks that enable them to
understand HTML foundations and develop the foundational coding skills they need. It

not only makes self-paced learning easier, but it also helps students grasp web

development topics more deeply, which builds their confidence and competence.

Teachers. The findings of this study will be very beneficial to the teachers, by

simplifying the learning process and increasing general classroom efficiency. Rather than

spending too much time on simple HTML explanations, teachers may concentrate more

on leading meaningful discussions, attending to specific learning requirements, and

offering individualized support when they have a well-structured guide.

Parents. This study can benefit parents by offering them a window into their

children's educational path and encouraging a collaborative learning environment at

home. The guide is an open source tool that helps parents comprehend the abilities and

information their kids are learning about web development.

Future Researchers. The study provides a thorough grasp of the usefulness of

instructional materials in web development, which can be of great use to future

researchers. The results can show how organized guides affect students' learning

objectives, pointing out effective strategies and possible areas for development. This

study can benefit the field of education by providing evidence-based guidelines for

creating instructional materials that improve coding abilities.

Different Learning Institutions. The development and validation of a

supplementary booklet will be beneficial in addressing gaps in learning materials used by

different learning institutions. The developed and validated material can also be

beneficial for learning institutions that lack learning materials when it comes to basic
HTML as it can provide significant information on the given topic.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and discussed the review of related literature and studies from local

and foreign sources such as e-books, e-journal articles, internet/online-posted studies, and theses

related to the study and ideas drawn from the present study.

Hypertext Markup Language

Having a strong online presence is crucial in the modern digital world, and students who

know how to build and manage a website can greatly benefit from this. The core component of

the internet and a vital component of our digital age is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).

Students that grasp HTML will be able to create websites and web apps, opening up job chances

in web design and development. Students might get numerous benefits in the long run by

learning HTML. They can gain vital technical skills from it, which are highly sought after in

today's workforce (Shreya, 2023).

As stated in the article of Skill Struck (2023) the fundamental component of a website is

HTML. With the help of it, we can design web pages with features like headers, links, photos,

and much more. Students gain a grasp of how websites function and how to make their own by

learning HTML. Having even a basic understanding of HTML helps to streamline and simplify

the use of drag-and-drop website builders. Early exposure to HTML prepares young students for

future exploration of more sophisticated programming languages. We think of it as being like

learning math. Even if our phones have calculators, it's still useful to know this information.

They can easily switch to languages like CSS, JavaScript, and Python once they have a firm

understanding of the fundamentals of HTML—skills that are highly valued in today's labor

market.
 Secondly, acquiring knowledge of web development has practical applications. Web

development is a discipline that enhances critical thinking, creativity, and meticulous attention to

detail in addition to teaching you the technical aspects of building and managing websites. Web

development is relevant since we live in a digital age, and the skills you acquire will be useful

for a lifetime. The profession of web development is safe, expanding, and very profitable.

According to many, including Mark Zuckerberg, the inventor of Facebook, programming will

soon be taught in schools as a necessary subject. He believes that "in fifteen years, we'll be

teaching programming just like reading and writing... and wondering why we didn't do it sooner”

(Whitmore, 2024).

Even though today's youth have grown up with digital gadgets in their hands, they

frequently lack awareness of the potential power of digital content and information. Our current

digital era has made it possible to share knowledge and engage with the world in whole new

ways. The creation of digital material and media can be immensely effective instruments. Early

exposure to the digital information age can aid students in developing a deeper understanding of

their surroundings and in exploring potential passions and career paths that may impact them for

the rest of their lives. Including these subjects will engage students and provide them with useful

skills that will help them much, regardless of the subject or age group you teach (Ayers, 2022).

Web development facilitates worldwide communication and information access by

empowering people and businesses to have a prominent online presence. Websites function as

online showrooms, presenting goods and services to a global clientele. They make e-commerce

easier, enabling smooth transactions and creating new opportunities for companies to prosper.

Moreover, web development facilitates efficient communication and teamwork, enabling people

to connect globally and exchange ideas and knowledge. The democratization of information
access brought about by web development has encouraged inclusion and abolished geographical

restrictions. Social media platforms have become influential instruments for activism and

expression, empowering people to share their thoughts and bring about constructive change. Web

development has revolutionized education, giving students all over the world flexible and

accessible learning options through e-learning platforms. Additionally, web development has

made it possible for improvements in governance, healthcare, and other fields, increasing

productivity and raising people's quality of life (Bappy, 2023).

Supplementary Learning Materials

According to Right (2018) the phrase "learning material" refers to the general resources

that educators utilize to impart knowledge. Additionally, it boosts students' achievement and

facilitates their learning. These resources should ideally be customized for the teacher, the

students whose class they are being used for, and the content they are being utilized for.

Although they vary widely in size and form, educational resources should all have the capacity to

support learning. Effective research of real-world teaching and learning environments is required

today, for the students to fully grasp the subject matter, more time and appropriate learning

resources must be provided (Molano, 2020).

Republic Act No. 10533, Basic Philippine Education, places a strong emphasis on curriculum

development. Among other things, it says that the curriculum "shall be flexible enough to enable

and allow schools to localize, indigenize, and enhance the same based on their respective

educational and social contexts." The creation and advancement of locally created educational

resources will be promoted, and regional and divisional education units will have the last say

over their approval. Since learning modules are instructional tools used to enhance students'
knowledge, abilities, skills, and values, monitor their endowment of learnings, and contribute to

their entire development and rearing, educators must prioritize this area (Richard, 2021).

By generating customized supplementary booklets, we can enhance a student's skill set and offer

them reliable data in the form of learning materials.

As stated by Camara (2019) what appear to be most needed in this area are practical tools and

resources that contribute to understanding its implementation. Only when teachers have such

tools available will they be able to make the theory on using culture as a resource commensurate

with practice. And only when students have the proper materials will they be able to fully grasp

the concepts and learn valuable skills.

Development process

The development of a research paper is a crucial aspect of academic writing, undergoing

a complex and thought-out process. Including numerous steps such as planning, analysis, design,

testing, among others, all in effort to ensure the final product of being scalable, dependable, and

can fulfill the end-users needs (Design Match, 2023). Additionally, it entails choosing a

pertinent and eye-catching title, thorough research, and a well-structured paper, all of which are

essential for the quality and impact of the final publication (Shresta et al., 2021). Some of the

processes that are involved in the development process are: design process, writing process,

editing process, and review process. In which all four have a significant role to play.

The research design is made up of various approaches to conducting basic and applied

research (Villegas, n.d). Leading us to consider several methodological approaches, choosing the

design study can alter the impact on the overall quality of the study and its ability to apply

findings to diverse populations. By using a well-designed research design, it allows the

researchers to negotiate the complexity of the research journey, and provide new findings that

can contribute to the current conversations of the focused field,

The writing process is a daunting task, requiring the researcher to have an extensive

amount of patience and understanding. As stated by Eston and Rowlands (n.d) “Research

projects should be built on the foundations of knowledge accumulated from previous studies.”

Thus, having a comprehensive understanding of the topic at hand is a pivotal key to ensuring that

the boundaries of knowledge on an existing field will be expanded. This encompasses being

familiar with the underlying concepts, theories, and terminology that helps to form the main

foundation of the topic.

Editing is a crucial component of the overall writing process for research papers and

publications (Lynch, 2016). It is an integral step that helps improve the quality, clarity, and

impact of the written work. This process also involves the correction of grammatical,

punctuation, and spelling errors made, not only that but it also adds to the overall structure and

writing of the papers before it’s released to the public. (‘College Graduate’, 2022).

In correlation to the last process, the review process also focuses on maintaining the

quality and credibility of the paper. According to The University of Edinburgh [UoE] (2024), it

is an academic piece showcasing the familiarity with and comprehension of scholarly literature

on a particular subject, and is commonly seen within the broader academic framework.

Validation Process

Validity, in its most fundamental form, is the attribute of being grounded in reality or

reason. Removing the influence of irrelevant data and the conditions surrounding evidence

collection are goals of valid research. The ability to perform an accurate study under the proper
conditions and with the appropriate instruments to create data that are acceptable, dependable,

and repeatable is known as research validity. To get accurate readings, researchers use

instruments that have been properly calibrated. But getting precise data can sometimes be more

difficult. To attain and preserve validity, research must be done in settings that don't affect the

findings. Asking the incorrect questions or depending too heavily on sparse data can put them at

risk (Dovetail Editorial Team, 2023).

The validation process, encompassing user testing, expert review, and feedback analysis,

is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of various systems and tools. According to

Riihiaho (2018) user testing is an evaluation method in which one or more representative users at

a time perform tasks or describe their intentions under observation. When completing the test

activities, test participants are typically requested to think aloud in order to gather information

about the users' cognitive processes. There are other changes available in addition to the

conventional usability testing in a controlled test environment with specified test tasks.

Numerous approaches are available to fit various objectives and situations, including peer

tutoring, pluralistic usability walkthroughs, visual walkthroughs, informal walkthroughs,

contextual walkthroughs, paired-user testing, and other variations of user testing.

An expert review is a technique used to assess a product or system's usability and user

experience. It is also referred to as a heuristic evaluation or usability inspection. It entails having

a skilled assessor (the expert) look over and rate the functionality, general design, and interface

using a predetermined set of usability guidelines or heuristics (UXtweak, 2023). Expert reviews

don't offer metrics for benchmarking and can't take the place of usability testing. However, they

are a useful and inexpensive method of identifying the more visible user experience trouble

spots. When doing a usability test is not feasible, or when you want to supplement the
information gathered by watching a small number of users attempting realistic tasks on a website

or application, expert reviews are a great option (Sauro, 2016).

Lastly, feedback analysis plays a crucial role in validating research, as it can enhance

both the validity and reliability of results. Through the implementation of the feedback-driven

exploration approach, feedback loops between researchers, industry experts, and survey

respondents can be established to enhance the validity and reliability of the data. It is discovered

that by introducing an error-correcting mechanism and strengthening methodological rigor,

feedback-driven exploration greatly improves validity and dependability. Additionally, because

of the enhanced contact between researchers, industry professionals, and market players, the

design supports a deeper understanding of the underlying decision processes (Boesch et al.,

2012). These studies collectively underscore the significance of a rigorous validation process in

various domains.

Theoretical Framework

This study will be grounded on the Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), coined in 1988 by

John Sweller, suggests that the learner may be subjected to three different forms of cognitive

load: intrinsic load, extraneous load, and germane load (Leppink et al., 2013). Intrinsic load is

determined by task difficulty and the learner's past understanding, Extraneous load is determined

by aspects of instruction that are not conducive to learning, Germane Load is the aspects that are

advantageous for learning. It is important to maximize intrinsic load in educational design by

choosing educational activities that align with students' prior information (Kalyuga, 2009), but

extraneous load ought to be kept to a minimum to lessen the ineffective load (Kalyuga &

Hanham, 2011) and to Permit students to participate in tasks that impose Germane Load (Van

Merriënboer & Sweller, 2005). These concepts of cognitive load can be applied to the
development of the supplementary booklet on basic HTML. By providing simple step-by-step

procedures that are divide into chunks of information that will provide in-depth explanations of

each topic, the students who will be referring to the supplementary booklet can attain intrinsic

and germane load which is beneficial for their learning. Also, to prevent extraneous load the

amount of information will be minimal yet enough in order to give the students sufficient

explanations of each topic. There are two essential functioning elements are assumed by

cognitive load theory. First is the concept of long-term memory (LTM) and the second is the

concept of working memory (WM). The Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) determines instructional

load by examining the relationship between information structures and human cognition

knowledge. When the theory was first developed in the early 1980s, it offered instruction that

was different from the then-dominant orthodoxies. A focus on education intended to minimize

superfluous or excessive cognitive load, for instance, led to the suggestion that students be given

lots of worked instances as opposed to challenges to be solved. It was feasible by taking into

account the relationships between working memory and long-term memory to further minimize

cognitive strain by organizing relevant teaching and worked examples (Van Merriënboer &

Sweller, 2005b). In order to prevent cognitive strain, the inputs of the supplementary booklet can

be arranged in such a way that simpler topics will be discussed before more complex ones. By

slowly building up the level of difficulty of each given topic and the application of different

designs the cognitive load will not be overbearing for the students.
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the input-process-output model where a needs assessment and review of

existing books were made, as part of the input (I). The process (P) included the design and

development of the booklet, pilot of the booklet with grade 10 students, revision of the

workbook, and the final evaluation. The output (O) of this study will be a validated and

evaluated supplementary educational booklet on basic HTML coding.

Input Process Output

Needs assessment Design and development of

Supplementary Educational
(Least learned concepts)
Booklet on Basic HTML
Validated and Evaluated
booklet in basic HTML

Review of existing HTML-

Tryout and revision of the
related books/handouts.
booklet

Figure 1. Research Paradigm.

Operational Definition

In an effort to make the current study more facile to grasp, all terminology used in it will

have operational definitions. The meanings of these terms will only cover those that are

discussed in this section, even though they may be used differently in other situations.

Development and validation. Development pertains to the process of designing,

compiling, writing, arranging, producing and manufacturing the supplementary booklet

on basic HTML. Validation pertains to the process of confirming the validity and
appropriateness of the supplementary booklet on basic HTML through licensed

professionals in the field of internet technology and information and communication

technology.

Experts validation. This refers to the level of validity to be provided by licensed

professionals in the field in internet technology and information and communication

technology as measured by an adapted questionnaire from Rogayan and Dollete. (2019).

Scale to measure such is indicated below:

Experts response Interpretation

3.50-4.00 strongly agree

2.50-3.49 agree

1.50-2.49 disagree

1.00-1.49 strongly disagree

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). Hypertext Markup Language will be the

standard markup language used to create web pages. It determines the organization and

the material of a webpage using tags. For example, a paragraph will be represented by the

<p> tag, and different heading levels will be indicated by the <h1> through <h6> tags.

Links, lists, photos, and other elements will all be able to be created inside a webpage

with the help of HTML.

Supplementary Booklet. A supplementary booklet pertains to a booklet that will provide

extra information with the goal of completing or assisting other learning materials.
Hypotheses

a) The developed booklet was not found to be acceptable as validated by expert

validators.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology used in this study. Among the topics

included in the discussion are the research methodology, study design, study setting, unit of

analysis and sampling, research instrument, data collection procedure, scope and limitation, and

ethical considerations.

Study Design

This quasi-experimental research will focus on the development of instructional material

in the form of a supplementary booklet to facilitate learning of the least-learned and least-

practiced concepts and skills of students who specializes in ICT.

Research Site

The investigation will take place at the San Jose Campus of Occidental Mindoro State

College, situated on Quirino Street in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. As the sole state college in

the province and centrally located within the municipality of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro State

College serves as a significant educational institution. Originally serving as the main campus of

the college, the research site underwent a transition when the Labangan campus was established

and became the institution's administrative hub. Consequently, it now functions as one of the

satellite campuses of Occidental Mindoro State College. Below is a map depicting the study

location.
Fig. 2. Research Site

(https://www.google.com/maps/place/

Occidental+Mindoro+State+College+San+Jose+Campus)

Unit of Analysis/Respondents

The study will involve two groups of participants. The first group of participants will be

all of the students who specializes in ICT in the Basic Education Laboratory of Occidental

Mindoro State College [OMSC]. The participants satisfied the following selection criteria: (1) A

bona fide student of the state college during the Academic Year (AY) 2023-2024;(2) enrolled

under the program Junior High school; and (3) taking ICT as their specialization during the time

of the study. An informed consent form was secured before the involvement of the participants.

These students were given a diagnostic test to determine the least learned competencies in basic

HTML coding. These students will also be the ones to evaluate the effectiveness of the activities

in the work book using the student’s evaluation checklist. The second group of participants will

be the three expert-validators. They will evaluate the booklet’s face and content validity based on

the adequacy, coherence, appropriateness, and usefulness.

Research Instrument

Most of the data gathering in this study will be done through validated questionnaires.

The researchers will use three sets of questionnaires. The first one will be a diagnostic test that

assesses learners’ proficiency in HTML coding and least learned competencies of the students in
HTML coding. The second set will be used for the validation of the acceptability as perceived by

the respondents of proposed learning material formulated by the researcher. The third set will be

a student’s evaluation checklist of the booklet.

Data Collection Procedure

The product development of the workbook followed the ADDIE model (Figure 3).

ADDIE stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This model

walks you through the process of developing educational resources and courses that will be

beneficial to your audience (Instructional Design, 2015). It is an instructional design model that

has withstood the test of time and use. It is simply a “device” to help us think through a course’s

design. Although the model appears linear, it does not have to be followed rigidly or in a linear

approach, especially if you already have course materials developed.

The following phases will be followed in the study based on the ADDIE model: Phase 1.

Analysis: A diagnostic test among grade 9 and grade 10 students who specializes in ICT will be

conducted. This was to determine the least learned competencies in HTML coding, which will

become the basis for the contents of the booklet. Likewise, the researchers will review selected

HTML books published in the Philippines as part of the needs assessment. Phase 2. Design: The

researchers agreed for the selection of learning objectives, assessment instruments, and content

of each of the chapters. Each chapter contains the following parts: Introductory statement,

learning outcomes, learning tasks, and add-on vocabulary. Phase 3. Development: The

researchers will start writing the worksheets to be included in the workbook. Phase 4.

Implementation: Before the actual use of the booklet, the researchers will subject it to an expert
validation to gauge the booklet’s face and content validity based on the adequacy, coherence,

appropriateness, and usefulness. Three experts will be requested to complete the expert

validator’s form. Phase 5. Evaluation: Experts’ verbal suggestions and comments were taken into

consideration for the revision of the material. The revised workbook was then subjected to final

evaluation.

Analysis. Needs Assessment of Least

Learned Concepts in HTML, and
Review of Existing Textbooks

Design. Selection of Learning

Objectives, and Content.

Development. Writing of the Chapters

and Developing Appropriate
Activities.

Implementation. Subjecting to Expert

Validation and Pilot Testing of the
Booklet.

Evaluation. Revision & Final

Evaluation for Mass Production.

Production of the Supplementary

Booklet on HTML Coding.

Figure 3. ADDIE model.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

After gathering the pertinent data, these will undergo tabulation, analyzation and

interpretation using several statistical tools. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution

and mean will be use to assess the validity of the created supplementary booklet. The same

statistical tool will be used to determine what learning objective could be included in the

supplementary educational booklet, as determined by a needs analysis. Finally, the relationships

between and among the variables were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation.

Scope and Limitations

The main objective of this study is to develop a supplementary booklet that will serve as an

additional book that describes in brief, straightforward, and concise language the basics of

HTML: tags, attributes, the structure of the HTML document, and how HTML is written.

Additionally, the annotated version will provide the readers with exercises and examples to help

them understand HTML and know how to utilize it. Moreover, the purpose of this booklet is to

enhance the student experience of those who do not have any notion about HTML and web

creating. Nevertheless, It will not delve into higher-level HTML topics or other languages for

web creation like CSS or JavaScript; instead, it will focus on the basics of HTML. Depending on

the reader's learning style and past knowledge, the booklet's efficacy in enhancing their

comprehension of basic HTML may differ.

Ethical Considerations

Many factors must be taken into account when conducting research in order to prevent

any disparities from developing. The ethical guidelines that we should adhere to when

performing our study will be taken into account by the researchers. We will undertake to treat
participants with the highest dignity and to protect their right to privacy and the confidentiality of

the information they provide.

Prior to recruiting research participants their consent will be considered, they will be

informed of the purpose and process of the research. Given that the participant may not want to

display their information the researchers will respect the participant’s decision.
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Expert’s validation of the physical science workbook

Adequacy Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Instructions corresponds with activities.

The learning activities satisfy the stated objectives.

The booklet provides independent activities.

There is evident graphical and pictorial images

The concepts in the booklet are presented logically.

Coherence Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

The booklet contains relevant activities.

The activities provide practical work.

The activities develop creativity and

resourcefulness.
The booklet provides relevant information for
better understanding.
The activities conform with the concepts.

Appropriateness Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

The booklet is adapted to intended learners.

The booklet provides immediate needs.

The content is arranged in the correct sequence.

The booklet provides varied activities to sustain

interest.
Student’s evaluation checklist

Item SA A D SD

The instructions are easy to understand.

The learning objectives are attainable.

Varied activities are evident.

Graphic organizers enhanced my interest.

Word puzzles expanded my vocabulary.

The activities enhanced my understanding

of the lesson.

I enjoyed answering the activities.

The activities increased my interest in HTML

coding
Legend: Strongly Agree (SA); Agree (A); Disagree (D); Strongly Agree (SD)