Paper 1 - Physical Chemistry AS Questions Name: ____________

Q1.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) Define the term enthalpy change.

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(1)

(b) Propane undergoes complete combustion.

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) ⟶ 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) ∆H = –2046 kJ mol–1

The table below shows some bond enthalpy data.

Bond C–H C=O O–H

Mean bond enthalpy /
412 743 463
kJ mol–1

The bond enthalpy for O=O is 496 kJ mol–1

For H2O(l) ⟶ H2O(g) ∆H = +41 kJ mol–1

Use these data to calculate a value for the C–C bond enthalpy in propane.

C–C bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol‒1

(4)

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 (c) Explain why the value given for the O=O bond enthalpy in part (b) is not a mean value.

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(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change as applied to a chemical reaction.

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(1)

(b) A student determines the enthalpy change for the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The student follows this method:

• measure out 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid using a
measuring cylinder and pour the acid into a 100 cm3 glass beaker
• weigh out 2.50 g of solid calcium carbonate on a watch glass and tip the solid
into the acid
• stir the mixture with a thermometer
• record the maximum temperature reached.

The student uses the data to determine a value for the enthalpy change.

Explain how the experimental method and use of apparatus can be improved to
provide more accurate data.

Describe how this data from the improved method can be used to determine an
accurate value for the temperature change.

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(c) In a different experiment 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid are
reacted with 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = –57.1 kJ mol–1

The initial temperature of each solution is 18.5 °C

Calculate the maximum final temperature of the reaction mixture.

Assume that the specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture, c = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Assume that the density of the reaction mixture = 1.00 g cm–3

Final temperature _______________ °C

(5)

(d) Suggest how, without changing the apparatus, the experiment in part (c) could be
improved to reduce the percentage uncertainty in the temperature change.

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(1)
(Total 13 marks)

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 Q3.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) A student determined the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane (C6H12).

The student
• placed a pure sample of cyclohexane in a spirit burner
• placed the spirit burner under a beaker containing 50.0 g of water and ignited
the cyclohexane
• extinguished the flame after a few minutes.

The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Initial temperature of the water / °C 19.1

Initial mass of spirit burner and
192.730
cyclohexane / g
Final mass of spirit burner and
192.100
cyclohexane / g

The student determined from this experiment that the enthalpy of combustion of
cyclohexane is –1216 kJ mol–1

Use the data to calculate the final temperature of the water in this experiment.

The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

The relative molecular mass (Mr) of cyclohexane = 84.0

Final temperature of the water ________________________°C

(4)

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 (b) A data book value for the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane is –3920 kJ mol–1

The student concluded that the temperature rise recorded in the experiment was
smaller than it should have been.

Suggest a practical reason for this.

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(c) Table 2 gives some values of standard enthalpies of combustion (∆cH⦵).

Table 2

Substance C(s) H2(g) C6H12(l)

Standard enthalpy of
−394 −286 −3920
combustion, ∆cH⦵ / kJ mol–1

Use the data in Table 2 to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction represented by this equation

6 C(s) + 6 H2(g) → C6H12(l)

Enthalpy change ________________________kJ mol–1

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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 Q4.
Chlorine is used to decrease the numbers of microorganisms in water.

When chlorine is added to water, there is a redox reaction, as shown by the equation

Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HClO + HCl

(a) Deduce the oxidation state of chlorine in HClO and the oxidation state of chlorine in
HCl

Oxidation state of chlorine in HClO _______________________________________

Oxidation state of chlorine in HCl ________________________________________

(1)

(b) Give two half-equations to show the oxidation and reduction processes that occur in
this redox reaction.

Oxidation half-equation ________________________________________________

Reduction half-equation _______________________________________________

(2)

(c) Chlorine is reacted with cold, aqueous sodium hydroxide in the manufacture of
bleach.

Give an equation for this reaction between chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

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(1)

(d) The concentration of ClO– ions in bleach solution can be found by reaction with
iodide ions.

The overall equation for this reaction is shown.

ClO– + 2I– + 2H+ → I2 + Cl– + H2O

A sample of bleach solution was found to contain ClO– ions with a concentration of
0.0109 mol dm–3
Potassium iodide is added to a 20.0 cm3 portion of this bleach solution.

Calculate the mass, in mg, of potassium iodide needed to react with all of the
ClO– ions in the sample of bleach.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Give one observation during this reaction.

Mass of potassium iodide ____________________ mg

Observation ________________________________________________________

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(4)

(e) Potassium chlorate(VII), KClO4, is used in fireworks. When potassium chlorate(VII)

decomposes, it produces potassium chloride and oxygen.

Give an equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate(VII).

Use the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.

Substance ∆fH / kJ mol–1

KClO4(s) – 434
KCl(s) – 436

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Enthalpy change ____________________ kJ mol–1

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
Hydrogen can be prepared on an industrial scale using the reversible reaction between
methane and steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3 H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ mol−1

The reaction is done at a temperature of 800 °C and a low pressure of 300 kPa in the
presence of a nickel catalyst.

Explain, in terms of equilibrium yield and cost, why these conditions are used.

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(Total 6 marks)

Q6.
Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g) ΔH = –196 kJ mol−1

(a) Give an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction.

Kc

(1)

(b) A mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen is allowed to reach equilibrium in a container
of volume 1800 cm3 at temperature T.

At equilibrium, the mixture contains 0.176 mol of sulfur dioxide and 0.461 mol of
sulfur trioxide.

At temperature T the equilibrium constant, Kc = 15.0 mol–1 dm3

Calculate the amount, in moles, of oxygen at equilibrium.

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 Amount of oxygen _______________ mol
(3)

(c) At a different temperature, a mixture contains

0.025 mol of sulfur dioxide
0.049 mol of oxygen
0.034 mol of sulfur trioxide.

The total pressure of the mixture in a 3500 cm3 reaction vessel is 255 kPa

Use the data to calculate the temperature, in °C, of the mixture.

The ideal gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Temperature ____________________ °C
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.
Hydrogen gas can be made by reacting ethanol with steam in the presence of a catalyst.

C2H5OH(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ 2 CO(g) + 4 H2(g)

(a) Give an expression for Kc for this equilibrium.

State its units.

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 Kc

Units of Kc _______________
(2)

(b) The table shows the amount of each substance in an equilibrium mixture in a
container of volume 750 cm3

Substance C2H5OH(g) H2O(g) CO(g) H2(g)

Amount of substance / mol 0.0750 0.156 0.110 0.220

Calculate Kc

Kc ______________________________
(3)

(c) The pressure of the equilibrium mixture was increased by reducing the volume of
the container at constant temperature.

Predict the effect of increasing the pressure on the equilibrium yield of hydrogen.
Explain your answer.

Predict the effect of increasing the pressure on the value of Kc

Effect on equilibrium yield of hydrogen ____________________________________

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Explanation _________________________________________________________

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 Effect on value of Kc __________________________________________________

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.
A student oxidised a solution of hydrochloric acid with a few drops of sodium chlorate(l)
solution. The reaction mixture effervesced and turned pale green. The gas formed
bleached universal indicator paper.

(a) Write a half-equation for the oxidation of chloride ions.

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(1)

(b) Write a half-equation for the reduction of chlorate(l) ions to chlorine in acidic
conditions.

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(c) Write an overall equation for the redox reaction of chlorate(I) ions with hydrochloric
acid.

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(d) A solution of sodium chlorate(l) was added to a colourless solution of potassium

iodide.
Suggest what is observed.

Explain the reaction that leads to this observation.

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

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 Q9.
The halogens are the elements in Group 7.

(a) The electronegativities of the halogens are shown in the table.

Halogen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Electronegativity 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5

Explain the trend in electronegativities shown by the halogens.

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(2)

(b) The halogens can all behave as oxidising agents in reactions.

(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, the meaning of the term oxidising agent.

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(1)

(ii) An equation for the reaction that takes place when chlorine gas is bubbled
through aqueous potassium bromide is shown.

Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2KCl(aq)

Explain, with reference to the oxidation states, why this is a redox reaction.

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(c) Solid sodium halides react with concentrated sulfuric acid.

(i) A sample of solid sodium iodide is reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid.
A black solid forms and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced.

Write a half-equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid to form hydrogen sulfide.

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 (1)

(ii) Write a half-equation for the formation of the black solid.

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(iii) Use your answers to parts (c) (i) and (c) (ii) to write an overall equation for the
reaction of sodium iodide with concentrated sulfuric acid.

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(1)

(iv) Give the role of sulfuric acid in its reaction with sodium iodide.

Tick (✔) one box.

Acid

Oxidising agent

Reducing agent

Electrophile

(1)

(v) Write an equation for the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with solid
sodium fluoride.

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(vi) Suggest one reason why the reaction of sodium fluoride with concentrated
sulfuric acid is different from the reaction with sodium iodide.

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(d) Chlorine reacts with water to form an equilibrium mixture containing hydrochloric
acid and chloric(I) acid.

(i) Write an equation for the formation of this equilibrium mixture.

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(1)

(ii) Household bleach contains sodium chlorate(I) and sodium chloride.

State and explain, with reference to your equation in part (d)(i), why it is
dangerous to acidify an aqueous mixture of sodium chlorate(I) and sodium
chloride.

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(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q10.
Chlorine is an important industrial chemical.

(a) Chlorine is formed when KMnO4 reacts with hydrochloric acid.

The ionic equation for this redox reaction is

16H+ + 2MnO4− + 10Cl− 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Cl2

(i) Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of chloride ions to chlorine.

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(1)

(ii) Give the oxidation state of manganese in the MnO4− ion.

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(iii) Deduce the half-equation for the reduction of the MnO4− ions in acidified
solution to manganese(II) ions and water.

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(b) Chlorine behaves as an oxidising agent in the extraction of bromine from seawater.
In this process, chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution containing bromide ions.

(i) Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with bromide
ions.

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(1)

(ii) Give one observation that would be made during this reaction.

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(iii) In terms of electrons, state the meaning of the term oxidising agent.

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 (1)

(c) In sunlight, chlorine can also oxidise water slowly to form oxygen.

Write an equation for this reaction.

Give the oxidation state of chlorine in the chlorine-containing species that is formed.

Equation

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Oxidation state of chlorine in the species formed ____________________________

(2)

(d) Explain why chlorine has a lower boiling point than bromine.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q11.
Vanadium is an important metal. Ferrovanadium, an alloy of iron and vanadium, is used to
make a strong type of vanadium-steel. Pure vanadium is used in nuclear reactors.

(a) The table shows some standard enthalpy of formation data.

V2O5(s) CaO(s)
ΔHfθ / kJ mol−1 −1560 −635

In the oldest method of extraction of vanadium, V2O5 is reacted with calcium at a high temperature.

5Ca(s) + V2O5(s) 2V(s) + 5CaO(s)

Use data from the table and the equation to calculate the standard enthalpy change
for this reaction.

State the type of reaction that V2O5 has undergone.

Suggest one major reason why this method of extracting vanadium is expensive,
other than the cost of heating the reaction mixture.

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(5)

(b) Ferrovanadium is produced by the reaction of aluminium with a mixture of V2O5 and
iron(III) oxide.

Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium with iron(III) oxide.

State the change in oxidation state of aluminium in this reaction.

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(2)

(c) Pure vanadium, for nuclear reactors, is formed by the reaction of hydrogen with
purified VCl2

Write an equation for this reaction in which the only other product is HCl gas.

Identify two hazards in this process, other than the fact that it operates at a high
temperature.

Deduce why this process produces pure vanadium, other than the fact that purified
VCl2 is used.

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(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q12.
Calcium sulfide reacts with calcium sulfate as shown.

CaS + 3 CaSO4 → 4 CaO + 4 SO2

2.50 g of calcium sulfide are heated with 9.85 g of calcium sulfate until there is no further
reaction.

Show that calcium sulfate is the limiting reagent in this reaction.

Calculate the mass, in g, of sulfur dioxide formed.

Mr (CaS) = 72.2
Mr (CaSO4) = 136.2

Mass of sulfur dioxide ____________________ g

(Total 5 marks)

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Q13.
Ammonia is used to make nitric acid (HNO3) by the Ostwald Process.
Three reactions occur in this process.

Reaction 1 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

Reaction 2 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

Reaction 3 3NO2(g) + H2O(I) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

(a) In one production run, the gases formed in Reaction 1 occupied a total volume of
4.31 m3 at 25 °C and 100 kPa.

Calculate the amount, in moles, of NO produced.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1)

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(4)

(b) In another production run, 3.00 kg of ammonia gas were used in Reaction 1 and all
of the NO gas produced was used to make NO2 gas in Reaction 2.

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonia in 3.00 kg.

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(2)

(ii) Calculate the mass of NO2 formed from 3.00 kg of ammonia in Reaction 2
assuming an 80.0% yield.
Give your answer in kilograms.
(If you have been unable to calculate an answer for part (b)(i), you may
assume a value of 163 mol. This is not the correct answer.)

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(3)

(c) Consider Reaction 3 in this process.

3NO2(g) + H2O(I) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

Calculate the concentration of nitric acid produced when 0.543 mol of NO2 is reacted
with water and the solution is made up to 250 cm3.

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(2)

(d) Suggest why a leak of NO2 gas from the Ostwald Process will cause atmospheric
pollution.

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(e) Give one reason why excess air is used in the Ostwald Process.

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(1)

(f) Ammonia reacts with nitric acid as shown in this equation.

NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3

Deduce the type of reaction occurring.

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(1)
(Total 14 marks)

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