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Lesson 1. Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped Data)

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24 views21 pages

Lesson 1. Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped Data)

Uploaded by

Jerry Mae Ranes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quarter 4

Lesson 1

Measures of
Central Tendency
(Ungrouped Data)
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

• Define and differentiate each measures of central


tendency;

• Calculate each measures of central tendency for a


given set of ungrouped data; and

• Interpret the measures of central tendency in the


context of a real-world problem or scenario
Let’s Learn It!

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY


are statistical values that indicate the typical or average value of a set of data. They are
used to describe the center of a distribution, or the point around which the data tends to
cluster.

Example:
• The three well-known measures of central tendencies are mean, median, and mode.
Let’s Learn It!

GROUPED VS. UNGROUPED DATA


• Grouped data refers to a set of observations that have been organized into distinct
categories or intervals, known as classes or bins. This organization is typically
employed when dealing with large datasets, and is commonly utilized when the dataset
contains more than 30 observations.

• Ungrouped data consists of individual observations that have not been categorized,
classified, or organized into intervals. It represents the raw, unsorted data obtained
directly from an experiment, survey, or study. Typically, ungrouped data sets contain
fewer than 30 observations, making them manageable for direct analysis and
interpretation without the need for categorization.
Let’s Learn It!

Mean
1 is the sum of the data divided by the number of observations. The sample mean,
denoted by 𝑥ҧ (pronounced by “x” bar), is calculated by using the sample data.
σ𝑥
The formula for the mean of ungrouped data is 𝑥ҧ = 𝑁 , where σ 𝑥 is the
summation of all the data and 𝑁 is the number of observations.

Advantages of the Mean


• A single, unique value that is representative of all the scores
• Stable from group to group
• May be used in further computations
• It is applicable to quantitative data only.

Limitations of the Mean


• Not appropriate for skewed distribution as it is affected by extreme scores or
outliers
Let’s Learn It!

Example:

Singing Contest

Five judges give their scores on the performance of singer


as follows. Find the mean.

8 9 9 9 10
Let’s Learn It!

Example:

COVID-19 Cases

The number of confirmed COVID-19 in Valenzuela cases for


a 9-day period is shown below. Find the mean.

4 46 98 115 88 44 73 48 62
Let’s Learn It!

Median
2 is the middle number of the set when the data are arranged in ascending or
descending order. The median, denoted by 𝑥෤ (pronounced by “x” tilde), is the
halfway point in a data set. The median either will be a specific value in the data
set or will fall between two values.

Advantages of the Median


• More stable from group to group than the mode
• Appropriate for skewed distribution

Limitations of the Median


• Not necessarily representative of all scores
• Unstable from group to group
• Cannot be used in further analyses
Let’s Learn It!

Procedure for Finding the Median:


Step 1 Arrange the data values in ascending order.

Step 2 Determine the number of values in the data set.

Step 3 a. If 𝑛 is odd, select the middle data value as the median.


b. If 𝑛 is even, find the mean of the two middle values.
That is, add them and divide the sum by 2.
Let’s Learn It!

Example:

Tablet Sales

The data show the number of tablet sales in millions of units


for a 5-year period. Find the median of the data.

108.2 17.6 159.8 69.8 222.6


Let’s Learn It!

Example:

Students’ Height in a Class

The heights of ten students in a class were surveyed in


inches. Find the median.

64, 69, 67, 62, 70, 66, 71, 65, 68, 63


Let’s Learn It!

Mode
3 denoted by 𝑥ො (pronounced by “x” hat), is the value that occurs most frequently in
the data set. It is sometimes said to be the most typical case.

Advantages of the Mode


• Easy to obtain
• There can be more than one mode for a data set
• It is not influenced by extreme measurements
• It is applicable to both qualitative and quantitative data

Limitations of the Mode


• Not necessarily representative of all scores
• Cannot be used in further analyses
Let’s Learn It!

Classification of Mode
• Unimodal - a data set that has only one value that occurs with the greatest frequency.

• Bimodal - a data set has two values that occur with the same greatest frequency, both
values are considered to be the mode.

• Multimodal/Polymodal - a data set has more than two values that occur with the same
greatest frequency, each value is used as the mode.

• No Mode - when no data value occurs more than once.


Let’s Learn It!

Example:

Blood Type of Students in a Class

The data show the blood type of 20 students in a class. Find


the mode.
A B A O AB
O A B A O
A B A AB O
B A AB B O
Let’s Learn It!

Example:

Public Libraries

The data show the number of public libraries in a sample of


eight cities. Find the mode.

14 7 2 10 3 6 5 8
Try It!

Example 1: The grades in the third quarter of a student are:

90 85 92 91 88 95 87 80

Find the mean, median, and mode.


Try It!

Example 2: The age of selected students in a class are the


following:

18, 19, 21, 22, 18, 20, 23, 20, 19, 20, 18, 22, 21, 20, 23

Find the mean, median, and mode.


Let’s Practice!

Problem Set: To be done in groups of 3.

Result of the Periodic Examination in Mathematics


Zara 40 17 33 37 29 40 23 34 32
Einstein 41 22 34 27 27 29 36 38 29
Ampere 43 41 40 24 34 32 28 25 31

• Given the data above, compute the mean, median, and


mode of each section. Also, classify their mode.
• Based on the result, what section do you think performed
well in their periodic examination?
Key Points

Mean
1 is the sum of the data divided by the number of observations. The sample mean,
denoted by 𝑥ҧ (pronounced by “x” bar), is calculated by using the sample data.
σ𝑥
The formula for the mean of ungrouped data is 𝑥ҧ = 𝑁 , where σ 𝑥 is the
summation of all the data and N is the number of observations.

Median
2 is the middle number of the set when the data are arranged in ascending or
descending order. The median, denoted by 𝑥෤ (pronounced by “x” tilde), is the
halfway point in a data set. The median either will be a specific value in the data
set or will fall between two values.
Key Points

Mode
3 denoted by 𝑥ො (pronounced by “x” hat), is the value that occurs most frequently in
the data set. It is sometimes said to be the most typical case.
Synthesis

● How do you define and differentiate mean, median, and


mode?

● How can we calculate the mean, median, and mode of a


given set of ungrouped data?

● How do we interpret the measures of central tendency in


the context of a real-world problem or scenario?

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