CHAPTER1:

MATRICES &
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS
By:
DR. NUR ALIAH IZZATI
1.1 Definition & Types of Matrices

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Understand the Definition of Matrix.

2. Identify different types of matrices such as row, column,
zero, diagonal, upper triangular, lower triangular and identity
matrices.
Definition of Matrix
• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers enclosed between brackets.
• The general form of a matrix with m rows and n columns:
 a11 a a a 
 
12 13 1n

 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 2n 
 a 31 a a a  m rows
 32 33 3n

 

a m1 a m2 a m3 a mn 
n columns

• The order or dimension of a matrix with m rows and n columns is 𝑚 × 𝑛.

• The numbers that make up a matrix are called its entries or elements,
𝑎𝑚𝑛 , and they are specified by their row and column position.
• The matrix for which the entry is in 𝑚𝑡ℎ row and 𝑛𝑡ℎ column is denoted
by 𝑎𝑚𝑛 .
Example 1
Let
 1
5 6
A 2
 
 2 3 7 
(a) What is the order of matrix 𝐴.
(b) If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑚𝑛 ], identify 𝑎21 and 𝑎13 .
Solution
(a) Since 𝐴 has ____ rows and ____ columns, the order of 𝐴 is ________ .
(b) The entry 𝑎21 is in the 2𝑛𝑑 row and the 1𝑠𝑡 column. Thus, 𝑎21 =______ .

The entry 𝑎13 is in the 1𝑠𝑡 row and the 3𝑟𝑑 column. Thus, 𝑎13 =______ .
Example 2
Given 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 3×3 . Find matrix 𝐴 if

 mn mn
amn 
 2n  m m  n

Solution
𝑎11 = 1 1 =
𝑎12 =
𝑎13 =
𝑎21 =
𝑎22 =
𝑎23 =
𝑎31 =
𝑎32 =
𝑎33 =
Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix is a 1 × 𝑛 matrix.
A   a11 a12 a13 a1n 
Example:

2. Column Matrix is a 𝑚 × 1 matrix.

 a  Example:
11
a 
 21 
A   a31 
 
 
 am1 
Types of Matrices
3. Square Matrix is a 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix with the same number of rows and
columns.
a a12 
A   11
 a21 a22  , 2 × 2 matrix. Example:
 b11 b12 b13 
B  b21 b22 b23 
, 3 × 3 matrix. Example:
b31 b32 b33 

4. Zero Matrix known as Null Matrix is a 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix where every entry is

zero, 0, and denoted by 𝑶.
0 0 0 
O  0 0 0 Example:
0 0 0
Types of Matrices
5. Diagonal Matrix is a square matrix where non-diagonal entries are all zero.
 a11 a12 a13 a1n 
a a2 n 
 21 a22 a23
A   a31 a32 a33 a3n 
 
 
 an1 an 2 an3 ann 

The diagonal entries of 𝐴 are 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , … , 𝑎𝑛𝑛 .

Example:
Types of Matrices
6. Identity Matrix is a diagonal matrix where all its diagonal entries are 1
and denoted by I.
1 0 0 
1 0 or I  0 1 0
I 22   33  
 0 1  0 0 1 

7. Lower Triangular Matrix is a square matrix and 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = 0 for 𝑚 < 𝑛.

 a11 0 0  Example:
A   a21 a22 0 
 a31 a32 a33 

8. Upper Triangular Matrix is a square matrix and 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = 0 for 𝑚 > 𝑛.

a a 11 a  Example:
12 13

A   0 a22 a23 
 0 0 a33 
1.2 Operation on Matrices

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Understand and describe the Properties of Addition, Subtraction

and Scalar Multiplication of Matrices.
2. Understand and describe the Properties of Matrix Multiplication.
3. Understand and describe the Definition of Transpose Matrix and
Properties of Transpose Matrix.
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
• For 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 and B = 𝑏𝑚𝑛 ,
i. 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑚𝑛 , where 𝑐𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 + 𝑏𝑚𝑛 .
ii. 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑚𝑛 , where 𝑑𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 − 𝑏𝑚𝑛 .
• The addition or subtraction of two matrices with different orders are not
defined. We say the two matrices are incompatible.

Example:
1 2 4   4 3 1  3
Let A  3 2 3 , B   5 6 8 and C   2 . Find 𝐴 − 𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐶.
     
5 7 1  2 4 9 1 
Solution:
1 2 4   4 3 1
A  B  3 2 3   5 6 8 
5 7 1  2 4 9
 1 2 4   3
A  C  3 2 3   2 
5 7 1  1 
Since matrix 𝐴 is of order 3 × 3 and matrix 𝐶 is of order 3 × 1, the matrices
have different orders. Thus, 𝐴 and 𝐶 are incompatible.

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

If 𝑐 is a scalar and 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 , then 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑏𝑚𝑛 where 𝑏𝑚𝑛 = 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑛 .

Example:
 2 4
1
Given A   8 5  . Find  A .
  2
 6 7 

Solution:
Properties of Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication of
Matrices
1. Commutative: 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝐵 ± 𝐴

2. Associative:
i. 𝐴 ± 𝐵 ± 𝐶 = 𝐴 ± 𝐵 ± 𝐶
ii. 𝐴 + −𝐴 = −𝐴 + 𝐴 = 𝑶

3. Scalar Multiplication Distributive:

i. 𝑐𝐴 = 𝐴𝑐
ii. 𝑐 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑐𝐴 ± 𝑐𝐵
iii. 𝑐 ± 𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑐𝐴 ± 𝑑𝐴
iv. 𝑐 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑐𝑑 𝐴
where 𝑐 and 𝑑 are constants.

4. Zeroes: 𝑶𝐴 = 𝑶

5. Additive Identity: 𝐴 ± 𝑶 = 𝑶 ± 𝐴 = 𝐴
Example:
1 4 2  3 6 5 
   
Let A  5 3 0  and B   4 2 6 , calculate 3𝐴 − 2𝐵.
6 1 1  5 1 8 

Solution:

3𝐴 − 2𝐵 =
Multiplication of Two Matrices
• The product of two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is defined only when the number of
columns in 𝐴 is equal to the number of rows in 𝐵.
• If order of 𝐴 is 𝑚 × 𝑛 and the order of 𝐵 is 𝑛 × 𝑝, then 𝐴𝐵 has order 𝑚 × 𝑝.
• A row and a column must have the same number of entries in order to be
multiplied.
 b11 
b 
 21 
Let A1n   a11 a12 a13 a1n  and Bn1  b31  ,
 
 
bn1 

Then, AB11   a11b11  a12b21  a13b31   a1nbn1  .

𝑚 × 𝑛 𝑛 × 𝑝

𝑚 ×𝑝
Multiplication of Two Matrices
Example 1
 2 1
Find  1 2 3   
 2 0 5  3 4
   2 1
 
Solution:

Example 2
 1 2  2 1
Let A    and B   3 2  . Show that 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴.
 3 4   

This result proves that the matrix multiplication is not commutative.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 be matrices for which the following products are defined.
Then,
1. Associative: 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝐶
2. Distributive: 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶

Transpose Matrix
Definition:
The transpose of a matrix 𝐴, written as 𝐴𝑇 , is the matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of 𝐴. That is, the 𝑚𝑡ℎ column of 𝐴𝑇 is the
𝑚𝑡ℎ row of 𝐴 for all 𝑚.

If 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 , then 𝐴𝑇 𝑛×𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛𝑚 .

 a11 a12 a13   a11 a21 a31 
A33   a21 a22 a23  A3T3   a12 a22 a32 
 a31 a32 a33   a13 a23 a33 
Example 1:
 2 1 3 3 
   
Let B  1  andD   2 5 4 , then find 𝐵𝑇 and 𝐷 𝑇 .
 3 31 1 3 5  33

Solution:
𝐵𝑇 =

𝐷𝑇 =

Example 2:
1 2  3 4 1 4
Let A    , B  2 1 and C  3 2 . Sow that
 3 4     
(a) 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
(b) 𝐵𝐶 𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝐵𝑇
Solution:

(a) 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇

(b) 𝐵𝐶 𝑇
= 𝐶 𝑇 𝐵𝑇
Properties of Transpose Matrix
.1. Commutative: 𝐴 ± 𝐵 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 ± 𝐵𝑇

2. Transpose of the transpose matrix: 𝐴𝑇 𝑇

=𝐴

3. Multiplication distributive:
i. 𝑘𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇 where 𝑘 is a scalar.
ii. 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 such that 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 ≠ 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 .
1.3 Determinant of 2x2 Matrix and 3X3 Matrix

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Find the minors and cofactors of a square matrix.

2. Find the determinant of 2 × 2 matrix.
3. Find the determinant of 3 × 3 matrix using cofactors.
Minors and Cofactors of a Square Matrix
Let 𝐴 be 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix, 𝐴𝑛×𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 .
1. The minor, 𝑀𝑚𝑛 , is the determinant of 𝑛 − 1 × 𝑛 − 1 matrix obtained by
deleting the 𝑚𝑡ℎ row and 𝑛𝑡ℎ column of 𝐴.

2. The cofactor, 𝐶𝑚𝑛 , of the element 𝑎𝑚𝑛 is 𝐶𝑚𝑛 = −1 𝑚+𝑛

𝑀𝑚𝑛
  M11 M12  M13 
 
Cofactor matrix: C   M 21  M 22 M 23 
  M 31 M 32  M 33 

Example:
1 2 1
 
Let A  3 4 2  , find the minors and cofactors of 𝑎11 , 𝑎21 and 𝑎12 .
1 4 3 
Solution:
Minors of 𝑎11 , 𝑎21 and 𝑎12 .

𝑀11 is the determinant of 2 × 2 matrix obtained by neglecting the 1𝑠𝑡 row and
1𝑠𝑡 column of 𝐴.
4 2
M11    4  3   4  2   4
4 3
2 1
M 21  
4 3
M12 

The cofactor, 𝐶𝑚𝑛 = −1 𝑚+𝑛

𝑀𝑚𝑛 .

C11   1 M11   1  4   4

11 2

C12   1
1 2
M12 
C21 
Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix
Expansion of the cofactors

For any matrix 𝐴𝑛×𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 , determinant of 𝐴, 𝐴 or det 𝐴, is obtained by

summing up the product of each element of a certain row or column by its
cofactor, 𝐶𝑚𝑛 .
𝑛=1,2,3,…,𝑚

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑛
𝑚=1,2,3,…,𝑛

1. By expanding along the 1𝑠𝑡 row.

Elements in 1𝑠𝑡 row: 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 and 𝑎13 .
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

2. By expanding along the 1𝑠𝑡 column.

Elements in 1𝑠𝑡 column: 𝑎11 , 𝑎21 and 𝑎31 .
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎21 𝐶21 + 𝑎31 𝐶31 = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎21 𝑀21 + 𝑎31 𝑀31
Example:
3 1 4 
Let A  1 2 7  , find 𝐴 by expanding along; (a) 2𝑛𝑑 row (b) 1𝑠𝑡 column.
5 1 10
***HINT!!!***
Solution:
Choose the row or
3
column that has the
(a) A  a
n 1
2n C2 n  a21C21  a22C22  a23C23 most zeroes.
 a21M 21  a22 M 22  a23 M 23
1 4 3 4 3 1
  1   2   7
1 10 5 10 5 1
  1  110    1 4    2   310    5  4    7   3 1   5  1
 28
(b) A  a11M11  a21M 21  a31M 31 