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Biotechnology Principles and Processes (Part - 01)

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23 views19 pages

Biotechnology Principles and Processes (Part - 01)

Uploaded by

riyanasharaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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biotechnology

principles and processES


Biotech I I = 16 Mark
-
-

Biology + Technology
Products
3
Tech-> Live Organism
&
↳
Enzyme Human
-
INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or
enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes
useful to humans

Making curd, bread or wine, which are all microbe -mediated


processes, could also be thought as a form of biotechnology

However it is used in a restricted sense today, to refer to such


of those processes which use genetically modified organisms to
achieve the same on a larger scale
Based on the development in biotechnology, it may be of two types

1. Old Biotechnology

Old biotechnology deals with the techniques in biotechnology


based on the natural capabilities of micro-organisms.
eg: preparation of wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages, vinegar,
cheese, curd, idli, dosa, and some other foods.
All are microbe-mediated processes.

2. Modern Biotechnology

Modern biotechnology deals with the techniques in biotechnology


which use genetically-modified organisms achieve the products of
traditional biotechnology on larger scale.
old
-

curd bread
,
,
wine

Modern
b IVF)
-

>
- Test tube aby -

>
Synthesising New
gene
-

-
-
-

>
-
DNA Vaccine
defective
>
-

correcting a
In vitro fertilisation leading
to a ‘ test-tube baby ’

Synthesising a gene and using it


Biotechnology deals
with
Developing a DNA vaccine

Correcting a defective gene


EFB

European Federation of
Biotechnology
Include
↑
The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has given a
definition of biotechnology that encompasses both traditional
view and modern molecular biotechnology -

- -

The definition given by EFB is as follows:


sum
‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts
there of, and molecular analogues for products and services’
-

D Natural Science
+
organism , cell C
parts
, >
-
Product
DNA RNA Service
z
PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
The two core techniques that enabled birth of modern
biotechnology are

(1) Genetic engineering

(2) Bioprocess engineering


of D

#
Manipulation a m
.

>
-

>
-
Removal
gene >
-
Addition
=
>
- Modification

Insulin-
-
>
J
S
E
>
-

-
Insulve
-

modifiy
(1) Genetic engineering
Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA),
to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the
phenotype of the host organism

(2) Bioprocess engineering

Maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination- free) ambience in


chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired
microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of
-

biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc


Biopr
D >
- 1000
10 =

Organism =

↓
-

S ale
Large -
Conceptual development of the principles of
genetic engineering
The conceptual development of the principles of
genetic engineering

Sexual reproduction has advantages over asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations and


formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup, some of
which may be beneficial to the organism as well as the population

Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information, while


sexual reproduction permits variation
Traditional hybridisation

g & G W
of
gI
Q

/
I

5- Taste
=

&
-
desirable
+
Undesirable
=
Traditional hybridisation

↓
A Overcome

Recombinant DNA Technology


CUD NA Technolgy)
Traditional
-
hybridisation procedures used in plant and animal breeding,
very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes
along with the desired genes

The techniques of genetic engineering which include creation of


recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer, overcome
this limitation ① ②
-

Genetic engineering allows us to isolate and introduce only one or a set


of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes into the target
organism
-
VINA
O&
DNA
=>
DNA

s
a
nam

-
DNA UD NA
Hybrid >
-

-
-

Multiple Copies >


-
① Gene
- cloning
② Gene Transfer

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