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Angle Modulation-2

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21 views46 pages

Angle Modulation-2

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Alaaeee
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ANGLE MODULATION

FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

EC331
Instr. Sarra Elrabiei

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DEFINITION OF ANGLE MODULATION (PM, FM)

A sinusoidal carrier can be amplitude or/and angle modulated

The frequency and phase of the carrier signal in all AM


modulation techniques were constant.
PM & FM is achieved by using the message to change the
phase or frequency (changing the angle) of the carrier signal
and keeping its amplitude constant.
Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of the carrier varies according to the
message signal. This is further divided into frequency and phase modulation.
 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal linearly with the message
signal.

 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with the message signal.
 Angle modulation is the process of altering the angle θ(t) = 2πfc +∅ 𝒄of the carrier signal c(t) by the message

signal m(t) while maintaining the amplitude Ac constant or unchanged.

 We Know that ,where

 So, In general, we have ,where θ(t) called the instantaneous angle.

 Regarding to the relation of the instantaneous angle θ(t) to its perspective Sine-Cosine (sinusoidal ) function.

We can find that the angular frequency ω(t) is:


HISTORICAL NOTES
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BANDWIDTH OF NARROWBAND FM/PM SIGNALS

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Narrowband FM

 Following are the features of Narrowband FM.

o This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth when compared to wideband FM.

o The modulation index 𝜷is small, i.e., less than .1

o Its spectrum consists of the carrier, the upper sideband and the lower sideband.

o This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc.

Wideband FM

 Following are the features of Wideband FM.

o This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.

o The modulation index 𝜷is large, i.e., higher than .1

o Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of sidebands, which are located around it.

o This is used in entertainment, broadcasting applications such as FM radio, TV, etc.


EXAMPLES FOR BANDWIDTH ESTIMATION

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Effect of Non–Linearity on AM and FM signals

Sometimes, the modulated signal after transmission gets distorted due to non–linearities in the
channel, for example. In general, when the transmitted modulated signal is affected by channel
non–linearity in the channel, the demodulated signal becomes a distorted version of the
message signal. We can easily show that the effect non–linearities on different types of
amplitude–modulated signals is devastating, while frequency–
modulated signals are immune to non–linearities. In fact, the effect of non–linearities on FM
signals can be used for generating wideband FM signals from narrowband FM signals, which is
an important feature.

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Consider the channel shown below with a DSBSC input signal. The channel is a non–
linear channel in which the output signal of the channel is the sum of the input signal
and other powers of the input signal.

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So, unless a3 is zero, it is clear that the original modulated signal gDSBSC(t) given above
cannot be extracted from the received signal f(t) because the terms with frequency
around ωc does not contain only m(t) but also m3(t). So, DSBSC (and AM modulation
in general) is vulnerable to non–linearities.

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In this case, it is clear that all the coefficients of the different terms are simply constants.
The terms are in fact different FM signals with different frequencies and different values of the
parameter kf. But, the important conclusion is that the original FM signal can easily be extracted
from the output signal of the non–linear channel using a filter centered at the carrier frequency and
bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of the FM signal. So, FM signals are IMMUNE (does not get
damaged) to non–linearities.
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GENERATION OF WIDEBAND FM/PM

1. Direct Method of Generating WB FM Signals


2. Armstrong Indirect Method for Wideband FM Generation

DIRECT METHOD OF GENERATING WB FM SIGNALS

Features of the Direct Method:


◦ Simple and uses a single component (+ve feature).
◦ Poor frequency stability. (can be improved using feedback. (-ve feature)
◦ Less multiplication requirements as compared to the indirect method as will be seen (+ve
feature).
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