Diploma Programme

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

SL formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2021

Version 1.0

STANDARD LEVEL

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

Contents

Topic 1: Number and algebra – SL 2

Topic 2: Functions – SL 3

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL 4

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – SL 6

Topic 5: Calculus – SL 7
Topic 1: Number and algebra – SL

1.2 The nth term of an un u1 (n 1) d

arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of an n n

arithmetic sequence Sn 2u1 (n 1) d ; S n (u1 un )
2 2

1.3 The nth term of a un u1r n 1

geometric sequence

The sum of n terms of a u1 (r n 1) u1 (1 r n )

finite geometric sequence Sn , r 1
r 1 1 r

1.8 The sum of an infinite u1

geometric sequence S , r 1
1 r

1.4 r
kn
Compound interest FV PV 1 , where FV is the future value,
100k
PV is the present value, n is the number of years,
k is the number of compounding periods per year,
r% is the nominal annual rate of interest

1.5 Exponents and logarithms ax b x log a b , where a 0, b 0, a 1

1.7 Exponents and logarithms log a xy log a x log a y

x
log a log a x log a y
y
log a x m m log a x

log b x
log a x
log b a
Exponential and
logarithmic functions ax e x ln a ; log a a x x a loga x where a , x 0, a 1

1.9 Binomial theorem n n C a n 1b nC a n r br

( a b) n an bn
1 r

nC n!
r r !(n r )!

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 2

Topic 2: Functions – SL

2.1 Equations of a straight line y mx c ; ax by d 0; y y1 m x x1

y2 y1
Gradient formula m
x2 x1

2.6 Axis of symmetry of the b

graph of a quadratic f ( x) ax 2 bx c axis of symmetry is x
2a
function

2.7
Solutions of a quadratic b b 2 4ac
equation ax 2 bx c 0 x , a 0
2a

Discriminant b2 4ac

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 3

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL

Prior learning – SL

Area of a parallelogram A bh , where b is the base, h is the height

1
Area of a triangle A (bh) , where b is the base, h is the height
2

1
Area of a trapezoid A (a b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2

Area of a circle A r 2 , where r is the radius

Circumference of a circle C 2 r , where r is the radius

Volume of a cuboid V lwh , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Volume of a cylinder V r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height

Volume of a prism V Ah , where A is the area of cross-section, h is the height

Area of the curved surface of A 2 rh , where r is the radius, h is the height

a cylinder

Distance between two

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

Coordinates of the midpoint of x1 x2 y1 y2

a line segment with endpoints ,
2 2
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )

3.1 Distance between two

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 ( z1 z2 ) 2
points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
midpoint of a line segment , ,
2 2 2
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
and ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 4

 1
Volume of a right-pyramid V Ah , where A is the area of the base, h is the height
3

1 2
Volume of a right cone V r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

Area of the curved surface A rl , where r is the radius, l is the slant height
of a cone

4 3
Volume of a sphere V r , where r is the radius
3

Surface area of a sphere A 4 r 2 , where r is the radius

3.2 a b c
Sine rule
sin A sin B sin C

a2 b2 c2
Cosine rule c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C ; cos C
2ab

1
Area of a triangle A ab sin C
2

3.4
Length of an arc l r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in radians

1 2
Area of a sector A r , where r is the radius, is the angle measured in
2
radians

3.5 sin
Identity for tan tan
cos

3.6 Pythagorean identity cos 2 sin 2 1

Double angle identities sin 2 2sin cos

cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 2cos 2 1 1 2sin 2

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 5

Topic 4: Statistics and probability – SL

4.2 Interquartile range IQR Q3 Q1

4.3 k
f i xi k
Mean, x , of a set of data x i 1
, where n fi
n i 1

4.5 n ( A)
Probability of an event A P ( A)
n (U )

Complementary events P ( A) P ( A ) 1

4.6 Combined events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B) P ( A B)

Mutually exclusive events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

P ( A B)
Conditional probability P ( A B)
P ( B)

Independent events P(A B ) P ( A) P ( B)

4.7 Expected value of a k

discrete random variable X E(X ) xi P ( X xi )

i 1

4.8 Binomial distribution

X ~ B (n , p)

Mean E ( X ) np

Variance Var ( X ) np (1 p )

4.12 Standardized normal x

variable z

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 6

Topic 5: Calculus – SL

5.3 Derivative of x n f ( x) xn f ( x) nx n 1

5.6 Derivative of sin x f ( x) sin x f ( x) cos x

Derivative of cos x f ( x) cos x f ( x) sin x

Derivative of e x f ( x) e x f ( x) e x

1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) ln x f ( x)
x
dy dy du
Chain rule y g (u ) , where u f ( x)
dx du dx
dy dv du
Product rule y uv u v
dx dx dx

du dv
v u
Quotient rule
u dy dx dx
y
v dx v2
5.9 dv d2 s
Acceleration a
dt dt 2

Distance travelled from t2

distance v(t ) dt
t1 to t 2 t1

Displacement from t2
displacement v (t )dt
t1 to t 2 t1

5.5 Integral of x n xn 1
x n dx C, n 1
n 1

Area between a curve b

A y dx
y f ( x) and the x-axis, a

where f ( x) 0

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 7

 5.10 Standard integrals 1
dx ln x C
x

sin x dx cos x C

cos x dx sin x C

e x dx e x C

5.11 Area of region enclosed b

A y dx
by a curve and x-axis a

Mathematics: analysis and approaches SL formula booklet 8