International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends

Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April-2021, ISSN (Online): 2395-566X

Structural Investigation of Agricultural UAV

E.Akshaya Chandar Adesh Phalphale Sourav Ghosh Sanket Desai
Department of Aerospace, Department of Aerospace, Department of Aerospace Department of Physics,
RV College Of Engg. MIT ADT University, Jain(Deemed-to-be University) Institute Chemical Technology
Bangalore Karnataka Pune Maharashtra Bangalor Karnataka UDCT,Mumbai, Maharashtra
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract- UAV Technology has improved exponentially in the last few cycles, and we can discuss its importance as new
resolutions to all challenging queries that include managed services on a unique land that a computer can make floating above
it. It covers UAV that produces agricultural projects like spraying, an examination of products for vast hectare fields.
Structural analysis is the purpose of the consequences of pressures on concrete buildings and their elements. The structural
analysis applies applied mechanics, materials science, and applied mathematics to measure a structure's deformations, internal
forces, stresses, support reactions, accelerations, and stability. The analysis results verify a structure's fitness for use, often
precluding physical tests. This report presents the results of structural analysis of the Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
in compliance with the requirements of DGCA. The analysis includes the Strength of Materials approach to determine loads
(Shear Force and Bending Moments) which is utilized for further analysis using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) approach.
Commercial FEA software ANSYS is used for this purpose. The static structural analyses of the UAV are performed under
different load conditions. The consequences of these researches show that the planned construction is safe within the flight
envelope. This paper lays the structural analysis framework, which could as a source for additional temporary separation. The
products can be increased additional to effective reports like Crash Test, sloshing examination of Fuel tanks, Etc. to mimic
real-time events. This paper is required to showcase the structure's authenticity (hypothetical load circumstances compelling)
for certification determinations and vibration endorsement from DGCA.

Keywords- UAV, Structural analysis, Agricultural Unmanned Aerial vehicles, DGCA, ANSYS.

2. Applications of UAV:
I. INTRODUCTION There are numerous civilians, commercial, military, and
aerospace applications for UAVs. These include:
1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle:  Civil: Disaster relief, archaeology, conservation
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft without a (pollution monitoring and poaching), law enforcement,
human pilot traveling. UAVs are elements of an unmanned crime, and Terrorism.
aircraft system (UAS), including a UAV, a ground-based  Commercial: Aerial surveillance,filmmaking,
controller, and a method of information among the pair. journalism, scientific research, surveying, cargo
UAVs' flight may precede with different independence transport, and agriculture.
stages: unless following exclusive government by an  Military: Reconnaissance, attack, demining, and target
individual engineer or autonomously by onboard practice.
computers.
3. Types of UAV/Drones:
Compared to human-crewed aircraft, UAVs were UAVs / Drones can be classified on a different basis – say
originally used for missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous" based on usage like parasites for photography, UAV for
for humans. While they originated mainly in military aerial mapping, drones for surveillance, etc. However, the
applications, their use is rapidly increasing to business, best classification of drones can be made based on aerial
accurate, recreational, agricultural, and other purposes, platforms.
such as controlling, peacekeeping, monitoring, product
deliveries, atmospheric photography, horticulture, stealing, Based on the nature of the aerial platform used, there are
and vibration racing. four major types of drones.

Civilian UAVs now vastly outnumber military UAVs, 3.1 Fixed-wing UAV: Fixed-wing drones are entirely
with estimations of over a million sold by 2015, so they different in design and build to multi-rotor type drones.
are early practical employment of independent things, to They use a wing-like the regular airplanes out there.
be succeeded by independent car and residence robots. Unlike multi-rotor drones, fixed-wing type models never

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utilize energy to stay afloat on-air, challenging gravity.

Instead, they drive onward on their set course or set by the Out of all the 4 drone types (based on aerial platform),
guide control if their energy source permits. Most fixed- multi-rotor drones are the easiest to manufacture and they
wing drones have an average flying time of a couple of are the cheapest option available as well. Multi- rotor
hours. Owing to their higher-flying time and fuel drones can be further classified based on the number of
efficiency, fixed-wing drones are ideal for long-distance rotors on the platform. They are Tricopter (3 rotors),
operations (be it mapping or surveillance). Quadcopter (4 rotors), Hexacopter (6 rotors) and
Octocopter (8 rotors). Out of these, Quadcopters are the
However, they cannot be used for aerial photography most popular and widely used variant. At present, most of
where the drone needs to be kept still on the air for a the multi-rotor drones out there are capable of only a 20 to
period. The other downsides of fixed-wing drones are the 30 minutes flying time (often with a minimal payload like
more expensive costs & skill training required in flying. It a camera).
is not easy to put a fixed-wing drone in the air. It would
help if you either had a runway or a catapult launcher to
install a fixed wing drone on its path in the air. A runway
or a chute, or a net is necessary to safely land them back in
the ground.

Fig 3. Multi rotor drone.

3.4 Hybrid VTOL: These heterogeneous organizations

produce fixed-wing support' battles (besides expensive
flying practice) among rotor-based models (hover). This
Fig 1. Fixed Wing UAV. approach has from solely the 1960s outside enough
interest.
3.2 Single Rotor Drones: Single rotor drones are very
comparable in design & structure to original helicopters.
Unlike a multi-rotor drone, a single rotor model has just
one oversized rotor plus a small-sized one on the drone's
tail to restrain its heading. Single rotor drones are much
experienced than multi-rotor reports. They have longer
flying times and can even be powered by gas turbines. In
aerodynamics, the more under the number of rotors, the
more inferior the object's spin. Furthermore, that is many Fig 4. Hybrid VTOL.
purposes why quadcopters are more durable than Nevertheless, this concept has some new growth and
octocopters. For that reason, single rotor drones are very management with the most advanced present sensors
effective than multi- rotor drones. (gyroscopes and accelerometers). Hybrid VTOLs are a
performance of self- regulation and standard gliding. An
up right lift to lift the drone into the atmosphere from the
territory. Gyros and accelerometers operate in automatic
mode (autopilot thought) to retain the drone secured in the
space—remote- based (or even added) manual power to
control the drone on the coveted program.

4. Scope of Project:
Fig 2. Single Rotor Drone. For handling different farming enterprises, similar
3.3 Multi Rotor Drones: Multi Rotor drones are the most sprinkling in wide spread farming. The contemporary
common types of drones which are used by professionals society was created to study for safe, dependable &
and hobbyists alike. They are used for most common experienced technology for long-duration sustainable
applications like aerial photography, aerial video production and transferred their actions by taking UAV
surveillance etc. Different types of products are available Technology & Solutions.
in this segment in the market say multi-rotor drones for
professional uses like aerial photography and there are lots Away In this design, we determined to do a Structural
of variants for hobby purposes like amateur drone racing, investigation of an Agri-UAV design, and this design has
or leisure flying. to transfer static review and increase it for dynamic

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examination to identify and improve several imperfections essential circumstances such as palatability and happiness,
in architectural composition. So that this representation examining the drone's fundamental uprightness and energy
can be applied to gardening garden projects with demands. This design uses an innovative quadcopter
combined flight arrangements. layout with a new modernized architectural geometry. The
complete frame is designed employing CATIA. The new
II. LITERATURE REVIEW device is approved for its successful implementation
within stress analysis utilizing ANSYS. Also, becoming a
1. “Structural Analysis of Arm of Multicopter with matter for the invention is decided by comparing five other
Various Loads” Brijesh Patel, R. P. Sukhija, J. V. Sai materials.
Prassana Kumar:
A significant development occurs due to small unmanned We want to create fluctuations for marine and airborne
air systems known as drones, Unmanned Aerial vehicles monitoring at our coastline and discover submarine air
(UAV), or Unmanned Aerial Systems. As these systems noises and destructions in this picture. Submersible
have many components where primary research have been fluctuations must recognize related circumstances such as
done, which focuses on new applications of UAV’s, palatability and happiness, examining the drone's
control optimization, Enhancement of Endurance Limit, architectural honesty and energy demands. This design
GPS, Autopilot, Etc. There is small research done on uses an innovative quadcopter layout with a modern
Structural Components of Hexarotor. modernized architectural geometry. The complete
structure is produced using CATIA. The new device is
In order to get High Endurance, the structural Analysis has approved for its successful implementation throughout
to perform. Multicopter possesses a lightweight frame, stress examination using ANSYS. Also, a proper matter
high thrust motor landing gear, and a conventional for the invention is decided by matching five other
structural arrangement. A great need for structural elements.
Analysis of the arm of a multicopter with the motor
mounted should be examined. 4."Structural Analysis of Quadcopter Frame" Rahul
Singha, Rajeev Kumara, Abhishek Mishra, Anshul
Structural Vibration Analysis of Carbon Fiber Arm of Agarwal:
Hexarotor, as due to high RPM of Motors the arm is The quadcopter is an advanced, highly maneuverable
affected by many structural loads. This paper discusses the aircraft that has a simple design and structure. It has a high
experimental and numerical vibration analysis of a load-carrying capacity and other characteristics. The
Hexarotor Arm and subordinate structure. quadcopter is one of the UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicles)
used to lift, carry, observe, rescue, and collect data from
This research provides an analysis of the vibration sources one place to another in lesser time and without taking
affecting the Hexarotor and experimental modal analysis much space and cost.
of the carbon fiber arm of Hexarotor. The resulting data
will provide the area of low vibration, which results from It can be used for surveillance purposes and military
the mounting of other instruments for better operation. operations. The quadcopter structure's static and dynamic
characteristics have been analyzed by determining and
2."Analysis of Plates by using ANSYS" N.V.Divya,
Syed Rizwan: analyzing the quadcopter dynamics. This paper describes
This paper is required to analyze the Plate deflections and the quadcopter frame model's overall design, then
distances under different loading requirements to confirm analyzing the frame with commercial Finite element code
their potential breakdown situations. This system means to ANSYS 18.0 (Academic research). Selecting the
depart the aluminum plate under varying brands of necessary material and structure that meets the strength
charging conditions. The examination was taken out and stiffness of the requirement of the system.
concerning the Kirchhoff thin plate study and finite
element structure software ANSYS. It is reassuring to 5."Simulation and Analysis of a Quadrotor UAV while
receive the advantages at affection courses and for the Landing." P.V.Sawalakhe, J.A. Shaaikh:
general outline of the program. By searching the Unmanned aerial means are generally employed in dispute
intelligent controllers with the ANSYS result, we can and nonmilitary changes in modern occasions. Quadrotor
obtain the plate's optimum thickness. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) provides numerous
choices among other UAV's, in separate segments, due to
3."Design and Static Structural Analysis of an Aerial their potential to flutter and Vertical Take-Off and
and Underwater Drone." Abishini A, Priyanka Bas B, Landing (VTOL) capacity. The mathematical simulation
Raque Bertilla A, Haston Amit Kumar: approach can be utilized for the investigation of UAVs.
This scheme would like to complete vibrations for The simulation organization can decrease the flight
submarine and airborne monitoring at our coastline and duration, expense, and uncertainty and increase its
enlarge its utilization to discover marine air noises and production while vertical take-off and landing (VTOL).
destructions. Submarine vibrations must recognize While piloting the UAV, the vehicle's kinetic power is

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received by the UAV support, following high-stress

companies. Other members of the UAV also provide the The quad-rotor frame consists of a rigid body with four
forces. arms attached in an X configuration. A motor is mounted
at the end of each arm.
The impact of the landing pressures and forces on the
airframe of the quadrotor unmanned air transport must be
thoroughly understood, and the UAV must be planned
subsequently to not break during arrival. The simulation
process can explain these forces to ensure the
sustainability of the UAV structure. This commitment
involves fundamental and frequency analysis for the
Quadrotor UAV chassis.

III. CONCEPTS AND THEORY

Fig 7. Forces and Moments in a Quadcopter.
1. Quadcopter Features: 2. ARM Analysis:
The quad-rotor is an aircraft with four rotors in a coupling. The Quadcopter arm can be modeled as a cantilever beam
This program is finished to attach, walk forward, setup with loads acting along the beam's length.
sideward, after, lead, and guide the restoration,
modification, and yaw machetes individually. The four The Strength of Materials Equations to estimate the Shear
rotors alternate clockwise and counter-clockwise similar it Force including Bending Moment is:
is presented in Fig. 3.1. Clockwise (CW) machines, Shear Force at any point = Load (P)
displayed in blue, use traditional propellers and counter- Bending Moment, (x< a) = P(x − a)
clockwise (CCW) motors, displayed in red, practice Bending Moment, (x> a) = 0
pusher propellers.

Fig 5. Quadcopter in X configuration. Fig 8. Cantilever beam setup.

This four-rotor aircraft has some advantages over the
standard helicopter. Due to the motors' rotation (clock and 3. Tank Division:
counter-clockwise), gyroscopic influences and aero- The fluid inside the Fuel and Agricultural Matter tank
dynamic energies tend to cancel in flight. Throttle input is would provide a Hydrostatic pressure on the Tank
the sum of each motor's thrust (motors 1, 2, 3, and 4). This structure resistance below static situations. The description
force makes the quadcopter fly. Roll movement is for calculating Hydrostatic Pressure is provided below:
achieved by expanding or reducing rear motors' speed
(motors 2 and 4) and decreasing or expanding front motors Hydrostatic Pressure, dP = −ρ ∗ g ∗ dh
(motors 3 and 1) individually. Pitch movement is achieved
likewise using lateral motors. Lastly, yaw movement is Where,
accomplished by increasing or decreasing the counter- ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m3)
clockwise motors' speed while decreasing or increasing the g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
clockwise motors' speed. Figure 3.2 shows the UAV's dh = Change in the height of the fluid (m)
angles of rotation.
4. Factor of Safety (FOS):
The proportion of a structure's absolute strength (structural
capacity) to actual applied load; is a type of a design's
reliability. This is a measured value and is sometimes
referred to as a realized safety factor for the sake of
clarity. Then the formula is given below:

The factor of safety (FOS) = Ultimate Stress

Fig 6. Angles of rotation of Quadcopter. Working Stress

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IV. METHODOLOGY
5. Category of UAV:
Civil RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft) is categorized 1. Work Flow:
following Max. The plan of action is presented in the flowchart shown
below.
All-Up-Weight (including payload) as designated below:
5.1 Nano: Less than or equal to 250g.
5.2 Micro: Greater than 250g and less than or equal to 2
kg.
5.3 Small: Greater than 2 kg and less than or equal to 25
kg.
5.4 Medium: Greater than 25 kg and less than or equal to
150 kg.
5.5 Large: Greater than 150 kg.

6. Strength Specifications:
 Express, that airframe structure, shall be adjusted to
withstand flight limit quantities externally failure,
malfunction, or permanent deformation.
 Candidate has to present interpretation of the Fig 9. Work Plan.
construction dispensing that the factor of safety of 1.5 2. Analysis Methodology
has been applied. When composing a structure or a machine, the engineer
 Permission is adequate from the construction and must consider all the authorities acting on the house or the
segments and from territory. organization and its element components. The authorities'
results are then examined about the establishment of the
7. Material Resources: construction, and the ingredient components are made
The mainframe, its subcomponents, arms, its powerful enough to fulfill their purposes.
subcomponents, and the drone's grounding equipment are
composed of Aluminum alloy AA 7075 T6 (ASTM).Zinc The organizations to be analyzed depending on the
is the principal alloying component of AA 7075. It has character and direction of the composition.
superior construction characteristics, including tremendous
flexibility, high toughness, toughness, and excellent 3. Mechanics of Materials Approach:
tiredness reconstruction, and has significantly greater A substance's strength can confront a utilized load
corrosion protection than the 2000 compounds. externally negligence or plastic deformation in the
materials approach mechanics. The range of energy of
It is the various generally accepted aluminum alloy for elements sells with violence and deformations that emerge
highly stressed structural purposes and has been widely from their performance on a material. A load connected to
employed in aircraft structural components. T6 temper a mechanical feature will cause internal forces within the
7075 has a terminal tensile strength of 572 MPa and yield member-termed importance when performed on a unit.
strength of at least 503 MPa. It has a breakdown
elongation of 9%. The pressures are working on the physical cause of
deformation of the substance in different practices,
The fuel tank and the agricultural material tank are both including separating them altogether. Deformation of the
constructed from High-Density Polyethylene; HDPE is substance is called strain throughout those deformations
known for its high strength-to-density ratio. and stored on a unit foundation.

As the title implies, HDPE has a high density extending 4. Finite Element Analysis Program:
from 0.958g/cc. The finite course element was original issued by Clough in
1960. In the early 1960s, designers practiced approaching
Although the weight of HDPE is only marginally more stress analysis queries, fluid flow, heat transfer, and other
expensive than that of low-density polyethylene, the states. The first publication on the FEM by Zienkiewicz
variation in power transcends the variation in density, and Chung was published in 1967.
according to HDPE, a more critical specific health. It is
also more complicated and more covered and can endure In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FEM was employed
moderately higher warmth. It is also contrary to many to different communications difficulties. Most business
solutions, and significantly it can withstand corrosion FEM software packages were introduced in the 1970s.
occasioned by fuel. (Abaqus, Adina, Ansys, etc.).

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The steps required are as regards: Table 1. General Specifications of UAV.

 FEM practices the thought of piecewise polynomial
interpolation.
 By combining elements, the field capacity matures
introduced over the complete construction in a
piecewise manner.
 A collection of contemporary algebraic comparisons
at joints.
 The fundamental algebraic method for solving the
deformation at joints managing FEM is
Table 2. Weight Specifications of UAV.
{F} = {K} ∗ {Q}

Where,
F - Applied Force Matrix
K- Stiffness Matrix
Q – Global Deflection Matrix

Thus, the deformation at nodes can be obtained from

{Q} = ({K} ^ (−1)) * {F} Table 3. Dimensions of UAV.
Since the geometries are too complex to be solved by hand
calculations, we go for a commercial FEM software
package (In our case, ANSYS).

From both Mechanics of Materials and Finite Element

Analysis, one can deduce the Factor of Safety (FOS) of the
designed structure under static loading conditions.
VI. STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF
V. UAV DESIGN UAV

1. Design Diagrams: 1. Mesh Convergence

The CAD diagrams of the UAV are given below. Mesh convergence defines how many components are
needed in a model to guarantee that examination results
are not influenced by increasing the mesh size. System
acknowledgment (stress, deformation) will concentrate on
a repeatable answer with reducing component size.
Following concentration, additional mesh filtration does
not change outcomes. At this point, the design and its
decisions are sovereign of the mesh. A mesh convergence
(a)Side View (b) Top View research confirms that the FEA model has concentrated on
an answer. It also supports Mesh Independence, and
additional refinement is optional.

Table 4. Mesh Convergence.

(c) Front View (d) Bottom View

(e) Isometric View

Fig 10. Design Diagrams of UAV.
2. Technical Specifications:

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Fig 16. Complete UAV-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 11. Mesh Convergence.

2. Static Structural Analysis Of Complete UAV Mesh:

Table 5. Mesh Details Setup and Result.

Fig 17. Complete UAV-Equivalent Strain.

3. Static Structural Analysis of Individual Components

of UAV:
The UAV arm is formed as a cantilever beam with the
motor and propeller combination's stress load serving as
Fig 12. Complete UAV-CAD Model. the intensive load near the point.

The beam is determined for its Shear Force and Bending

Moment conditions applying the Mechanics of Materials
program, and the effects are displayed here.

Fig 13. Complete UAV-Boundary Conditions (Forces and

Moments).
Fig 18. Cantilever beam setup.
Table 6. Cantilever beam parameters.

Fig 14. Complete UAV-Boundary Conditions (Fixed Table 7. TEXT HERE TABLE TITLE.
Supports).

Fig 15. Complete UAV-Total Deformation.

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Fig 22. Arm Short Part-Total Deformation.

Fig 23. Arm Short Part-Equivalent Stress.

The Bending Moment values given above will be accepted

as information for separating the individual elements in
the UAV arm.
4. Analysis of Arm-Short Part:
Fig 24. Arm Short Part-Equivalent Strain.

5. Analysis of Arm-Short Part Connector:

Fig 19. Arm Short Part-CAD Model.

Fig 25. Arm Short Part Connector-CAD Model.

Fig 20. Arm Short Part-Boundary Condition (Moment).

Fig 26. Arm Short Part Connector-Boundary Condition

(Fixed Support).
Fig 21. Arm Short Part-Boundary Condition (Fixed
Support).

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Fig 27. Arm Short Part Connector-Boundary Condition

(Moment).

Fig 33. Arm Cylindrical Screw Lock-Boundary Condition

(Moment).

Fig 28. Arm Short Part Connector-Total Deformation.

Fig 34. Arm Cylindrical Screw Lock-Total Deformation.

Fig 29. Arm Short Part Connector-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 35. Arm Cylindrical Screw Lock-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 30. Arm Short Part Connector-Equivalent Strain.

6. Analysis of Arm-Cylindrical Screw Lock:

Fig 36. Arm Cylindrical Screw Lock-Equivalent Strain

7. Analysis of Arm-Long Part Connector:

Fig 31. Arm Cylindrical Screw Lock-CAD Model.

Fig 32. Arm Cylindrical Screw Lock-Boundary Condition Fig 37. Arm Long Part Connector-CAD Model.
(Fixed Support).

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Fig 38. Arm Long Part Connector-Boundary Condition

(Fixed Support).

Fig 43. Arm Long Part-CAD Model.

Fig 39. Arm Long Part Connector-Boundary Condition

(Moment).

Fig 44. Arm Long Part-Boundary Condition (Fixed

Support).

Fig 40. Arm Long Part Connector-Total Deformation.

Fig 45. Arm Long Part-Boundary Condition (Moment).

Fig 41. Arm Long Part Connector-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 42. Arm Long Part Connector-Equivalent Strain. Fig 46. Arm Long Part-Total Deformation.
8. Analysis of Arm-Long Part:
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Fig 47. Arm Long Part-Equivalent Stress. Fig 51. Arm ESC Unit Support 1-Boundary Condition
(Moment).

Fig 48. Arm Long Part-Equivalent Strain.

Fig 52. Arm ESC Unit Support 1-Total Deformation.
9. Analysis of Arm-ESC Unit Support 1:

Fig 49. Arm ESC Unit Support 1-CAD Model. Fig 53. Arm ESC Unit Support 1-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 50. Arm ESC Unit Support 1-Boundary Condition

(Fixed Support). Fig 54. Arm ESC Unit Support 1-Equivalent Strain.
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10. Analysis of Arm-ESC Unit Support 2 6.3.9 Analysis

of Arm-Main Motor Housing Underbody:

Fig 56. Arm ESC Unit Support 2-CAD Model.

Fig 61. Arm ESC Unit Support 2-Equivalent Strain.

11. Analysis of Arm-Main Motor Housing:

Fig 62. Arm Main Motor Housing-CAD Model.

Fig 57. Arm ESC Unit Support 2-Boundary Condition
(Fixed Support).

Fig 63. Arm Main Motor Housing-Boundary Condition

(Fixed Support).
Fig 58. Arm ESC Unit Support 2-Boundary Condition
(Moment).

Fig 64. Arm Main Motor Housing-Boundary Condition

Fig 59. Arm ESC Unit Support 2-Total Deformation. (Moment).

Fig 60. Arm ESC Unit Support 2-Equivalent Stress.

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Fig 65. Arm Main Motor Housing-Total Deformation.

Fig 69. Arm Main Motor Housing Underbody- Boundary

Condition (Fixed Support).

Fig 66. Arm Main Motor Housing-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 70. Arm Main Motor Housing Underbody- Boundary

Condition (Moment).

Fig 67. Arm Main Motor Housing-Equivalent Strain.

12. Analysis of Arm-Main Motor Housing Underbody:
Fig 71. Arm Main Motor Housing Underbody- Total
Deformation.

Fig 68. Arm Main Motor Housing Underbody- CAD

Model. Fig 72. Arm Main Motor Housing Underbody- Equivalent
Stress.

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Fig 73. Arm Main Motor Housing Underbody- Equivalent

Strain.

13. Analysis of Arm-Sprinkler Assembly: Fig 78. Arm Sprinkler Assembly-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 74. Arm Sprinkler Assembly-CAD Model.

Fig 79. Arm Sprinkler Assembly-Equivalent Strain.

14. Analysis of plate:

Fig 75. Arm Sprinkler Assembly-Boundary Condition

(Fixed Support).

Fig 80. Plate-CAD Model.

Fig 76. Arm Sprinkler Assembly-Boundary Condition

(Pressure).

Fig 81. Plate-Boundary Conditions (Forces and

Moments).
Fig 77. Arm Sprinkler Assembly-Total Deformation.

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Fig 82. Plate-Boundary Condition (Fixed Support).

Fig 86. Landing Gear-CAD Model.

Fig 83. Plate-Total Deformation. Fig 87. Landing Gear-Boundary Conditions (Forces and
Fixed Support).

Fig 84. Plate-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 88. Landing Gear-Total Deformation.

Fig 85. Plate-Equivalent Strain.

15. Analysis of Landing Gear:

Fig 89. Landing Gear-Equivalent Stress.

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Fig 94. Fuel Tank-Total Deformation.

Fig 90. Landing Gear-Equivalent Strain.

16. Analysis of Fuel Tank:

Fig 91. Fuel Tank-CAD Model.

Fig 95. Fuel Tank-Equivalent Stress.

Fig 92. Fuel Tank-Boundary Condition (Fixed Support).

Fig 96. Fuel Tank-Equivalent Strain 6.3.14

17. Analysis of Agricultural Matter Tank:

Fig 93. Fuel Tank-Boundary Condition (Hydrostatic

Pressure).

Fig 97. Agricultural Matter Tank-CAD Model.

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Fig 102. Agricultural Matter Tank-Equivalent Strain

Fig 98. Agricultural Matter Tank-Boundary Condition (Front View).
(Fixed Support).

Fig 99. Agricultural Matter Tank-Boundary Condition Fig 103. Agricultural Matter Tank-Total Deformation
(Hydrostatic Pressure). (Bottom View).

Fig 100. Agricultural Matter Tank-Total Deformation

Fig 104. Agricultural Matter Tank-Equivalent Stress
(Front View).
(Bottom View).

Fig 101. Agricultural Matter Tank-Equivalent Stress

(Front View). Fig 105. Agricultural Matter Tank-Equivalent Strain
(Bottom View).
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VII. RESULT VALIDATION & Examining both the values, there is very negligible
DISCUSSION variation between the theoretical and the FEA solutions,
and hence the software results could be treated as reliable.
1. Validation of Results: 2. Results Discussion
FEM is a tool to simulate physical phenomena. If one has As per the above results, the maximum deformation of the
stewarded the physical load and boundary conditions (BC) UAV & its components is significantly less. This will not
appropriately, one can get reliable results. It is often create any malfunction or permanent deformation to the
impossible to exactly replicate load and BCs; then, you structure.
should pick one with the closest match.
2.1 The factor of Safety (FOS Calculation):
It is usually told that FEM has 3 steps- pre- processing,
solving, and post-processing. One must also validate the
2.1.1 Complete UAV:
results obtained. There are various methods to validate the
results. Since the above geometry is very complex
theoretical analysis is tedious. One can also use a simple
cantilever beam and compare it with the theoretical
2.1.2 Landing Gear:
closed-form solution to validate the software result.

The validation is presented below:

Consider a cantilever beam of the circular cross-section
with a tipping load of 100 N. The deformation values are The maximum stress of the complete UAV also has a
compared for FEA and Theoretical results. lesser value when compared to its material’s allowable
Taking, stress. The Factor of Safety (FOS) is 1.53, which is
E=2*10^5Pa following the DGCA requirements.
L=0.5m
D=40*10^-3m The Landing gear is the major component of the whole
FEA Solution: assembly which supports the whole body’s weight. The
FOS for Landing Gear from the static structural analysis is
17.3, which is very high for static analysis.

Table 8. Static Structural Analysis Results.

Fig 106. FEA Solution for Validation Model.

Tip Deflection, δ = 0.166 mm

2. Theoretical closed form solution:

Tip Deflection,

Moment of Inertia,

Substituting the values, the result obtained is Tip

Deflection, δ = 0.1657 mm

© 2021 IJSRET
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 International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends
Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April-2021, ISSN (Online): 2395-566X

So, higher FOS of the Landing gear will save the UAV [6] P.V.Sawalakhe, J.A. Shaaikh: Simulation and
during sudden impact also. The landing gear will not fail Analysis of a Quadrotor UAV while Landing.
but may yield a static test showing its reserved energy [7] Puri, V.; Nayyar, A.; Raja, L. Agriculture drones: A
absorption capacity. The higher FOS under static modern breakthrough in precision agriculture. J. Stat.
conditions may help to prevent failure during impact under Manag. Syst. 2017, 20, 507–518
free fall from table height only (1 to 1.5 m). [8] Rahul Singha, Rajeev Kumara, Abhishek Mishrab,
Anshul Agarwal: Structural Analysis of Quadcopter
VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE Frame.
[9] S.R.Kurkute, B. D. Deore, Payal Kasar, Megha
The UAV was initially analyzed using the Mechanics of Bhamare, Mayuri Sahane: Drones for Smart
Materials approach. (Shear Force and Bending Moment Agriculture: A Technical Report: International
Calculation). The results obtained from the MOM Journal for Research in Applied Science &
approach were used as the input to the Finite Element Engineering Technology (IJRASET): ISSN: 2321-
Analysis carried out using ANSYS (Static Structural) for 9653; IC Value: 45.98; Volume 6 Issue IV, April
the complete UAV and the subcomponents. From the 2018.
results obtained using the approaches above, we infer that. [10] Yong-Bin Park, Khanh-Hung Nguyen, Jin-Hwe
The physical behaviour of the UAV in terms of its Kweon and Jin-Ho Choi: Structural Analysis of a
deformation behaviour (static) satisfies the laws of Composite Target-drone: Technical Paper Int’l J. of
Physics. Aeronautical & Space Sci. 12(1), 84–91 (2011):
DOI:10.5139/IJASS.2011.12.1.84
From the total deformation results obtained in ANSYS, we
inferred that the deformation for the complete UAV and
the subcomponents was within the negligible limits,
demonstrating that the airframe structure shall be able to
withstand flight limit loads without failure, malfunction, or
permanent deformation. Thus, it satisfies the DGCA
requirement.

The Factor of Safety of individual components gets

compensated when it becomes a part of a complete UAV.
Thus, their deformation characteristics and physical
behaviour are of prime importance in the individual
component analysis. The Factor of Safety for the complete
UAV is 1.53, which is following the DGCA requirements.
As per the design, clearance is sufficient from the structure
and components and the ground, following DGCA
requirements. This report's works can be extended to the
dynamic analysis of the UAV to understand its dynamic
behaviour (Vibration Etc.).

REFERENCES

[1] Abishini A, Priyanka Bas B, Raque Bertilla A, Haston

Amit Kumar: Design And Static Structural Analysis
Of An Aerial And Underwater Drone :: e-ISSN: 2395-
0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072: International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
[2] Brijesh Patel, R. P. Sukhija, J. V. Sai Prassana
Kumar: Structural Analysis of Arm of Multicopter
with Various Loads.
[3] Bruhn, E. F. (1973). Analysis and Design of Flight
Vehicle Structures.Indianapolis: Jacobs.
[4] Mogili, U.R.; Deepak, B. Review on application of
drone systems in precision agriculture. Procedia
Comput. Sci. 2018, 133, 502–509.
[5] N.V.Divya, Syed Rizwan: Analysis of Plates by using
ANSYS.

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