Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus Tiaong Quezon Kevin B.

Garcia November 30, 2011 DAT-1B Ratings: Laboratory Exercise no.1 Morphology of Common Field Crops Introduction: Rice belongs to the genus Oryza and has two cultivated and 22 wild species. The cultivated species are Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Oryza sativa is grown all over the world while Oryza glaberrima has been cultivated in West Africa for the last ~3500 years. Rice is grown under many different conditions and production systems, but submerged in water is the most common method used worldwide. Rice is the only cereal crop that can grow for long periods of time in standing water. 57% of rice is grown on irrigated land, 25% on rained lowland, 10% on the uplands, 6% in deepwater, and 2% in tidal wetlands. The flooded rice paddy is a field of aquatic biodiversity, providing a home for fish, plants, amphibians, reptiles, mollusks, and crustaceans, which many of can be used as a means to incorporate protein into the diets of poor and malnourished people in low and middle income countries that farm rice.Rice is an important agronomy crop; it is an indencepensable in every Filipino meal. Thus, it undergoes several experiments just to discover new technologies in racing it. Rice is have 360 plus varieties in the Philippines but not already known how and why not discovered here in Quezon I think the other varieties of rice is not acceptable or not adoptable grow here in Quezon. In every parts of plant rice has owned definition and function that gives different nutrients and function it into our body when they eat already. Rice is the most common eaten by the people here in Philippines but in the other country like in Canada it almost common eaten is bread and tea, so the acceptability is not easy for the Filipino. The rice is universal solvent of the body. Objectives: 1. To make an illustration of the different parts of rice seed and mature rice plants. 2. To known the functions and definition of the different parts of rice plant and seed. 3. To be able to known the different phases of rice plant growth. 4. To familiar with the origin and domestication of rice plant. Materials needed: 1. Computer with internet for the researching this activity. Money for the printing and rental. Procedures: 1. Make an illustration/drawing of rice seed and mature rice plant showing the different parts.

2. Draw the different phases of rice growth such as seedling stage, vegetative stage, panicle emergence, and maturity stage. 3. Discuss the origin/domestication of rice. 4. Differentiate dormant seed to non-dormant seed and self-pollinated plants to cross pollinated plants. 5. Discuss if what is happening to the rice seed during germination. 6. Identify the classification of rice seed. 7. Identify and give the functions of rice spikelet and flower including their parts. Drawing: 1.) Different parts of rice seed -When the seed germinates in well-drained and well-aerated soil, the coleorhiza, a covering enclosing the radicle or primary root, protrudes first.

Fig. 1 - The coleorhiza protrudes first. -Shortly after the coleorhiza appears, the radicle or primary root breaks through the covering.

Fig. 2 - Radicle or primary root breaks through the covering. -Two or more sparsely branch seminal roots follow. These roots eventually die and are replaced by many secondary adventitious roots.

Fig. 3 - Seminal roots -If the seed germinates in water, the coleoptile, a covering enclosing the young shoot, emerges ahead of the coleorhiza. The coleoptile emerges as a tapered cylinder.

Fig. 4 - Coleoptile emerging as a tapered cylinder. -The mesocotyl or basal portion of the coleoptile elongates when the seed germinates in soil, and in darkness. It pushes the coleoptile above the soil surface.

Fig. 5 - Mesocotyl pushing the coleoptile above the soil surface.

-The first seedling leaf, or primary leaf, emerges from the growing seed. It is green and shaped like a cylinder. It has no blade. The second leaf is a complete leaf. It is differentiated into a leaf blade and a leaf sheath.

Fig. 6 - First and second seedling leaf. -The seedling will grow and develop branched tillers. Parts of the rice tiller include the roots, culm and leaves. Mature roots of the rice plant are fibrous and produce smaller roots called rootlets. All roots have root hairs to absorb moisture and nutrients.

Fig. 7 - Parts of the rice tiller. -There are two kinds of mature roots: 1.secondary adventitious roots 2. Adventitious prop roots.

Fig. 8 - Types of roots. -Secondary adventitious roots are produced from the underground nodes of young tillers.

Fig. 9 - Secondary adventitious roots. -As the plant grows, coarse adventitious prop roots often form above the soil surface in whorls from the nodes of the culm.

Fig. 10 - Adventitious prop roots. -The culm, or jointed stem of nodes and internodes. of the rice, is made up of a series

Fig. 11 - Culm, nodes, and internodes. -Young internodes are smooth and solid. Mature internodes are hollow and finely grooved with a smooth outer surface. Generally, internodes increase in length from the lower to the upper portions of the plant. The lower internodes at the plant base are short and thick.

Fig. 12 - Young and mature internodes. -The node is the solid portion of the culm. The node or nodal region bears a leaf and a bud. The bud is attached to the upper portion of the node and is enclosed by the leaf sheath. The bud may give rise to a leaf or a tiller.

Fig. 13 - Leaf, node, and bud.

-Early tillers arise from the main culm in an alternate pattern. Primary tillers originate from the lowermost nodes and give rise to secondary tillers. Secondary tillers produce tertiary tillers.

Fig. 14 - Primary tillers.

Fig. 15 - Secondary tillers

Fig. 16 - Tertiary tillers.

-The node or nodal region of the culm will bear a leaf.

Fig. 17 - Leaf. -Leaves are borne alternately on the culm in opposite directions. One leaf is produced at each node. Varieties differ in the number of leaves produced.

Fig. 18 - Leaves alternate on the culm in opposite directions. -The topmost leaf below the panicle is the flag leaf. The flag leaf contributes largely to the filling of grains because it supplies photosynthetic products, mainly to the panicle.

Fig. 19 - Flag leaf. -The leaf sheath and leaf blade are continuous.

Fig. 20 - Leaf sheath and blade. -A circular collar joins the leaf blade and the leaf sheath.

Fig. 21 - Leaf collar. -The leaf sheath is wrapped around the culm above the node.

Fig. 22 - Leaf sheath and culm. -The swelling at the base of the leaf sheath, just above the node, is the sheath pulvinus. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the node.

Fig. 23 - Sheath pulvinus. -Leaf blades are generally flat. Varieties differ in blade length, width, thickness, area, shape, color, angle and pubescence.

Fig. 24 - Different varieties with varying blade characteristics.

-With many parallel veins on the upper surface of the leaf, the underside of the leaf blade is smooth with a prominent ridge in the middle; the midrib.

Fig. 25 - Parallel veins on Fig. 26 - Leaf midrib. upper surface. -Most leaves possess small, paired ear-like appendages on either side of the base of the blade. These appendages are called auricles. Auricles may not be present on older leaves. Another leaf appendage is the ligule, a papery membrane at the inside juncture between the leaf sheath and the blade. It can have either a smooth or hair-like surface. The length, color, and shape of the ligule differ according to variety.

Fig. 27 - Ligule and auricle.

Fig. 28 - Rice and grassy weed comparison -Although similar, rice seedlings are different from common grasses. While rice plants have auricles and ligules, common grassy weeds found in rice fields

normally do not have these features. These characteristics are often helpful in identifying weeds in rice fields when the plants are young. -The terminal component of the rice tiller is an inflorescence call the panicle. The inflorescence or panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm. The panicle bears rice spikelets, which develop into grains.

Fig. 29 - Rice panicle. -The panicle base often appears as a hairlike ring and is used as a dividing point in measuring culm and panicle length. The panicle base is often called the neck.

Fig. 30 - Panicle base (neck). -The panicle axis is continuous and hollow except at the nodes where branches are borne.

Fig. 31 - Panicle axis. -The swellings at the panicle axis where the branches are borne are referred to as the panicle pulvinus.

Fig. 32 - Panicle pulvinus. -Each node on the main panicle axis gives rise to primary branches which in turn bears secondary branches. Primary branches may be arranged singly or in pairs.

Fig. 33 - Secondary and primary branch.

-The panicles bear spikelets, most of which develop into grains. These spikelets are borne on the primary and secondary branches. The spikelet is the basic unit of the inflorescence and panicle. It consists of the pedicel and the floret.

Fig. 34 - Spikelets. -The floret is borne on the pedicel.

Fig. 35 - Floret and pedicel. -The rudimentary glumes are the laterally enlarged, cuplike apex of the pedicel. The rudimentary glumes are the lowermost parts of the spikelet. During threshing, the rudimentary glumes are separated from the rest of the spikelet. -The sterile lemmas are small, bractlike projections attached to the floret. The rachilla is a small axis that bears the single floret. It is between the sterile lemmas and the floret.

Fig. 36 - Rudimentary glumes, sterile lemmas, and rachilla. -The rachilla, sterile lemmas and the rudimentary glumes all support the floret. The floret includes the lemma, palea, and the flower.

Fig. 37 - Floret -The larger protective glume covering the floret is called the lemma and the smaller one is referred to as the palea.

Fig. 38 - Palea and lemma. -Both the lemma and palea have ridges referred to as nerves. The lemma has five while the palea has three. The middle nerve of the lemma can be either smooth or hairy.

Fig. 39 - Nerves. -The lemma has a constricted structure at its end called the keel. In some varieties, the keel is elongated into a thin extension, the awn.

Fig. 40 - Awn and keel. -The floret contains a flower. The flower consists of a pistil (female organ) and six stamens (male organs).

Fig. 41 - Pistil.

Fig. 42 - Stamens. -The stamens have two-celled anthers borne on slender filaments.

Fig. 43 - Anthers and filaments. -The pistil contains one ovule and bears a double-plumed stigma on a short style.

Fig. 44 - Stigma, style, and ovule. -At the flowers base near the palea are two transparent structures known as lodicules. The lodicules thrust the lemma and palea apart at flowering to

enable the elongating stamens to emerge out of the open floret. The lemma and palea close after the anthers have shed their pollen.

Fig. 45 - Lodicule. -The rice grain is the ripened ovary, with the lemma, palea, rachilla, sterile lemmas and the awn firmly attached to it.

Fig. 46 - Rice grain. -The rice hull includes the lemma and palea and their associated structures the sterile lemmas, rachilla, and awn.

Fig. 47 - Rice hulls.

-The dehulled rice grain is called caryopsis, commonly referred to as brown rice because of three brownish pericarp layers that envelope it. Next to the pericarp layers are the two tegmen layers and the aleurone layers.

Fig. 48 - Tagmen, pericap, and aleurone layers. -The remaining part of the grain consists of the endosperm and the embryo. The endosperm provides nourishment to the germinating embryo. The embryo lies on the belly side of the grain and is enclosed by the lemma. It is the embryonic organ of the seed.

Fig. 49 - Endosperm and embryo. -The embryo contains the plumule (embryonic the radicle (embryonic primary root).

leaves)

and

Fig. 50 - Plumule and radicle.

*Mature rice

2.) Different phases of rice growth The growth of the rice plant is divided into three phases: 1. vegetative (germination to panicle initiation); 2. reproductive (panicle initiation to flowering); and 3. ripening (flowering to mature grain)

In the tropics, the reproductive phase is about 35 days and the ripening phase is about 30 days. The differences in growth duration are determined by changes in the length of the vegetative phase. For example, IR64 which matures in 110 days has a 45-day vegetative phase, whereas IR8 which matures in 130 days has a 65-day vegetative phase.

These 3 growth phases consist of a series of 10 distinct stages. These stages are numbered and described as follows (GROWTH STAGES 0-9) Stage 0 is from germination to emergence:

Stage 1 is called seedling:

Stage 2, tillering:

And Stage 3 is stem elongation:

These first 4 stages make up the vegetative phase, the first phase of rice plant growth. Stage 4 is panicle initiation to booting:

Stage 5 is heading or panicle exsertion:

and Stage 6 is flowering:

Stages 4, 5, and 6 constitute the reproductive phase, the second phase of rice growth. Stage 7 is the milk grain stage:

Stage 8, the dough grain stage:

and Stage 9, the mature grain stage:

Stages 7 through 9 correspond to the ripening phase, the last phase in the development of the rice plant. (VEGETATIVE PHASE- Germination to emerge) -Seeds are usually pregerminated by soaking for 24 hours and incubating for another 24 hours. After pregermination the radicle and plumule protrude through the hull.

By the second or third day after seeding in the seedbed, the first leaf breaks through the coleoptile. The end of stage 0 shows the emerged primary leaf still curled and an elongated radicle.

Stage 1- seedling -The seedling stage starts right after emergence and lasts until just before the first tiller appears. During this stage, seminal roots and up to five leaves develop.

-As the seedling continues to grow, two more leaves develop. Leaves continue to develop at the rate of 1 every 3-4 days during the early stage.

-Secondary adventitious roots that form the permanent fibrous root system rapidly replace the temporary radicle and seminal roots.

-This is an 18-day-old seedling ready for transplanting. The seedling has 5 leaves and a rapidly developing root system.

Stage 2- Tillering -This stage extends from the appearance of the first tiller until the maximum tiller number is reached.

Tillers emerge from the axiliary buds of the nodes and displace the leaf as they grow and develop.

This seedling shows the position of the two primary tillers with respect to the main culm and its leaves.