B.

Tech 8th Semester 2023

Remote Sensing and GIS Assignment

1. Discuss the application of remote sensing for a) hydrological modelling b)

Environmental monitoring

ANS a) Application of Remote Sensing for Hydrological Modelling: Remote sensing plays a
crucial role in hydrological modelling by providing valuable data and information for studying
and managing water resources. Here are some key applications:

1. Precipitation Monitoring: Remote sensing platforms, such as satellites equipped

with precipitation sensors, provide spatial and temporal data on rainfall patterns.
These data are essential for estimating precipitation inputs in hydrological
models and improving rainfall-runoff modelling accuracy.

2. Snow Cover Mapping: Remote sensing enables the monitoring and mapping of
snow cover extent, depth, and melting patterns. This information is vital for
estimating snowmelt contributions to river runoff, predicting flood risks, and
managing water resources in snow-dominated regions.

3. Surface Water Mapping: Remote sensing helps in mapping and monitoring

surface water bodies like rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Satellite images and
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data can detect water extent and changes over
time, which is valuable for water resource planning, flood forecasting, and
irrigation management.

4. Evapotranspiration Estimation: Remote sensing data, including thermal infrared

imagery, can be used to estimate evapotranspiration rates over large areas. This
information helps in understanding water loss from the land surface, optimizing
irrigation practices, and assessing water availability in agricultural regions.

5. Groundwater Exploration: Remote sensing techniques, such as satellite-based

radar interferometry (InSAR), can detect and monitor ground subsidence or
uplift related to groundwater extraction or recharge. This information aids in
groundwater resource management and subsidence risk assessment.

b) Application of Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring: Remote sensing is

widely used for environmental monitoring and assessment, providing valuable insights
into various aspects of the Earth's ecosystems. Some key applications include:

1. Land Cover and Land Use Mapping: Remote sensing data allows for the
classification and mapping of different land cover types, such as forests, urban
areas, agricultural lands, and wetlands. This information helps in monitoring
land use changes, assessing habitat loss, and planning for sustainable land
management.
 2. Vegetation Monitoring: Remote sensing enables the monitoring of vegetation
dynamics, including vegetation health, biomass estimation, and vegetation
productivity. This information is crucial for assessing ecosystem health,
identifying areas prone to wildfires, and managing forest resources.

3. Coastal Zone Monitoring: Remote sensing techniques, including satellite

imagery and LiDAR, can monitor coastal zones for shoreline changes, erosion,
and coastal landforms. This information aids in coastal zone management,
assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change, and monitoring the impact of
human activities.

4. Air and Water Quality Monitoring: Remote sensing platforms provide data on
atmospheric composition, including pollutants and aerosols. Satellite sensors
can also monitor water quality parameters, such as water turbidity and
chlorophyll concentration. These measurements assist in monitoring air and
water pollution, identifying pollution sources, and supporting environmental
planning and management.

5. Natural Disaster Monitoring: Remote sensing helps in monitoring and assessing

natural disasters such as floods, wildfires, and landslides. Satellite images and
radar data provide real-time information on the extent of the disaster, aiding in
disaster response, damage assessment, and post-disaster recovery planning.

2. Distinguish between TCC and FCC

ANS

True Colour Composition False Colour Composition

Image Appearance Represents natural appearance Represents images using non-
as seen by the human eye. conventional colour
assignments.
Colour Mapping Uses the red, green, and blue Uses different combinations of
(RGB) color channels to spectral bands to represent
represent the red, green, and colors that are outside the
blue colors of the visible visible spectrum.
spectrum.
Application Commonly used for visual Widely used in remote sensing
interpretation and applications for specific
interpretation of natural analysis and information
scenes, such as landscapes, extraction, such as vegetation
aerial photographs, and health, mineral mapping, and
satellite imagery. urban development.
Information Limited in terms of extracting Allows for enhanced
Extraction specific information about information extraction and
objects or features based solely analysis due to the inclusion of
on color information. non-visible bands that capture
additional spectral
information.
 Band Combination Typically uses the red, green, Uses specific bands or
and blue bands (e.g., Bands 4, combinations of bands that are
3, and 2 of a satellite sensor) to selected based on the specific
create the composite image. analysis or application, such as
using near-infrared, shortwave
infrared, or thermal infrared
bands.
Example A true color image of a forest A false color image used for
will show green vegetation as vegetation analysis may assign
shades of green, blue water near-infrared bands to the red
bodies, and brown land channel, which will result in
surfaces, similar to how they healthy vegetation appearing
appear in reality. as bright red, while non-
vegetated areas appear
differently based on their
spectral characteristics.

3. Illustrate how an object on earth’s surface can be identified by visual image

interpretation.

ANS Visual image interpretation is a process that involves analyzing images of Earth's
surface to identify and interpret various objects and features. Here's an illustration of how
an object on Earth's surface can be identified through visual image interpretation:

1. Acquire an Image: Obtain an image of the desired area using aerial photography
or satellite imagery. The image should have sufficient resolution and quality to
enable detailed observation.

2. Image Examination: Carefully examine the image at an appropriate scale,

considering factors such as image clarity, lighting conditions, and image
enhancements (if available) to aid interpretation.

3. Identify Key Characteristics: Look for distinctive features or characteristics of

the object you want to identify. These can include shape, size, color, texture,
pattern, shadows, and contextual information.

4. Use Topographic Clues: Take advantage of topographic clues to assist in object

identification. These can include elevation, slope, aspect, and landforms such as
valleys, hills, and mountains.

5. Consider Surrounding Context: Analyze the surrounding context of the object.

Look for nearby objects or features that provide clues about the object of
interest. Land use patterns, infrastructure, roads, water bodies, and vegetation
can help in identification.
 6. Utilize Scale and Measurement: Consider the scale of the image and use any
available measurement tools or scale bars to estimate the size of the object. This
can provide valuable information for identification.

7. Consult Reference Materials: Refer to maps, atlases, or existing knowledge

about the area to aid in object identification. Compare the features observed in
the image with known objects or features documented in reference materials.

8. Verify through Cross-Referencing: Cross-reference the observed object with

multiple images, different dates or times, and other available data sources to
confirm its identity. This can help minimize errors and improve the reliability of
identification.

9. Expert Knowledge and Experience: Draw upon the expertise and experience of
trained professionals or subject matter experts in the field. They can provide
valuable insights and assist in the interpretation process.

10. Documentation and Reporting: Record your observations, findings, and

interpretation in a systematic and organized manner. This documentation can
serve as a reference and contribute to further analysis or decision-making
processes.

4. Write short notes a) GPS b) NDVI c) LiDAR d) INSAT program

ANS
a) GPS (Global Positioning System): GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that
provides precise location and timing information anywhere on Earth. It consists of a
network of satellites orbiting the Earth, ground control stations, and receivers. GPS
receivers receive signals from multiple satellites and use the time delay to calculate their
position accurately. GPS has numerous applications, including navigation for vehicles
and smartphones, surveying and mapping, geolocation services, tracking, and timing
synchronization for various sectors.

b) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index): NDVI is an index commonly used

in remote sensing to assess the health and vigor of vegetation. It is calculated using the
near-infrared (NIR) and red light bands of satellite or aerial imagery. NDVI values range
from -1 to 1, with higher values indicating healthier and denser vegetation. NDVI is used
to monitor changes in vegetation cover, estimate biomass production, assess drought and
vegetation stress, and identify land cover types. It is a valuable tool in agriculture,
forestry, environmental monitoring, and land management.

c) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): LiDAR is a remote sensing technology that
uses laser pulses to measure distances and create highly detailed three-dimensional maps
of the Earth's surface. It operates by emitting laser beams and measuring the time it takes
for the beam to return after hitting a target. LiDAR can capture precise elevation data,
detect vegetation height, create digital terrain models, and identify the structure of
buildings and objects. It finds applications in topographic mapping, forestry management,
flood modeling, urban planning, infrastructure development, and autonomous vehicles.

d) INSAT (Indian National Satellite) Program: The INSAT program is a series of

communication satellites launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to
provide a range of communication, broadcasting, meteorological, and search and rescue
services. The program aims to meet the diverse communication needs of India and
neighboring countries. INSAT satellites facilitate direct-to-home television broadcasting,
telecommunication services, weather monitoring, cyclone detection, disaster
management, and support various educational and developmental initiatives. The program
has significantly contributed to India's communication infrastructure, broadcasting
services, and meteorological capabilities

5. Discuss different types of geometric corrections

ANS