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Applications of Differentiation

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randeepa srimantha
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8 views22 pages

Applications of Differentiation

Uploaded by

randeepa srimantha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Extrema

maximum
minimum

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
The points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, and 𝐹 are the
extrema of the function. particular,
• 𝑓 has a local minimum at 𝐴, 𝐶 and
𝐸 (i.e., 𝑓 at that point is less than or
equal to all values of 𝑓(𝑥) in some
interval about that point);
• 𝑓 has a local maximum at 𝐵, 𝐷, and
𝐹 (i.e. , 𝑓 at that point is greater
than or equal to all values of 𝑓(𝑥)
in some interval about that point);
• 𝑓 has an absolute minimum at 𝐶
(i.e., at that point 𝑓 is less than or
equal to all values of 𝑓 on the
interval);
• 𝑓 has an absolute maximum at 𝐹
(i.e., at that point 𝑓 is greater than
or equal to all values of 𝑓 on the
interval)
Critical Point and End Point

• A critical point
stationary point
singular point

• It is an end point
B, C E
stationary D singular

A F end-
points.
Stationary Point, Turning Point and
Inflection Point
stationary points

A B
turning points C
C inflection
point.

Example : (1,0) is a turning point of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 2

Example : (0,0) is a inflection point of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

Exercise : Show that (0,0) is a singular point of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|.


First Derivative Test

as 𝑥
increases

negative
zero positive
as 𝑥
increases

positive
zero negative
Example :

Solution :

𝑑𝑦 𝑥. 2 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − 1 2 . 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
2
=0
𝑥

𝑥−1 𝑥+1 =0
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −4

stationary points (1, 0) (−1, −4).


what is happening a little
bit before the point where 𝑥 = −1, and a little bit afterwards.

−1 − 𝜀 a little bit less than −1 −1 + 𝜀


a little bit more epsilon
not its value but its sign
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = −1 − 𝜀 −1.1 is positive
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = −1 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = −1 + 𝜀 −0.9 is negative
𝑑𝑥

(−1, −4) local maximum


• Since we have only one local maximum we can conclude that (−1, −4) is the
absolute maximum
𝑑𝑦
sign of 𝑥 =1−𝜀
𝑑𝑥
𝑥=1 𝑥 =1+𝜀

local minimum.
• Since we have only one local minimum we can conclude that (1, 0) is
the absolute minimum.
Example :

Solution :

𝑥 −coordinate of the side of the rectangle,


as indicated in the figure

𝑏 = 2𝑥
ℎ= 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2

𝐴 𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = 2𝑥 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2

𝐴 0 = 0, 𝐴 𝑅 =0
When 𝑥 = 0, the rectangle becomes a vertical line from
(0, 0) to (0, 𝑅). When 𝑥 = 𝑅, the rectangle becomes the horizontal line 𝑦 = 0 and
− 𝑅 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑅.

𝐴′ 𝑥

𝑅2 − 2𝑥 2
=2
𝑅2 − 𝑥 2
𝑅 2 𝑅
′ 2 2 2
𝐴 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥=
2 2

𝑅2 𝑅 𝑅
𝐴 =2 = 𝑅2
2 2 2

𝐴(0) = 𝐴(𝑅) = 0 maximum


𝑅
𝑥= local maximum
2

4 𝑅2
𝐴′ 𝑥 = − 𝑥2
𝑅2 − 𝑥 2 2

𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑥2 < 𝐴′ 𝑥 > 0 𝑥2 > 𝐴′ 𝑥 < 0
2 2
𝑅
𝑥= local maximum
2
, since the inequalities hold for all appropriate 𝑥-values in the
interval [0, 𝑅], absolute
maximum

Exercise :

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