ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

ENVIRONMENTAL MANANGEMENT iv) Deforestation, overgrazing, poor

agricultural practices, clearing of forest for
INTRODUCTION agriculture- these can result to massive
Environment-it is the totality of nature and floods and soil erosion. Also leads to
natural resources but also includes the Desertification.
cultural heritage and infrastructure v) Expanded irrigation- This is a result of
constructed by humans to facilitate social growing human and expanded
economic activity industrialization. These lead to high demand
for water i.e. for irrigation, municipal
-Environmental Impact. (domestic water supply.
Is a change in environment parameter over - Irrigation causes increased salinity making
a specified period within a defined area the soil unsafe for agriculture.
resulting from particular activity compared High demands for fixed water resources
with the situation without activity. may force farmers of agriculture.
Vi) The rise in energy intensive agriculture
Impact of Agricultural and Rural -Modern agriculture depends upon
Industries on Environment Quality mechanized farming which in turn depends
-The environment consequences of the on human input (effort and petroleum)
chemical transformation of agriculture and These will lead to contamination of fish and
rural industry are enormous. wildlife
-Rural industries e.g. fishing, mining. vii) Unintended consequence of predator
forestry, recreation and parks along with control
agriculture have great impact on the - The introduction of innovative species in a
environment. These impacts include new environment leads to un intended
i) loss of soil (soil erosion) consequences for the entire ecosystem. The
ii) Decrease in water resource quality and main point in the present environmental
quantity (pollution of water) can be realized issue is technological and economic changes
through –Sedimentation (Deposition of laid to change in environment qualify e.g.
eroded soils in dams benefit of increased food production has
-Herbicides-pesticides lead to an environment quality, reduction of
-Fungicides-sewage natural resources and due to use of
-These can also lead to contamination of chemicals.
underground water i.e. water in wells,
aquifer (hold btwn 2 underground rocks Side Effect of Pesticides Used
under pressure) 1. Residues- pesticides residues
-water in wells and aquifer account for present in agricultural produce have
about 40% of water supply. side effects on human and domestic
animals e.g. pesticides sprayed on
iii) Increase use of chemical fertilizers- can
mature cocoa can be detected in dry
also lead to soil pollution (soil toxicity) cocoa become the residue affect the
realized through accumulation of cations flavor of chocolate made from cocoa
and anions in the soil’ beans.

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ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

2. Resistance- This is the ability of a ii) Act as run-off barriers (reduce speed of
straining insect in a given population run-off)
to tolerant doses of insecticide which iii) Stabilizing the soil structure
in a normal population of the same
iv) Reduce wind speed (wind breakers)
species resistance is a response of a
v) Creation of micro-climates
post population to the selective
pressure imposed by the pesticide. vii) Deep roots trees pick nutrients from
3. Secondary post outbreak and lower soil depth and bring them to the top
resurgence-Use of some pesticides layer to be used by shallow root plants.
can give rise to the development of viii) They add organic matter in the soil thus
new pest. Some insects which were improves soil fertility and soil aggregation.
not originally pest because of natural
enemies in the ecosystem that
maintained their population at a very c. Conservation of soil loss
low level, Application of the - To reduce soil loses there is need to adopt
insecticides builds up to the pest soil conservation measures. These include
statutes. These is a resurgence and i) Minimum tillage
is more serious than origin ii) Terracing
occurrence. iii) Construction of cut-off drains water ways
Protection of Environmental
etc
Resources
iv) Contour farming etc
a)Conservation of water catchments
area.
d)Protection of water resources
Ecology Is the study of living organism in
1. Run-off water containing chemicals
relation to their physical and biological
should be minimized by adopting biological
environment.
and mechanical pest weed diseases control
-It is a fundamental decision of productive
ii) Banning the use oc chemicals that affect
and sustainable land use therefore
the environment e.e D.D.T.
maximizing useful cover (vegetation) is
ii) Treatment of domestic sewage and
essential for production and land use
industrial waste before releasing them to
therefore it is the first step to minimizing
the river.
erosion and conservation of water.
iv) Appropriate use of chemicals fertilizers-
_The maintenance of cover is initially
Emphasize organic farming and use of
depending on availability of water and soil
proper application rates.
fertility.
v) Adoption of polluter pay principle
-Water and cover are closely related that
vi) Conservation of agricultural ecosystems
lack of water leads to poor cover but lack of
e.g. rivers, forests, land, lakes, steams etc
cover leads to loss of water as run off.
vii) Restoration of mines with timbered
b)Tree management (Agroforestry,
environment through a forestation(tree
Reaforestation, Afforestation)
planting), earth filling
- This is the land use systems in which trees
viii) Conservation of dams water reservoirs
are cultivated in partial temporary
and rivers reserves.
arrangement of crops and livestock.
-The benefit of trees in water catchments
i) Reduce soil loss through erosion

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ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

ix) Signing of treaties between parties

concerning the utilization of environment MEANING OF ENVIRONMENT
resources e.g. Water Embraces the conditions or influence
x) Proper management of range lands under which any individual or things live
through or develops. This surrounding can be
a) reduce overgrazing grouped into three.
b) Aforestation /reforestations 1. Combination of physical conditions
that affect growth and development
Environmental Impact Assessment of an individual or community.
2. the social and cultural conditions
(E.I.A.)
that affect an individual or
Environment impact Assessment- This is the community
study that deals with the assessment of the 3. The surrounding of an inanimate
effects or impact of any project, law or objects of social value.
policy that affects people, individual, a The environment of human being
group or a community. This process is include.
applied before major decisions and a) Abiotic- Thing not living--eg. Land,
commitment are made. atmosphere, climate, sound, taste
E.I.A. measures the effect of a project on b) Biotic- (living things)e.g. Fauna and
the environment example of a project is flora, bacteria .fungus and viruses
dam construction. This is a project to be c) Social factors making up quality life
constructed a cross a river. i.e. rural way of life and urban way of
life
Benefit of the Project
i) Provision or access to clean Ingredients of environment as
water Reflected in the Environmental law
ii) Reduce the distance of fetching 1. All aspects of human surrounding
water 2. Natural resources eg.air, water and
iii) Iii)Reduce water speed hence land
reduce water erosion 3. Ecosystem and biological diversity
iv) Reducing flooding on down (distribution of things)
stream areas. 4. Social-economic and cultural
circumstances
Limitation 5. Any solid,liquid,gas ,oduor,
a) Outbreak of water borne diseases heat,ozone, vibration etc
b) Lack of water in the downstream 6. Infrastructure and associated
areas equipments
c) Accumulation of water in the dam 7. Identified natural assets eg. Natural
will lead to accumulation of moisture beauty
in air due to evaporation and 8. identified cultural and religious
evapotrasporation leading to frost assets
formation 9. aesthetic assets
d) Conflicts may arise due to the 10. identifiable environmental planning,
competition of the water protection, management polllution
control, nature conservation and
mitigation measures

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT iv. Facilitate informed decision making

(E.I.S.) including setting the environmental
This is a document prepared by the terms and conditions for implementing
proponent or a developer or applicant, the proposal.
describing a proposed policy programme or
project, alternatives to the proposal and Long term objectives
measures to be adopted to protect the a) Protect human health and safety
environment. An E.I.S. is a draft or final b) Avoid irreversible changes and serious
form can then be subjected to E.I.A., the damages to the environment.
E.I.S. in its final form is recognized as E.I.A. c) Safeguard valued resources, natural
after official approval. areas and the ecosystem components
e.g. national parks.
Developer: Is the applicant for the d) Enhance the social aspects of the
authorization for a private project or the proposal.
public authority or authorities which initiates
a project. Examples of Environmental Impacts
Proponent – Is the person, body, authority 1. Pollution and Ecological Effects
or government that propose the project. i. Effects on air, water
Project – is the execution of construction ii. Noise
or of other installations, schemes or other iii. Vibration level (radiation)
interventions in the natural surrounding iv. Flora and fauna ecology
including the extraction of minerals. v. Biological diversity – distribution of
plants and animals
NB: E.I.A. is a planning tool providing an vi. Contamination level
aid to decision making by policy makers, vii. Health
developers, indistrualizts and the public. It viii. Areas of outstanding natural beauty
does not provide the answers but only a ix. Natural and artificial landscapes
vehicle to get the answers, in a logical and x. Historical and cultural cites
orderly manner. xi. Visual environment and aesthetics
xii. Traffic generation and management
Purpose and objectives of E.I.A. xiii. Soil erosion and land degradation
The purpose is to provide decision making xiv. Drainage and sewage
on the environmental consequences on the xv. Waste generation and management
proposed actions and to promote xvi. Climate change
environmentally sound and sustainable
environment through the identification of 2. Natural resources
appropriate enhancement and mitigation i. Effects on the land
measures. ii. Forest resources
iii. Water resources
Short term objectives iv. Minerals and mines
i. Improve the environmental design of v. Energy Resources
the proposal vi. Effects on Building Materials
ii. Ensure that resources are used vii. Effects on wetland and mangrove
efficiently and appropriately viii. Effects on coral
iii. Identify appropriate measures for ix. Rainforest
mitigating the potential impacts of the x. Spreading of wilderness and bushes.
proposal. xi.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
 ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

3. Social Effects 10. Severance of communities and

i. Effects on settlement pattern neighbourhood by highways, railways,
ii. Effects on employment traffic management schemes or large
iii. Land use scale development
iv. Housing 11. Lack of space for play or recreation
v. Social life-interaction between 12. Visual squalor due to litter, garbage,
communities abandoned vehicles and over head
vi. Welfare wirescape.
vii. Recreational facilities 13. Dereliction arising from abandoned and
viii. Community facilities and services closed buildings, dwellings, business
ix. Accessibility premises and factories.
x. Safety – (Security) 14. Inadequate street maintenance and
xi. Residential amenity drainage
xii. Aboriginal community minority groups 15. Loss of heritage buildings and special
e.g. mungiki character areas.
xiii. Unemployment 16. Loss of privacy – this is a character in
xiv. Aged areas where large population has
xv. Disabled settled.
xvi. Social economic profile of the affected 17. Loss of view
community 18. Deterioration of natural assets in the
immediate neighbourhood
Economic Effects 19. Loss of existence value i.e. loss of things
i. Effects on employment opportunities elsewhere whose existence has been
ii. Accessibility to facilities and services appreciated such as rainforest or brown
iii. Land prices and likely multiplier effects bears.

NB: These impacts can be divided into 2 Macro environmental problems

categories affecting life of citizens
a) Micro – environmental effects – affects i. Slum or rural district
lives of citizens ii.Unsafe water suppliers
b) Macro – environmental effects – iii. Inadequate or non existence sewage
regional, national and chambers , system
international characters iv. Vector breeding
v. Regional and global air pollution
Micro Environmental problems vi. Floods and associated threats to life
affecting lives of citizens and property
1. Slums vii. Incidences of drought and famine
2. Unsafe water suppliers viii. Desertification
3. Inadequate or non-existence sewage ix. Soil degradation
systems x. Resources pollution
4. Vector breeding xi. Mortality and morbidity arising from
5. Air water and noise pollution environmental
6. Fumes and vibrations from industrial xii. Threats to natural resources including
process ecosystem forest land and mangroves.
7. Street traffic hazards xiii. Threats to endangered flora and
8. Poorly localized industrial plans fauna.
9. Loss of light due to other buildings and xiv. Increased noise levels
overhead roads xv. Disposal of toxic nuclear wastes

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

xvi. Threats to seas and marines resources PARTICIPANTS IN AN ENVIRONMENT

xvii. Location of hazardous industries IMPACT ASSESSMENT (E.I.A)
xviii. Visual pollution 1. Authority (NEMA).
xix. Atmospheric warming and climate 2. Government
change 3. Public (Community)
xx. Threat to ozone layer 4. Proponent (Proposer / Developer)

The role of environment impact

assessment in the society Principles for assessing Authority
1. Provide a procedure for full 1. Provide clear guidance for the types of
consideration of the possible adverse proposal likely to attract E.I.A. and on
environmental impact of policies, the levels of assessment.
projects or programmes before a 2. Provides proposals (Specific guidance or
decision is made to proceed. It includes procedures) for the generation on key
behind closed door decision making in issues and incorporating public concern
public and private sector. and clear outline of the E.I.A. Process.
2. It judges the suitability of project on 3. Provide guidance to all participants in
environmental grounds e.g. waste water the E.I.A. Process on the criteria for
disposal to a certain area. environmental acceptability of a
3. It outlines alternative measures to the potential impact. Including such things
adverse effects over a project on the on principles of Ecology sustainable
environment e..g road construction development, maintenance of
leading to erosion, what are remedies? environmental health, relevant local and
4. It gives opportunities to the public to national standards and guidelines, codes
participate in decision making process of practice and regulation.
either oral or written. 4. Negotiate with key participants to set an
5. The whole process of development is assessment timetable on a proposed
open to scrutiny for the benefit of all specific basis and commit using it.
key players i.e. all important persons in 5. Seek and promote public participation
the society have a role to play throughout the place with techniques
6. Unworthy projects are eliminated before and mechanisms tailored appropriately
implementation. to specific proposal and specific public.
7. It gives room for the assessment of the 6. Ensure that the total and accumulative
project in the process of implementation effects of using altering the community
at various stages monitoring evaluation environment assets e.g. Air, amenities
and post-project analysis and auditing. etc receive explicit consideration.
8. Project evaluation. 7. Ensure predicated environment impact
9. Promote economic growth of a country are monitored. The results are assessed
or place. and nominated responsible authority
10. It eliminates political interferences and feedback provided to improve
because all persons are involved. community environment management of
11. It eliminates confrontations conflicts and proposals.
differences between people during 8. Monitor property the efficient and
implementation. effectiveness of the process to learn
12. It ensures that once a project is form the past streamlined requirement
endorsed, it becomes legal. help maintain consistency.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

9. Ensure that educational opportunities Take the opportunity offered by E.I.A.

inherent in the E.I.A process are actively process to improve the proposal
pursued. environmentally.
4. Make commitment to avoid where
Roles of the Government possible and otherwise monitor and
1. Provide policy and planning framework manage environmental impact and
which sets for the environmental implement these commitment.
assessment of proposals. 5. Amend environmental management
2. Based decisions on the proposals having practices responsibility following position
potential significant environmental and dissemination of environmental
impact and the management of the monitoring results.
environment. Here, a decision is made.
3. Apply the E.I.A. process equally to Principles of the Public
proposal from both public and private 1. Participants in evaluation of proposals
sector. through offering advice, expressing
4. Provide for co-ordinated government opinions, providing local knowledge,
decision making for which the outcome proposing alternatives and commending
of E.I.A. can be directed. on how the proposal might be changed
5. Ensure assessments are available to the to better protect the environment.
public before the time of decision 2. Become involved in the early stages of
making. the process as the most effective and
6. Establish one national agreement to efficient time to rise concerns.
ensure as orderly process is in place 3. Take a responsible approach to
where the E.I.A. respondents and opportunities for public participation in
several governments are involved. the E.I.A. process.
7. Provide opportunities for reasonable 4. Become involved and informed in the
public and proponent objections, administration and the outcome of the
environment advice, given to decision environment impact assessment process
makers to implement these national including:
approach including where appropriate a. Assessment reports of assessing
progressive amendment, postatitory authority
provision to increase consistency in the b. Policy determination approvals
process. and setting conditions
8. Maintaining the integrity of the E.I.A. c. Monitoring and compliancy audit
process. activities
d. Environmental advice and
reasons for acceptance or
Principle for Proponents rejection by decision makers.
1. Take responsibility for preparing case
required for assessment of a proposal. Environmental impact assessment
2. Consult the assessing authority and process (E.I.A.)
community as early as possible. Most E.I.A. Process have a common
3. Incorporate environmental factors fully structure
into proposals, planning including a Stages
proper examination for reasonable Typically, the E.A. process begins with
alternatives. Agree on proposals specific screening to ensure time and resources are
evaluation timetable and commit to directed at the proposal that matter
using based endeavours to meet it.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

environmentally and action taken as a result 9. Public involvement – To inform public

of an E.I.A. Report. about the proposal to gain the inputs of
those directly affected by or intended in
1. Screening – To decide whether or not the proposal. Public involvement in
a proposal should be subject to the some forms may occur throughout the
E.I.A. process and if so at what level of E.I.A. process although it tends to be
detail? focused on scoping review phases of
2. Scoping – to identify the key issues E.I.A.
and impacts that are likely to require Benefits of E.I.A
further investigation and to prepare the 1. Environmentally sound and
terms of reference for the E.I.A. Study. sustainable design of project.
3. Impact Analysis – To identify and 2. Better compliance with standards.
predict the likely environmental and 3. Saving in capital and operating costs
social effects fo the proposal and 4. Reduced time and cost for approvals
evaluate their significance. 5. Increased project acceptance
4. Mitigation and impact management 6. Better protection of the environment
– To develop measures to prevent, and human health.
reduce or compensate for impact and to
make good any environmental damage. Reasons why E.I.A.s fail.
5. Reporting – to describe the results of  An E.I.A. is supposed to be an
the E.I.A. for decision makers and other informative document but not a
interested parties. marketing tool.
6. Reviewing – To examine the adequacy  E.I.A.s used as promotional tool.
of the E.I.A. report to see if it meets the  An E.I.A is supposed to present an
terms of reference and provide the objective assessment of the
information necessary for decision environmental effects that a project may
making. cause. However many statements are
7. Decision making – to approve or used as basis for a scheme rather than
reject the proposal and set the terms focusing on the benefits of an objective
and conditions under which it can assessment.
proceed. The decision makers also have  E.I.A.s are too long – In the majority of
the option to defer approval e.g. until cases long E.I.A.s reiterate points and
certain conditions are met or to require fail to focus on the key issues.
a proponent to redesign the project so Producing a single report of a concise
that the environment effects are nature that draws on all round the
minimized. relevant information from the various
8. Follow-up – Comprise of monitoring, specialists report would avoid the
managing and auditing. To check on the imindation of information. The reader
implementation for the terms and and reduce the time required to review
conditions of approval during the an E.I.S during the planning and
construction and operating phase, to decision making stages.
monitor the impacts of the project and  Lack of public involvement – Developers
the effectiveness of mitigation measures are reluctant in involving the public at
to take any action to mentioned an early stage in the process. However,
problems and as required to undertake the E.I.A. and design of projects could
audit and evaluation to future E.I.A. be out of touch with the local
application communities concerned if no attempt is

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

made to involve those whose iii) Administration Agreement –

environment is likely to be affected. Developing administrative
 E.I.A. treated as a regulatory hurdle – agreement between parties to set
E.I.A. was created as an aid to project out principles for cooperating in both
planning and design. However, it is general projects and to include such
often treated as a legal hurdle that must topics as project screening,
be overcome in order to gain planning formation of membership panels,
permission rather than a process by cost sharing arrangement, hearing
which to reduce the environment impact procedures and participants
of a project. assessment.
 Inadequate project definition – E.I.S iv) Communication – Establish a
needs to be specific in the identification clearly defined points of contact
of what the project will entail. Clear between environmental assessment
identification of the elements of the officers to ensure that any
project is required in order to identify administrative or procedural
the possible impacts and gain a difficulties can be dealt with quickly
preliminary estimate of their possible and effectively.
extent. v) Scoping and timing – Establish
the scope of assessment and to set
Factors to consider for the success of a reasonable time from for the E.I.A.
E.I.A. Process.
 For smooth running of E.I.A. process it vi) Public Participation – Designing
is necessary to involve local, regional, mechanism for public participation to
national and international companies in allow for cooperative environmental
environmental process. E.A.P. assessment.
 The projects which are likely to have
significance to environmental effects Principles used in Managing an E.I.A.
should be subject to consistent 1. Screening – The beneficial and
environmental assessment where they detrimental short term effects of
are located. each alternative are compared and
 The project which are likely to have summarized to facilitate discussion
significance to environmental effect and evaluation by interested parties
should be subject to consistent and affected general public.
environmental assessment where they 2. Mitigation – Mitigation measures
are located. about possible adverse effects might
 Environmental assessment process must be adopted for all feasible
be recognized and all parties involved alternatives should review
should adopt a range of cooperating embracing pollution control, nature
mechanisms to facilitate harmonized conservation and generating
environment assessment e.g. environmental management.
i) Consultation with other parties 3. Scoping (status and data
early in the process to determine the assembly) – Identifying the status
extent and scope of the of the projects within the context of
environmental assessment planning and environment, clarifying
ii) Feasibility of the process – using potential economic and
other parties environmental impact environmental benefits of the
process or a joint process in the proposed policy, project, plan,
information gathering mechanism. programme and meeting with

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

decision making body or affected or The reason for undertaking the audit and
interested individual to help identify aims to be achieved will determine the audit
the scope of the issues to be criteria.
addressed. The environmental audit can be viewed as a
4. Identification – Identifying snapshot of the environmental situation of a
alternative identical objectives sits given site. It does not, like most
and consequences of no action. environmental assessment, attempt to
Further consideration of the benefits predict the potential impacts of planned
of the project looking at considered investment. (Although environmental risk
alternatives. associated with an existing operation or a
5. Documentation – This is the planned expression are often identified).
preparation of a document However environmental audit can be useful
containing information in sufficient to assess implementation of a project
details to determine whether a against requirement derived environment
proposal will impose significance assessment.
adverse effects on the environment. Audit may also serve as a baseline
The document provide sufficient information for environmental assessment
evidence for determining whether to study whenever a rehabilitation expansion is
prepare an environmental impact planned at an industrial facility.
statement (E.I.s.) or whether issues The environmental audit primarily uses
(findings of no significance impact) existing documents of the company being
in the human environment. audited, interviews with management and
6. Preliminary assessment – This is personnel and observation of practices of
a brief outline of the history of the the facility. Spot cheques in the form of
proposed development e.g. details tests and sample are often included in the
of an early consultation. The audit assignment to verify that a company
measure to be taken with the is in compliance and that information
proposal for the protection of the provided by the company is correct.
environment and an assessment of
effectiveness, land management, General Principle of Environmental
erosion, rehabilitation and ecology Audit
protection measures. The environmental audit, is a systematic
process of obtaining evaluation information
Environmental Audit (E.A) about the environmental aspect of
What is an environmental Audit operation, an organization or a site will
An environmental audit is a methodical generally require:
examination of environmental information 1. Sufficient and appropriate
about organization, a facility or a site to information about the operation of
verify whether or to what extent they organization or site.
conform to specified audit criteria. The 2. Adequate resources available to
criteria may be based on local, national or support the audit process
international environmental standards, 3. Adequate cooperation from the
National Law and regulation, permits and company or other identity being
concession, internal management system audited (auditee).
specification, cooperate standards or 4. An audit protocol e.g. a checklist or
guidelines of organization such s the world a questionnaire.
bank.
Types of Environmental Audit

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ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

Environmental audit are classified according An interview with the responsible person for
to who requires them. Audits can be the treatment plan should provide
internal e.g. in-house evaluation of information on knowledge of the
adequacy of controls to ensure regulatory requirement and all the aspects of running
compliance. the plan.
Audits done by customer to check Liability Audit
environmental quality or audit conducted These involves investigation to identify the
for a tender to assets the environmental risk actual or potential site contamination. It is
of an investment are example of external also called environmental site management.
audit. If an external audit is done by
independent entity is sometimes called a 3 rd It is done in phases depending on the scope
party audit. of investigation

a) Compliance Audit Phase 1: Liability Audit

This is the type of audit that most directly It is used for investigation that involves
assesses compliance against criteria derived collecting information from interviews by
from laws and regulations, applicable studying available historical information and
standards, permits and concessions, or by performing visual inspections of sites.
guidelines from organizations such as the
World Bank. The auditors need a good Phase 2: Liability Audit
understanding of the operation involved to Is used for investigation that involves
pinpoint where environmental effect detailed physical sampling and testing of
regulated by standards or regulations occur. contaminants in laboratories. In practice, it
is indeed often necessary to take a phased
Actual measurement in stacks and effluent, approach with a phase 2 audit following
streams would normally be limited to spot from a phase 1 audit. Phase 1 audit which
checks for verifying the correctness of data are relatively in expensive and quick, can
provided by the company. The compliance help screen out those sites that do not
audit will seek assurance that the company require further investigation. They by
is carrying out all activities which affect the reducing the certainty of potential
compliance issue under controlled condition. environmental liability. The audit should
The better this is documented and also identify needs for and passing the
implemented the greater the level of scope of more through investigation in the
assurance that the company not only meets form of phase 2 audit. The findings can be
but will continue to meet applicable reported in Phase 1 should either state that
requirements. no contamination is suspected that
contamination is suspected or likely or even
When evaluating the discharges from a obtained. These approach can limit the
sewage treatment plan, for example the need for drilling, sample and analysis to
auditor should check that the concentration those sites where it is necessary they
of the key pollutants are correctly measured reducing costs. A phase 1 Audit should also
and analyzed, that the procedure for place the site specific findings into the
sampling and the treatment of sample are context of surrounding environment. These
adequately described and adhered to, that will help determine a need for investigation
result are reported and that the appropriate or remediation.
personnel know what corrective option to
implement.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

Project Cycle Project identification also involves

A Project is a need or a problem you want identification of the constituents of the
to solve. existing environment characterized by what
exists and what does not exist. This process
Every need to be completed is a project. is an attempt to reduce the problems. If it is
Project has a definite cycle. not easy to identify the project, there is
need to prioritize the needs so that possible
A project is a task or a design to accomplish solutions can be highlighted so that a
specific objectives in relation to identify decision can be made.
need or problem or un-deliberate
undertaking. The project will be completed b) Feasibility Study
once the specific need is met. This is actual project preparation stage. It
involves act of collection of data for
What is a programme? analysis. The community will also provide
This is a series of undertakings targeted to alternative solutions to be used in concrete
meeting specific overall objectives. The planning. Feasibility study takes atleast one
need is achieved after the whole project year during these planning is made to avoid
have been completed. When the need is not delays.
met, you need to reformulate or redesign
the projects from the need level. c) Planning and Design
Planning is important to coordinate for
Stages of Project Cycle other activities hence save time and avoid
a) Conceptualization (Project inconveniences and decide on how the
Identification) project is going to be carried out, make a
b) Feasibility Study plan of action. A schedule of activities i.e.
c) Design and planning what is to be done fast and to plan for
d) Appraisal change e.g. what should happen during
e) Implementation implementation mobilize the members of
f) Monitoring and evaluation the community i.e. sale the project to the
rest of the members. Plan how you are
a) Conceptualization / Project going to evaluate the project. This is in
Identification accordance with the set objectives. Project
This involves activity of finding projects or planning also concerns soil survey,
needs or problems. It involves fast hydrological analysis, labour requirement,
formulation of the project mostly on the budgeting etc.
basis of available information.
d) Appraisal
Source of project This is done to assess whether the proposal
a) Top down approach (government to is appropriate or sound (testing worthiness
community) of the project). The appraisal team
b) Local People (Community to questions faulty assumptions e.g. the
government) proponent gives the proposal and the
c) Relationship between top down and authority questions the respondents.
local people
d) Donation (maybe in form of financial
and material assistance) e) Project Implementation
This involves execution of the plan as it was
designed. During implementation, there is

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

need to have room for incorporating of new  Liquid and solid animal waste e.g. slury
ideas in the design i.e. there is need to and manure,
anticipate for change. Replan and reshape  Dead livestock,
part of the project during implementation.  Used products and packaging materials,
Implementation should be per unit flexibility  Agricultural chemical products e.g.
in positive direction. residues from pesticides, herbicides etc.
 Nursery and greenhouse wastes,
Phases of Implementation  Old machines and equipments and any
i. Investment period – making the other machinery.
funds available for that
undertaking
ii. Agency Period – bringing 2. Domestic Waste
machinery to the site Wastes generated from household activities
iii. Development period – The include garbage waste and refuse discarded
construction work has started into liquid (liquid waste) e.g. sewage or
and monitoring and evaluation waste water from sinks and showers.
are being done.
3. Municipal Waste
f) Monitoring and evaluation Waste arising form commercial activities
These involve analysis for success or failure. with exception of mining and industrial
Has the project met the stated objectives or waste. It includes residential and domestic
needs? If the need is not met, the project is waste, commercial waste from town centres
not successful hence you need to e.g. hotels, institutional wastes (schools,
reformulate or redesign it. institutes, universities), sludge from
treatment plant (water and sewage
treatment plants) sewage waste – mixture
SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE of human and animal by products e.g. urine
MANAGEMENT and faecal material.
Waste - Is the discarded material or by
product of human and animal activities. 4. Industrial Waste
Pollutant – It is any substance that when Waste generated from factories. It include
added in quantities above certain level, laboratories waste, workshops, scientific
deteriorates or affects the quality of the research, chemical waste, construction and
environment to which it is added. demolition waste, detergents and laundry,
Contaminant – It is any situation that is photographic and development.
harmful or toxic to the environment to
which it is added. NB: These wastes are more hazardous to
Conservation of environment – This refers living organisms.
to wise use of environmental resources
rather than misusing them.
5. Hazardous Wastes
Sources of Wastes This is waste generated from factory and
Classified as manufacturing process that produce
1. Agricultural waste chemicals e.g. pesticides, herbicides and
These include nuclear wastes.
 Farm residues (crop and field).
 Waste from food processing firms e.g.
milk and slaughter houses,

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

6. Mines and Quarry Wastes container which is used in conjunction with

This is waste generated from quarry and dumper based container hoist vehicles.
mines. It includes soil, rocks and minerals.
Waste collection and transportation
Risks of Waste Management 1. Communal collection – The
a) Unpleasant smell or odour householders discharge the waste in a
b) Clogging of drainage and sewage predetermined location containing
system communal storage facility. Refuse
c) Deterioration and diminishing collection vehicles visit this sites at
landscape aesthetic frequent levels i.e. once daily to remove
d) Soil Pollution the accumulated waste.
e) Water and air pollution 2. Block Collection – Collection vehicles
f) Public health risks e.g. Bacteria, travel at predetermined routes at
fungi, virus prescribed intervals usually 2 – 3 days
and at selected location where a bell is
Storage of Waste Materials rang and residences bring their refuse in
Requirements of waste storage bins and the waste is emptied into the
facilities trucks and they return their containers.
a) Should be as far as possible from 3. Kebsid collection – collection crew
any residential places collects bins and buckets deposited at
b) It should be animal proof (No kebsid and emptied them into collection
scavenging) vehicles. Collection intervals is about 2
c) It should be insect proof (covered) days per week. It requires regular and
d) It should be weather proof (water well organization collection services so
proof) that they know when to leave their
e) It should be easy to clean. waste in kebsid.
4. Door to door collection – the
Factors affecting design of waste collection crew enters each premises
storage facility and takes wastes in containers and
Rate of waste generated. empties it into collection vehicles and
Family size return it to the premises e.g. waste from
Frequency of collection each business.
NB: Waste storage facility are classified
into 2 Refuse collection vehicles
a) Primary / Individual storage facility i) Human Powered Carts
b) Secondary / Communal Storage ii) Animal Drawn Carts
Facility iii) Motorized vehicles
a. Tractors with trailers
Primary – Include cartons, buckets, plastic b. Conventional trucks
bags, bins which vary in sizes. c. Tip loading trucks
d. Skip vehicle – carry container carrying
Secondary – They can be stationery or the waste.
portable, they can be uncovered masonry
exposure (stationary) galvanized bins (Metal Basic consideration when selecting
bins). They are covered. The potable bins waste collection vehicles
are used automatic lifting devices fitted to a) Purpose
waste collection vehicles. The 2m3 waste

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

b) Type of waste which is going to be f) Underground water flow

transported in terms of weight. g) Geology of the area e.g. clay soils
Other wastes require compacting are best while fissy rocks are
c) The area to be served, the road size unsuitable. Leachates is water type
and condition liquid that seeps out of a land.
d) Allowable budget for buying the h) Area topography – flat sites are
vehicle unsuitable and also get filled faster.
e) Availability of mechanics
f) Dumping site condition versus the 2. Composting
height of the vehicle It is aerobic process where micro-organism
g) Time taken for loading and and oxygen environment decomposes
unloading the trucks. organic food waste the final of compositing
is compost.
Waste Handling and Disposal Compost is a humus like material that
The following are the methods of handling results from activities of degradation of
waste organic waste. Compost is stable (no further
Sanitary land filling breakdown) and odour does not attract
Recycling flies..
Composting
Incineration (disposal by burning) Process of composting
Aerobic composting requires the following
1. Sanitary land filling parameters for microorganisms to turn
This is the same as open dumping but the wastes into compost.
waste is covered with soil. Land filling is 1. Temperature – The optimum
superior to open dumping because: composting temperature ranges from
i. It prevents fly/flies emergence by between 500 C. Temperature above 600C
covering the refuse kills pathogens responsible for
ii. Enables anaerobic decomposition to compositing and at low temperature
take place and this kills pathogens compositing is slowed down.
iii. Minimizes ground water pollution by 2. Moisture Content – the optimum
careful site selection i.e. distance of moisture content is between 20 – 60%.
70m from the water sources Moisture content below 20% slows
iv. It restores the site better than compositing while that greater than
original conditions 60% inhibits oxygen content hence slow
v. It uses the principles of 3 Cs composting.
(Compacting, covering, confining). 3. Oxygen Content – the optimum
oxygen content should be between 15 –
Factors that determine the choice of 20%.
land fill site 4. PH (concentration of Alkaline) –
a) Availability of land for disposal (size, The optimum PH range is between 6 –
location) 8. Bacteria works best at these PH
b) Access to the site (road condition) range at PH of 4.5 aerobic composting
c) Public concern. changes to anaerobic one.
d) Drainage and hydrology of the area 5. Biochemical composition – or nature
(Ground topography). of the wastes e.g. wastes from plants,
e) Final use of the filled land e.g. manure, sludge, food wastes are
whether for construction, agriculture biodegradable wastes while wood,
etc.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

paper, white straw etc are non- For sustainable development to be realized
biodegradable. to meet the even increasing human needs,
6. Carbon-nitrogen ratio – (C-N) – the it has been accomplished by wise and
activity of micro-organism is higher in careful management of the earth’s natural
legumes than in carbohydrates, 7 times, resources.
the longest the time of decomposition
the higher the quality of farming Concept of ecosystem
manure. Living organisms (biotic) and non living
organisms (Abiotic) are inseparably
Benefits of Composting interrelated and act upon each other. In any
i. Soil fertility and improve soil natural area that include biotic and abiotic,
physical condition e.g. structure, substances, they interrelated to produce
colour, texture. exchange of materials between living and
ii. Increases organic matter content non-living part in an ecological system.
in the soil
iii. Improves soil permeability / The Ecosystem constitutes of four
infiltration / drainability / intake parts
rate (soil hydrological a) Abiotic Substances (devoid of life).
characteristics). b) Producers – Anthropolic organisms –
iv. It retains moisture in the soil. these are self nourishing, large
v. The soil becomes easy to till or green plant which are able to
cultivate manufacture food from simple
vi. Reduces soil erosion inorganic substances in which
vii. Provide plant nutrients e.g. fixation of light energy, use of
nitrogen, sulphur, Mg, Co. The simple inorganic substance and
nutrient contents depends on the building complex substances.
type of waste. c) Macro-consumers – Heterotrophic
3. Incineration e.g. moles. Heterotrophic organisms
This is the chemical oxidation at high which ingest other organisms or
temperature where organic material is particular organic matter.
converted into energy (heat energy, light d) Decomposes (Saphrophyites, Micro-
energy blue flame/gas, sludge /Ash). The consumers) – heterotrophic
incinerator burns the materials, smoke is organisms mainly bacteria and fungi
not produced. It is similar to combustion which breaks down complex
where the fuel is used, where the compounds or dead protoplasms
incinerator fuel is generated from the and absorbs some of the
waste. To improve incineration, the waste is decomposition products and release
dried into refuse pellet. some energy.
NB: the ecosystem is basic unit in the
Basic Ecology ecology since it includes both abiotic
Introduction communities and biotic environment each
The survival of living organisms depends on influencing the properties of the other.
a fragile ecosystem (changes from time to
time). Mismanagement of the earths natural Natural Resources
resources poses a great danger to the These are any form of materials organic or
biosphere, atmosphere, soil, forest, and the inorganic obtained from the earth physical
global climate. environment to satisfy human needs.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

Classification of Natural Resources increased evaporation rates reduce the

Inexhaustible resources. amount of water in the soil etc.
These are those resources that cannot be
exhausted or depleted e.g. air and land. 3. Global Weather Change
Because of the burning of wood and fossil
Renewable Resources fuel, these increases carbon (iv) oxide in
These are those resources that can be the atmosphere. The atmosphere the
renewed and reproduced by natural or alternate effect includes climate change e.g.
artificial process e.g. Crops, gathered root warming (global warming). The Carbon
form forest, animal life, grassland, forest dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere
and fertile soils. These resources are intercepts and absorbs reflected infra-red
exhaustible. radiation and reflects it back towards the
Non-renewable resources earth. These process retain some of the
These are resources that cannot be solar heat. This is called the green house
replaced by natural process at the rate at effect. The mathematical models have
which they are used. They are vulnerable to predicted that doubly the CO 2 concentration
depletion. The resources can be reused or by the end of the next century may increase
recycled. They include non-energy mineral the average temperatures between 30C –
resources, metallic mineral eg. Cu, Fe, Non 40C and increase of 1.30C would make the
metallic minerals e.g. phosphates, rocks, world warmer.
soil nutrients, fossil fuel etc.
The suggestion is that warming would be
Examples of resources greatest near the poles resulting in melting
a) Water – Include liquid water and its of the polar ice which in turn results in rise
produce e.g. fish, mineral salts etc. in water level by about 100m or 150km
b) Vegetation resources – Vary greatly inland from the current coastline. The
in type, kind and density from region to warming trend also alters the geographical
region. They include grass and desert distribution of precipitation making major
shrubs and forest land. agricultural areas / land drier.

Water Pollution 4. Depletion of Ozone Layer

Sewage and factory waste, run off of animal The release of chlorfluoro carbon into the
waste from pasture and stock yard and atmosphere as a damaging effect on
leaching of fertilizers from agriculture have ultraviolet radiation, protective layer of
overloaded streams, rivers and lakes with ozone molecule in the Stratosphere
inorganic nutrients. These has led to between 17 – 25 km above the earth
acceleration eoutrophication (excess growth surface and its work is to absorb dangerous
of vegetation in water body). These radiation which can affect the life of biotic
nereachment results in increase in the organisms. The ozone layer absorbs ultra
intensity of photosynthetic organism e.g. violet radiation preventing much of it from
algae. These results in wiping out of conducting organisms in the biosphere.
commercially marine life e.g. fish.
5. Soil Erosion
Desertification
Arid and semi arid areas can be converted Environmental resources management
to desert by overgrazing or unsuccessful
farming practices. The loss of vegetation Environmental resource management
increases the erosion by wind and water, is "a purposeful activity with the goal to

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

maintain and improve the state of an cultural and social issues relating to the
environmental resource affected by human environment, and dealing with changes to
activities". It is not, as the phrase suggests, it. "All human activities take place in the
the management of the environment as context of certain types of relationships
such, but rather the management of the between society and the bio-physical world
interaction and impact of human societies (the rest of nature)", and so, there is a
on the environment. Environmental great significance in understanding the
resources management aims to ensure that ethical values of different groups around
ecosystem services are protected and the world. Broadly speaking, two schools of
maintained for equitable use by future thought exist in environmental ethics:
human generations, and also, maintain Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism each
ecosystem integrity as an end in itself by influence a broad spectrum of
taking into consideration ethical, economic, environmental resource management styles
and scientific (ecological) variables. along a continuum. These styles perceive
Environmental resource management tries "different evidence, imperatives, and
to identify the factors that have a stake in problems, and prescribe different solutions,
the conflicts that may rise between meeting strategies, technologies, roles for economic
the needs and protecting the resources. sectors, culture, governments, and ethics,
etc".
Environmental resource management can
be viewed from a variety of perspectives. Anthropocentrism. Anthropocentrism, "an
Environmental resource management inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in
involves the management of all components terms of human values", Anthropocentrism
of the biophysical environment, both living supports an understanding of nature as
(biotic) and non-living (abiotic). This is due existing solely for the benefit of man and as
to the interconnected and network of a commodity to be used for the good of
relationships amongst all living species and humanity and improved human quality of
their habitats. The environment also life. Anthropocentric environmental resource
involves the relationships of the human management is therefore not the
environment, such as the social, cultural conservation of the environment solely for
and economic environment with the the environment's sake, but rather the
biophysical environment. The essential conservation of the environment, and
aspects of environmental resource ecosystem structure, for human sake.
management are ethical, economical, social
and technological which provide for Ecocentrism.
formulation of principles and help in making
decisions. The scientific and technical Ecocentrists believe in the intrinsic value of
nature makes environmental resource nature while maintaining an understanding
management profession to operate in a that "human beings must use and even
humanistic and rational mode in the world. exploit nature to survive and live". It is this
Improved agricultural practices such as fine ethical line that ecocentrists navigate
these terraces can serve to preserve soil between "fair use and downright abuse". At
and improve water quality an extreme end of the ethical scale,
ecocentrism includes philosophies such as
Ethical aspects. Environmental resource ecofeminism and deep ecology which
management strategies are intrinsically evolved as a reaction to the dominant
driven by conceptions of human-nature anthropocentric paradigms. "In its current
relationships. Ethical aspects involve the form, it is an attempt to synthesize many

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

old and some new philosophical attitudes often been termed 'Command-and-control'.
about the relationship between nature and Colby has identified trends in the
human activity, with particular emphasis on development of economic paradigms,
ethical, social, and spiritual aspects that among them, a shift towards more
have been downplayed in the dominant ecological economics since the 1990s.
economic worldview". A water harvesting system collects
rainwater from the Rock of Gibraltar into
ECONOMIC.The economy functions within, pipes which lead to tanks excavated inside
and is dependent upon goods and services the rock.
provided by natural ecosystems. The role of
the environment is recognized in both Ecological
classical economics and neoclassical
economics theories, yet the environment "The pairing of significant uncertainty about
held a spot on the back-burner of economic the behaviour and response of ecological
policies from 1950–1980 due to emphasis systems with urgent calls for near-term
from policy makers on economic growth. action constitutes a difficult reality, and a
With the prevalence of environmental common lament" for many environmental
problems, many economists embraced the resource managers. Scientific analysis of the
notion that "if environmental sustainability environment deals with several dimensions
must coexist for economic sustainability, of ecological uncertainty. These include:
then the overall system must be one which structural uncertainty resulting from the
permits the identification of equilibrium misidentification, or lack of information
between the environment and the pertaining to the relationships between
economy”. As such, economic policy makers ecological variables; parameter uncertainty
began to incorporate the functions of the referring to "uncertainty associated with
natural environment – or natural capital — parameter values that are not known
particularly as a sink for wastes and for the precisely but can be assessed and reported
provision of raw materials and amenities. ] in terms of the likelihood…of experiencing a
Debate continues among economists as to defined range of outcomes"; and stochastic
how to account for natural capital, uncertainty stemming from chance or
specifically whether resources can be unrelated factors. Adaptive management is
replaced through the use of knowledge and considered a useful framework through
technology, or whether the economy is a which to deal with situations of high levels
closed system that cannot be replenished of uncertainty though it is not without its
and is finite. Economic models influence detractors. A common scientific concept and
environmental resource management in impetus behind environmental resource
that management policies reflect beliefs management is carrying capacity. Simply
about natural capital scarcity – if natural put, carrying capacity refers to the
capital is believed to be infinite and easily maximum number of organisms a particular
substituted, environmental management resource can sustain.
would be irrelevant to the economy. For
example, economic paradigms based on Sustainability
neoclassical models of closed economic
systems are primarily concerned with Sustainability and environmental resource
resource scarcity, and thus prescribe management involves managing economic,
legalizing the environment as an economic social, and ecological systems within and
externality for an environmental resource external to an organizational entity in order
management strategy. This approach has for it to sustain itself and the system it

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

exists within. In context, sustainability strong, shared vision; a holistic focus;

implies that rather than competing for devolved and consensus decision
endless growth on a finite planet, making; broad stakeholder
development will improve quality of life engagement and justice; transparency
without necessarily having to consume measures; trust; and flexibility, to
more resources. In order to sustainably name a few.
manage the state of environmental
resources affected by human activities The three major barriers to preventing
organizational change is needed to instill organizations to shift towards sustainable
sustainability values within an organization, practice with environmental resource
in order to portray these values outwardly management are: not understanding what
from all levels and to reinforce them in its sustainability is; having difficulty modeling
surrounding stakeholder community. The an economically viable case for the
end result should be a symbiotic switch ;having a flawed execution plan, or a
relationship between the sustaining lack thereof. Therefore the most important
organization and community, along with the part of shifting an organization to adopt
environment. sustainability in environmental resource
management would be to create a shared
There are many drivers that compel vision and understanding of what
environmental resource management to sustainability is for that particular
take sustainability issues into account. organization, and to clarify the business
Today's economic paradigms do not protect case.
the natural environment, yet they deepen
human dependency on biodiversity and Stakeholders
ecosystem services. Ecologically, massive
environmental degradation and climate Public sector.The public sector comprises
change threaten the stability of ecological the general government sector plus all
systems that humanity depends on. public corporations including the central
Socially, an increasing gap between rich and bank. In environmental resource
poor and the global North-South divide management the public sector is
denies many access to basic human needs, responsible for administering natural
rights, and education, leading to further resource management and implementing
environmental destruction. The planet's environmental protection legislation. The
unstable condition is caused by many traditional role of the public sector in
anthropogenic sources.[37] As an environmental resource management is to
exceptionally powerful contributing factor to provide professional judgment through
social and environmental change, the skilled technicians on behalf of the public.
modern organisation has the potential to With the increase of intractable
apply environmental resource management environmental problems, the public sector
with sustainability principals to achieve has been led to examine alternative
highly affective outcomes. paradigms for managing environmental
resources. This has resulted in the public
To achieve sustainable development sector working collaboratively with other
with environmental resource sectors (including other governments,
management an organization should private and civil) to encourage sustainable
coincide with sustainability principles, natural resource management behaviors.
such as: social and environmental
accountability, long-term planning; a

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)
ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA CLASS

Private sector.

The private sector comprises private

corporations and non-profit institutions
serving households. The private sector's
traditional role in environmental resource
management is that of the recovers of
natural resources. Such private sector
recovery groups include mining (minerals
and petroleum), forestry and fishery
organizations. Environmental resource
management undertaken by the private
sectors varies dependent upon the resource
type, that being renewable or non-
renewable and private and common
resources. Environmental managers from
the private sector also need skills to
manage collaboration within a dynamic
social and political environment.

Civil society.Civil society comprises

associations in which societies voluntarily
organize themselves into and which
represent a wide range of interests and ties.
These can include community-based
organizations, indigenous peoples'
organizations and non-government
organizations (NGO). Functioning through
strong public pressure, civil society can
exercise their legal rights against the
implementation of resource management
plans, particularly land management plans.
The aim of civil society in environmental
resource management is to be included in
the decision-making process by means of
public participation. Public participation can
be an effective strategy to invoke a sense of
social responsibility of natural resources.

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NOTES COMPILED BY ELIAS WAWERU NGOTHO AND SAMWEL MATIVO (SUBJECT LECTURERS 2013)