Enterprise Systems

INSY 4103 – Lecture 1 – Introduction

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 ● At the end of the lecture students will be able to;
Lecture ● Understand the business, business process and enterprise
Objectives ● Recognize the role of IS in organizations
● Exposed to enterprise architecture frameworks/methods

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 ● Enterprise/organizational mindset
● Business, business process, typical functional units,
examples
● IS (as a field of study, technology, and process)
● As discipline, as profession,
Outline
● Definitions
● Quality information and values
● Enterprise architecture (at a model level)
● TOGAF as an example
● Class exercise

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 ● The course is about how enterprise level systems
(ERPs) are identified, used and help in organizations
● It covers mainly understanding organizations,
System Integration, Enterprise Systems Architecture
The course and ERP Life cycle, ERP Systems and Vendor
Selection Process, ERP Implementation and
Post-implementation (issues and challenges) and
Enterprise Systems Project Management

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Enterprise/organizational
mindset

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 ● The term business refers to an organization or
enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial,
or professional activities.
● The purpose of a business is to organize some sort of
economic production (of goods or services).
What Is a
● Businesses can be for-profit entities or non-profit
Business? organizations fulfilling a charitable mission or furthering
a social cause.

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 ● Businesses range in scale and scope from sole
proprietorships to large, international corporations
● An enterprise organization is a large business that has
the size and resources to dominate a specific market
Cont… and is characterized by being high revenue and
having many employees.
● An enterprise is a substitute term for business or
organization, but in this instance, we're referring to it as
a company size.

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 ● A business process is defined as a series of tasks or a
set of activities performed by a group of stakeholders to
achieve an organizational goal.
● The processes are performed by people or systems in a
structured manner to attain a pre-defined objective.
● Efficient and streamlined execution of business processes
directly contributes to the success of business operations
Business and growth.
Processes ● Each step in a business process denotes a task that is
assigned to a participant. It is the fundamental building
block for several related ideas such as business process
management, process automation, ERP etc.
● Business process could be seen at various levels. The
highest business process is commonly referred as
Functional units

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 Business Functional Enterprise
Cont… process (BP) Units (MBP) /organization

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 ● As an example, let’s consider the hiring process of an HR
department/unit. Right from posting the job opening to onboarding
the employee, there are multiple steps involved in the process.
● Although this can vary from organization to organization, a simple
workflow might look like this:
An Example • The HR executive posts the job update
of a Business • Multiple candidates apply in a portal
• The HR executive screens the candidates and filters the best-fits
Process • The selected candidates are called for the next stages of the recruitment
• The right candidate is chosen at the last stage of the recruitment
• Salary and policy negotiations take place
• The offer letter is sent and the candidate accepts
● Processes vary depending upon the type, industry, location, etc., of a
business

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 Customer service is another important process that is part

? of global business operations. Although it can vary from

organization to organization, enumerate a simple
workflow of a customer service business process

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 ● Customer service: involves the following steps/specific
task:
• receive customer complaints/issues through CRM
• acknowledge the customer concern
Cont… • record details of the issue in the CRM system
• resolve the issue
• communicate status to customer

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 ● Core Processes
Types of ● These processes are the critical functions of a business
Major that directly add value to the end customers.
Business ● These processes are critically aligned with the
fundamental values, objectives, and vision of the
Processes business.
(Functional ● Businesses must continuously monitor and improve
these processes as they primarily contribute to the
Units) growth and revenue flow of the organization
● Example – teaching-learning in academic institution

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 ● Support Processes
● These processes enable and support the core
processes to be performed seamlessly.
● Although they do not contribute to revenue generation,
they assist internal departments in creating a
Cont… collaborative environment where the core processes can
be aligned to work better.
● Human resources, finance management,
administration, and operations fall under supporting
processes as they help expand a business.

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 ● Management Processes
● These processes are responsible for planning,
monitoring, managing, and controlling the core
and supporting processes from start to end.
● These processes are goal-oriented and ensure that
business operations are carried out efficiently and
seamlessly.
Cont…
● Their focus is to monitor business functionalities
internally and externally, analyze opportunities and
challenges, and ensure continuous improvement
of all processes.
● Example – BI process in any business/enterprise

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 ● Example
● Identify an enterprises/organizations/ business. (you
may consider Abrhot Library) and enumerate its
functional units / major business processes with
? short description ?
● You mar represent it using organizational structure
diagram ?

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 ● Important Business processes which occur in a typical
manufacturing company (three Core process and one
supporting)
• Procurement process (buy)
• Procurement business process includes all
activities of buying the raw materials to make
Cont… products. Procurement can also include purchase
of consumables, equipment and assets.

• Production process (make)

• Production or making process includes all
activities or events to produce products in an
enterprise.

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 • Fulfillment process (sell)
• Selling or fulfillment process includes all
activities of creating sales orders, sales invoices
and delivering products to customers.
XXXXX
Cont… • Financial Accounting process
● Financial Accounting process includes all
activities to manage accounts payable, accounts
receivable, assets and G/L accounts in an
enterprise.

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Cont…

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 ● Identify an industry /sector
● Identify a business/enterprise/organization
● Identify functional units/Major business process
? ● List business process under one of the functional units
identified above
Enterprise ● Enumerate the detailed list of tasks/activities of one of
view the business process identified above

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 ● Business organizations have become very complex.
● This is due to an increased layer of management
hierarchy and an increased level of coordination across
departments/business units.
● Each staff role and management layer has different
Cont… information needs and requirements.
● As such, no single information system can support all
the business needs.
● Figure 1-1 shows the typical levels of management and
corresponding information needs.

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 ● Management is generally categorized into three levels:
● strategic,
● middle or mid-management, and
● operational.
● At the strategic level, functions are highly unstructured
Cont… and resources are undefined, whereas functions are highly
structured and resources are predefined at the operational
level.
● The mid-management level is somewhere in between
depending on the hierarchy and organizational size

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Cont…

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Information Systems
(as a field of study, technology, and process)

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 ● What is an Information Systems Professional (ISP)?

● An information systems professional do a number of

different tasks relating to IT.

● They are people who test, build, repair, install and maintain
ISP the hardware and the software that’s running from one or
multiple locations.

● IT in business is having to always find a way of improving

and developing, so it’s important to have the right ISP in
place.

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 ● An information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical,
organizational system designed to collect, process, store,
and distribute information.

● From a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are

Cont… composed by four components: task, people, structure (or
roles), and technology

● It is a field of study focused on appropriating technology

for business.

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Themes of IS
Profession

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Enterprise architecture
TOGAF as an example

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 ● The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its
components, their relationships to each other and the environment,
and the principles governing its design and evolution (ISO/IEC
42010: 2007)
● An abstraction of a system that suppresses details of elements
(physical or logical components, principles and patterns that create
enduring structures)
Architecture
● “An architecture is the conceptualization, description, and design
of a system, its components, their interfaces and relationships with
internal and external entities, as they evolve over time.”
● Organization and integration of constituents of «a thing» that make
«a thing» fit for purpose, by design (Amit Bhagwat, 2009)
 Architecture

● Constructing a building / a house

● Constructing Vehicles

Cont… Owner’s Vision Architect’s Builder’s

Plans Implementation
 ● Enterprise architecture (EA) is the practice of analyzing, designing,
planning, and implementing enterprise analysis to successfully
execute on business strategies.

● The organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure

Enterprise reflecting the integration and standardization requirements of the
firm’s operating model.
Architecture
● A conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operation of
an organization. The intent of an enterprise architecture is to
What is it? determine how an organization can most effectively achieve its
current and future objectives.

● EA includes four main architectures, namely, business architecture,

information architecture, Application architecture and
technology architecture.
 ● TOGAF’s ADM

● Zachman

EA ● Gartner’s Enterprise Architecture Method

frameworks
● Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEAF)

● Dept of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF)

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Enterprise
Architecture
Frameworks

Top 10 Enterprise Architecture Frameworks - Terra Firma

https://www.terrafirma.com.au/our-thinking/top-10-enterprise-architecture-fr
ameworks/
 ● The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) is an
enterprise architecture methodology that offers a
high-level framework for enterprise software
development.

TOGAF ● TOGAF helps organize the development process through a

systematic approach aimed at reducing errors,
maintaining timelines, staying on budget, and aligning IT
with business units to produce quality results.

● To be implemented in 4 major phases

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 ● Phases within the ADM are as follows (A to D):
• The Preliminary Phase describes the preparation and
initiation activities required to prepare to meet the
business directive for new enterprise architecture,
including the definition of an Organization-Specific
Architecture framework and the definition of principles.
Cont…
• Phase A: Architecture Vision describes the initial phase
of an architecture development cycle. It includes
information about defining the scope, identifying the
stakeholders, creating the Architecture Vision, and
obtaining approvals.

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 • Phase B: Business Architecture describes the
development of a Business Architecture to support an
agreed Architecture Vision.

• Phase C: Information Systems Architectures describes

the development of Information Systems Architectures
Cont… for an architecture project, including the development of
Data and Application Architectures.

• Phase D: Technology Architecture describes the

development of the Technology Architecture for an
architecture project

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 ● TOGAF is mainly based on four interrelated areas of
specialization called architecture domains:

● Business architecture which defines the business

strategy, governance, organization, and key business
Cont… processes of the organization

● Data architecture which describes the structure of an

organization's logical and physical data assets and the
associated data management resources
●

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 ● Applications architecture which provides a blueprint
for the individual systems to be deployed, the
interactions between the application systems, and their
relationships to the core business processes of the
organization with the frameworks for services to be
exposed as business functions for integration
Cont…
● Technical architecture, or technology architecture,
which describes the hardware, software, and network
infrastructure needed to support the deployment of
core, mission-critical applications

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41
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 ● The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture:
● The Zachman framework is named after one of the
original founders of enterprise architecture and it’s
another popular EA methodology.
Zachman
● It’s better understood as a “taxonomy,” according to
CompTIA, and it spans six architectural focal points
and six primary stakeholders to help standardize and
define the IT architecture components and outputs.

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44
 ● Core process
● Business
● Enterprise architecture
● Business process
● TOGAF
Summary ● Enterprise
● The Zachman
● Functional Units
Framework
● Architecture
● Information Systems

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 ● Motiwalla, Luvai F. & Jeffrey Thompson. Enterprise
Reference systems for management. Latest ed. Upper Saddle River:
Pearson Prentice Hall
● Vivek Kale. 2019- Enterprise Process Management
Systems: Engineering Process-Centric Enterprise
Systems

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Thank You

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