Scribd
Upload
16 views29 pages

Introduction To Environmental Biotechnology

presentation based lecture

Uploaded by

mseed9092
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views29 pages

Introduction To Environmental Biotechnology

presentation based lecture

Uploaded by

mseed9092
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Environmental Biotechnology

• Introduction to Environment and Environmental


Biotechnology
• Fundamentals of Biological Intervention
COURSE OUTLINE
• Pollution indicators
• Pollutant and Pollution control strategies
• Municipal, Industrial and Hazardous Waste
• Landfills and Composts
• Contaminated land and bioremediation
• Aerobes and Effluents
• Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals and
Potential strategies for bioremediation
• Role of Biotechnology in Environmental Sustainability
• Biology of Waste water and its treatment
• Sludge treatment
• Solid Waste treatments
Environment
• Environment –
describes everything
that surrounds a
particular organism
• Other organisms
• Soil, air, water
• Temperature,
humidity,
radiation
Pollution??
• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into
the natural environment that cause adverse
change.
• Pollutants, the components of pollution
❖ Waste
▪ Solid: landfills, combustion-including waste-to energy plants,
recovery
▪ slurries, composting
▪ Liquid: septic: sewage treatment, deep-well injection
▪ Gas: fossil fuels, chlorofluorocarbons

▪ Hazardous –anything that can explode, catch fire, release toxic


fumes, and particles or cause corrosion
Biotechnology
• “Any technique that uses living
organisms or substances from
those organism, to make or modify
a product, to improve plant or
animals, or to develop
microorganism for specific uses”
• Thus biotechnology encompasses
– Tools and techniques
– Living organism i.e. plant,
animal or microorganism
– Products from these organism
can be new or rare
It deals with pollution diagnostics,
products for pollution prevention,
bioremediation

It is assisted by various disciplines,


Environmental such as
Biotechnology
• Biochemical bioprocesses and
biotechnology engineering,
• Genetic engineering,
• Protein engineering, metabolic
engineering,
Environmental
Biotechnology
• Environmental
Biotechnology has
evolved from
chemical
engineering, but
later, other
disciplines i.e.
• Biochemistry,
• Environmental
engineering,
• Environmental
microbiology,
• Molecular biology,
• Ecology
Pollution
Environmental Biotechnology

Key intervention points of environmental biotechnology


Bio-treatment/
Bioremediation
• Bioremediation is the use
of micro-organism
metabolism to remove
pollutants

– These methods are


almost typical “end-of-
pipe processes” applied
to remove, degrade, or
detoxify pollution in
environmental
Bioremediation
Removal/ separation: a process that removes the
contaminant from the host medium

Destruction/degradation: a process that chemically


or biologically destroys or neutralizes the
contaminant to produce fewer toxic compounds
Containment/immobilization: a process that
impedes or immobilizes the surface and subsurface
migration of the contaminant
Microorganisms and processes
• Bacteria:
– (requires sufficient oxygen: Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes,
Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium)
– degrade pesticides and hydrocarbons, both alkanes and poly-
aromatic compounds
– bacteria use the contaminant as the sole source of carbon and
energy
– it is a faster process
– anaerobic bacteria are used for bioremediation of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river sediments, de-
chlorination of the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE), chloroform
Ligninolytic fungi:

• can degrade an extremely diverse


range of persistent or toxic
environmental pollutants (as
white rot fungus Phanaerochaete
chrysosporium)

Methylotrophs

• grow utilizing methane for carbon


and energy
• are active against a wide range of
compounds, including the
chlorinated aliphatics
trichloroethylene and 1,2-
dichloroethane DDT
Biotransformation

Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications)


made by an organism on a chemical compound, often associated
with change (increase, decrease, or little change) in
pharmacologic and toxicologic activity.
Factors Influencing Bioremediation
Chromium (VI) from Leather Tanneries

Chromium is a toxic heavy metal that is widely used in


electroplating, leather tanning, textile dyeing, and
metal processing industries.

European Union recommends total chromium limits of


0.05 and 0.1 mg/L for potable and industrial
wastewater respectively

Many microorganisms have been reported to reduce


the highly soluble and toxic Cr(VI) to the less soluble
and less toxic Cr(III), e.g., Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter,
Pseudomonas sp.
Phytoremediation
Methods of phytoremediation

Phytoextraction or Phytotransformation or
phytoaccumulation phytodegradation
• the plants accumulate • uptake of organic
contaminants into the roots contaminants from soil,
and aboveground shoots or sediments, or water and,
leaves subsequently, their
• produces a mass of plants transformation to more
and contaminants (usually stable, less toxic, or less
metals) that can be mobile form
transported for disposal or
recycling
• Phyto stabilization
• plants reduce the mobility
and migration of
contaminated soil
• leachable constituents are
adsorbed and bound into the
plant structure so that they
form a stable mass of plant
from which the contaminants
will not reenter the
environment
Methods of
phytoremediation
• Phytodegradation or rhizodegradation
– breakdown of contaminants through the
activity existing in the rhizosphere, due to
the presence of proteins and enzymes
produced by the plants or by soil
organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and
fungi
– is a symbiotic relationship that has
evolved between plants and microbes:
plants provide nutrients necessary for the
microbes to thrive, while
– microbes provide a healthier soil
environment
Rhizofiltration

• is a water remediation technique


that involves the uptake of
contaminants by plant roots
• is used to reduce contamination in
natural wetlands and estuary area

Phytovolatilization

• plants evaportranspirate selenium,


mercury, and volatile hydrocarbons
from soils and groundwater
Phytoremediation

You might also like