A Project Report

On
Hyperbolic system of first order PDEs with
application in Shock wave

Submitted by
Lokesh Singh ,
Roll No-2350400002.

Supervisor
Dr. Hariom Sharma
Assistant Professor

Department of Mathematics
IAH

GLA University, Mathura - 281406

11/12/2023.
 DECLARATION

I Lokesh , M.Sc. 1 year , 2350400002 hereby declare that the work presented in this
project report entitled “Hyperbolic system of first order PDEs with application in Shock wave” is an
authentic record of our own work carried out under supervision of Dr .Hariom Sharma .

Lokesh, 2350400002.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the students are correct to the best of my

knowledge and belief.

Date:

Place: Mathura

Name and Signature with Affiliation of Supervisor

Contents
Certificate & Declaration ii

Table of Contents iii

1. Introduction, Motivation and Objective <Page No.>

2. Project Description and Work done <Page No.>

3. Geotagged Images of Students at the place of work <Page No.>

4. Findings and Conclusion <Page No.>

Bibliography/ References <Page No.>

 Chapter - 1
Introduction, Motivation and Objective

Introduction- A hyperbolic partial differential equation (PDE) of first

order is often represented as [1] :
∂u ∂u
a ( u , x ,t ) +b ( u , x , t ) =0
∂t ∂x

Shock waves arise as solutions to these hyperbolic PDEs, capturing abrupt

changes in physical properties. Studying these equations is crucial for
understanding and predicting the behaviour of shock waves in various
fields, from aerodynamics to astrophysics.

Motivation-The motivation behind studying hyperbolic systems of partial

differential equations (PDEs), particularly in the context of shock waves,
lies in their ability to model wave-like phenomena with discontinuities.
Hyperbolic PDEs[2] are well-suited for describing the dynamics of shocks,
such as those encountered in compressible fluid flows or traffic flow.

Objective-The objective of hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs)

of the first order is to model wave-like phenomena, where information
travels along characteristic curves. In the context of shock waves, these
equations are crucial for describing the evolution of discontinuities or
abrupt changes in physical quantities, such as pressure or density, that
propagate through a medium.
 Chapter - 2
Description and Work done

The general form of all hyperbolic partial differential equation in one –

dimension is given by
a u x + ut =0 , (1)
Where a is a constant , x represents the spatial variable and t represents
time . we solve the eq.(1) under the initial condition
u ( x , 0 )=u0 ( x )

The solution of the above initial value problem is given by

u ( x , t )=u0 ( x−at ) (2)

Shock
Shock wave is a discontinuous solution of the above PDE which satisfies
the Rankine – Hugonoit condition and the entropy condition.
Rankine -Hugoniot (R-H)jump condition

[ f ( u ) ] = dx =S
[u ] dt

Where [f(u)] is jump in f(u) and u[x] is jump in u

[ f ( u ) ]=f ( u l )−f ( u r )

[ u ] =ul -ur

Entropy condition

' '
f ( ul ) > s >f ( ur )

[ f (u ) ]
where s=
[ u]
Problem: Let us consider the initial value problem
2u
e u x + ut =0

{
u ( x , 0¿ = 2 , x <0
1 , x >0

Lagrange auxiliary eq. is given by

dx dt du
= =
e
2u
1 0

From the last fraction , we have

u ( x , t )=c 1

taking first two fractions we have

x( t )= e 2 u t +c 2
from above two equation we have
u ( x , t )= ∅ ( x−e 2 u t )

Where ∅ is an arbitrary function now , using initial condition we have

2, 𝑥 < 𝑒4𝑡
𝑢ሺ𝑥, 𝑡ሻ = ൜
1, 𝑥 > 𝑒2𝑡
 Characteristic curve

u=2

dy 4
dx = u=1
e

dy 2
=e
dx

-x o x

Figure(1)

From the figure (1), we conclude that the characteristics

dy 4
drawn from the negative x-axis satisfy dx
=e and along
these characteristic u = 2.
 Similarly characteristics drawn from the negative x-axis
dx 2
satisfy dx
=e and along these characteristics u=1.

The region e 2 t < x <e 4 t is doubly covered by characteristics.

For removing this double valued behavior of u, we
introduce curve X = x(t), behind which u = 2, and in front of
which u = 1.

ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑢ሻሿ 𝑓ሺ𝑢𝑙 ሻ − 𝑓ሺ𝑢𝑟 ሻ 1 2 2

𝑥 ′ = 𝑋 ′ ሺ𝑡ሻ = = = 𝑒 (𝑒 − 1)
ሾ𝑢ሿ 𝑢𝑙 − 𝑢𝑟 2

1
x =Xሺ𝑡ሻ = 𝑒 2 ሺ𝑒 2 − 1ሻ𝑡 + c
2

where c is integration constant

Sketching some characteristics into x-t plane we see that
discontinuity starts from (0,0) i.e x(0)=0 consequently c=0
Hence, discontinuity curve is given by

1
x =Xሺ𝑡ሻ = 𝑒2 ሺ𝑒2 − 1ሻ𝑡 + c
2
 Discontinuity curve
1 2 2
x= 2 e ( e −1 ) t

u=2
u=1

Figure(2)

Now, the entropy condition is given by

 f ' (ul )  s  f ' (u r ) ,

where s 
 f (u )   f (ul )  f (u r )  ,
u  ul  u r 

(e 4  e 2 )
s   23.604,
2

e 2u
f (u )  , f ' (u )  e 2u
2

f ' (ul )  f ' (2)  e 4  54.59815

f '
(u r )  f '
(1)  e 2  7.38

54.59815 > 23.604 >7.38

Hence, the which entropy condition is satisfied. Therefore, x(t) is a Shock

curve.

Conclusion
In our present work we obtained a discontinuous solution of a non-linear
hyperbolic PDE, which is known as a shock wave which satisfies the
Rankine-Hugonoit condition (Jump condition) and entropy condition.
 Application of shock waves

1. In medical , now a days shock waves are the first choice to treat kidney
and urethral stones which known as lithotripsy
2. Shock waves are used as an element of high speed gas dynamics for
supporting supersonic flight.
3. Shock waves are used in explosion and implosion
4. Shock waves are to used to create high temperature and pressure.

5. They exist on the surface of stars.

 Chapter - 3
Geotagged Images of Students at the place of
work

Geotagged Image 1
Geotagged Image 2

Geotagged Image 3 Geotagged Image 4

 Chapter - 4
Findings and Conclusion

In our present work, we have obtained discontinuous solution of a non

linear hyperbolic PDE , which is known as a shock wave because it
satisfies the Rankine – hugonoit condition (jump condition) and entropy
condition.
 Bibliography/ References

[1] Quasi linear hyperbolic system , compressible flows and waves ,V.D
Sharma , A Chapman & Hall Book , CRC press , Edition 5, 2020.
[2] An elementary course in Partial Differential equation , T . Amarnath ,
Narosa Publication , Edition 10 , 1994.
[3]Ordinary and Partial Differential equation , M.D,
Raisinghania ,S.Chand ,Edition 20, 2020.
[4] Elements of Partial Differential equation, Ian N. Sneddon, Dover
Publication , Edition 10 , 2006.