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Reading Principle EN2204-1131

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What is Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated pro) is a word or a

group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.

Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech,

but some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in
view of the variety of functions they perform cross-linguistically. An example
of a pronoun is "you", which can be either singular or plural. Sub-types
include personal and possessive pronouns, demonstrative, re exive,
empathetic, relative and interrogative.

The use of pronouns often involves anaphora, where the meaning of the
pronoun is dependent on an antecedent.

The Purpose of Pronouns

Pronouns are essential in the way we communicate with one another. The
importance of pronoun communication, however, is crucial. We use pronouns
as a way to identity or refer to someone so next time before making an
assumption about someone's pronouns
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 There are 6 types
1. Personal pronouns
2. Demonstrative pronouns
3. Re exive pronouns
4. Emphatic pronouns
5. Relative pronouns
6. Interrogative pronouns
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Personal pronouns

What is a personal pronoun

A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the
proper name of a person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us
the grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces. I,
you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, and them are all personal
pronouns.

Personal pronouns what are there?

 How to use Personal Pronoun
A personal pronoun can be in one of three “persons.”

A rst-person pronoun refers to the speaker.

A second-person pronoun refers to the person being spoken to.

A third-person pronoun refers to the person being spoken of.

For each of these three grammatical persons, there is a plural as well.

Personal pronouns Example

- Mrs. Khan asked that the package be delivered to her at the of ce.
( her = third person singular objective)

- To whom should I address my letter?

( I = rst person singular nominative)

- We would like to invite Stacy to join us for dinner.

(we = rst person plural nominative; us = rst person plural objective)

Possessive Adjective: (my, our, your, his, her, its, their)

These are the forms of Pronouns but used to describe the Nouns. So they
are called Possessive Adjectives or Adjective Pronouns (Pronominal
Adjectives)

Examples:

-This is your car. - That is his house.

-These are their bikes. - Those are my books.

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Possessive Pronoun: (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its,
theirs)
It is used to show possession. It can be used as the subject of the verb or
object of the verb.

Examples:

-This laptop is his. -Those books are yours.

-This bike is mine. -Two ats in this apartment are theirs.

Demonstrative pronouns

What is a Demonstrative Pronoun?

The demonstrative pronouns

this, that, these, and those are
used to represent an already
mentioned or implied word or
phrase, helping make
communication faster and easier.

- See the red jacket? I want that.

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 In the demonstrative pronoun example above, the word that represents
the red jacket mentioned earlier. The speaker is really saying, “I want the red
jacket.”

Like all pronouns, demonstrative pronouns can refer to anything.

However, the speaker must make it clear what they are talking about; when
they don’t, demonstrative pronouns become confusing. The thing a pronoun
represents is called the antecedent; in the demonstrative pronoun example
above, the antecedent is the red jacket. When used to represent a thing
or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or
time.

How to use demonstrative pronouns and Examples

The four demonstrative pronouns are divided into two categories:

singular/plural and near/far.

Singular/plural refers to the number of the antecedent. If the antecedent is

one thing, use the singular demonstrative pronouns this or that.

If the antecedent is multiple things, use the plural demonstrative

pronouns these or those.

- Don’t touch the chocolate cupcakes. These are mine.

- Don’t touch the chocolate cookies. Those are mine.

Near/far can mean distance or time. The near demonstrative pronouns

this and these can refer to something close to the speaker or something that
happened or was mentioned recently. That and those represent something
physically farther away or that happened longer ago.

- The movie last night was awful. This is the last time you recommend
one.

- The movie two weeks ago was worse. That was a nightmare!
 Re exive Pronouns
What are Re exive pronouns?
A pronoun that refers to the subject in the sentence itself And is also
used as an object of the sentence to emphasise that the subject does some
verbs to itself (Direct Object) or does verbs. Do some activities for
themselves (Indirect Object), in which these pronouns will be in the form -self
or -selves, depending on the subject as a singular (Single Subject) or plural
(Plural Subject).

When to use Re exive pronouns

We often use re exive pronouns when the subject and the object of a
verb are the same.

We can add a re exive pronoun for emphasis when it's unusual or

di erent, to emphasise that someone does it personally, not anybody else,
and also use a re exive pronoun together with the noun it refers to in order
to emphasise it.

We can use by + re exive pronouns to mean alone.

Ex. - He wants to pass his driving test so that he can drive himself to work.

- He usually goes on holiday by himself.

There are 7 types of Re exive pronouns

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Emphatic Pronouns
What Is an Emphatic Pronoun?
Emphatic pronouns are one of the types of pronouns. An emphatic
pronoun is a pronoun such as myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves, that is used immediately after the
noun to which it refers in order to show emphasis. The emphatic pronoun
also indicates that an action was done without any help; this meaning is
often implied.

How to Employ an Emphatic Pronoun in a Sentence?

In most case scenarios, the pronoun that acts as the emphatic
pronoun is seen to be used immediately after the noun it is emphasising. For
example, "You will have to speak to the bank manager himself if you want it
done at the earliest." Meanwhile, there are times when the emphatic pronoun
appears a little farther from the noun it refers to.

The use of capital letters is to highlight or stress a word. Emphatic

pronouns are meant to provide the same e ect. Instead of saying, ‘Can you
believe SHE did it?’, you can say, ‘Can you believe she did it herself?’ Now,
removing an emphatic pronoun from a sentence will not a ect its meaning to
a great extent; however, the purpose behind the thought itself is lost if you
remove it. One point that you will have to remember is that emphatic
pronouns are not to be substituted in the place of other pronouns like me,
him, your, her, them, etc.
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 Di erence between an Emphatic Pronoun and a
Re exive Pronoun
Since both the same words are used both as emphatic pronouns and
re exive pronouns, there are chances you might be confused with them. So,
here is the characteristics that make them di erent from each other to make
it easier for you to understand.

Emphatic Pronoun

- Used to emphasise something or someone

- An emphatic pronoun is mostly found immediately after the noun or

pronoun.

▶ For example: He himself made the cake.

Re exive Pronoun

- To re ect back to the noun or pronoun doing the action in the

sentence.

- On the other hand, can be seen to take the place of both the subject
pronoun and object pronoun in the sentence.

▶ For example: He made the cake for himself.

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Relative pronouns
What are relative pronouns ?
A relative pronoun is a word such as ‘who’, ‘that’, or ‘which’ that is used to
introduce a relative clause and connects it to an independent clause. A
relative pronoun also plays the role of a noun phrase within that clause. For
example, in the relative clause "This is the house which Jack built," "which"
is a pronoun functioning as the object of the verb "built."

These relative pronouns function exactly like adjectives, and so the clauses
they form can also be called adjective clauses.
How to use a relative pronoun
1. We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses to make clear
which person or thing we are talking about. In this kind of relative clause,
we can use that instead of who or which, We can leave out the pronoun if
it is the object of the relative clause.
Ex. This is the house which Jack built. Or This is the house Jack built.
(Jack is the object of built)

2. We also use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses to give more

information about a person, thing or situation. With this kind of relative
clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from the rest of the sentence,
and we cannot leave out the pronoun.
Ex. Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

5 main lists of Relative pronouns

Who refers to a person (as a subject)

Ex. - This is the boy who is my classmate.

- I'm looking for someone who can look after my children while I
attend a seminar.

- I had a friend who cloud speak 5 languages.

Whom refers to a person (as an object)

Ex. - A person whom Haris loves the most is his mother.

- A famous person whom I want to meet is Tom Holland.

Which refers to animals and things

Ex. - This is the cake which Marry made.

- I saw the shoes which you bought last week.

 - His car, which was very old, broke down after just 5 miles.

Whose refers to possession or ownership used for people and animals

Ex. - She is a student whose handwriting is the best in our class.

-The boy whose phone just rang should stand up.

- He is a man whose opinion I respect.

That refers to people, animals, things but informal

Ex. - This is a woman that we met at the market has sent us a wedding
card.

- 5th December is the date that the previous king was born

- Animals that have hair or fur are called mammals.

**We can use “that” instead of who, whom or which to refer to people,
animals and things. “That” is more informal than who or which

Other relative pronouns

What - refers to subject and object. It can be used as a relative pronoun

but it works di erently it doesn't follow on a noun phrase form. It's called a
free relative clause.

Ex. - Rusnee didn’t hear what teacher said last class.

- Anis follows what he said yesterday.

When, Where and Why - refers to time, place and reason. Some
grammars classify them as relative pronouns but these words are usually
regarded as relative adverbs.

Ex. - That was the day when my brother came back home.

- The moon is not seen where the sun shines.

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 - I don’t know the reason why my friend doesn’t like durian.

Compound relative pronouns - Which, who, whom, and what can be

combined with “-ever” to create the compound relative pronouns whichever,
whoever, whomever, and whatever. These words are used as free relative
clauses because they don't follow on a form.

Ex. - He told the story to whoever would listen.

- whichever you choose, you won’t be disappointed.

- He shall have whatever he wishes.

Interrogative Pronouns
What is an Interrogative Pronoun?

An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to make asking

questions easy. Interrogative pronouns are di erent from other pronouns in
that they are not used to refer to anything or anyone in particular. Instead,
they are used to ask questions.There are just ve interrogative pronouns.
Each one is used to ask a very speci c question or indirect question.

How to use an Interrogative Pronoun?

Each of the interrogative pronouns is used to ask very speci c questions

(direct or indirect) about a particular something or someone. The
interrogative pronouns – who, whom and whose refer only to people,
whereas the interrogative pronouns – what and which can refer to things/
objects or people. You would have noticed that the same words are also
used as relative pronouns, often found in complex sentences.
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A direct question is a sentence ending in a question mark.

Examples - Whom is she talking to?

Whose car is this?
What do you want for lunch?
Which of them is the tallest?
Which colour do you prefer?

• An indirect question is a sentence that doesn’t end in a question mark

but still implicitly asks a question, reports a question asked by
someone else, or states whether the answer to a question is known.

Interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns, which

may be found in questions or indirect questions.

Examples

- I wonder whose those sneakers are.

-He asked me what I thought of his tie, and I couldn’t

bring myself to tell him I thought it was a bit much.

-Shauna knows who the winner is, but he won’t tell me.

Even when an indirect question is implicitly a request for information, it

should still end in a period, not a question mark, according to most style
guides.

❌ I was wondering what you think?

✔ I was wondering what you think.
✔ What do you think?

Compound interrogative pronouns

You can add “-ever” to any of the interrogative pronouns mentioned above to
create the compound interrogative pronouns whatever, whichever, whoever,
whomever, and (quite rarely) whosever.

These pronouns are used to add emphasis, suggesting that the question
is particularly perplexing to the person asking it. They are often used in a
facetious way to suggest that you know very well what the answer to your
question is. It’s generally not appropriate to use them in academic writing.
Examples
-Whomever could this scarf belong to?
-Whatever do you mean?
-Whoever is knocking at the door at this time of night?

Conclusion
Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence, and also
used to replace nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition.

The purpose of pronoun is used to replace nouns in a sentence to avoid

repetition.

6 types of pronouns

1) Personal pronoun

refer to the person speaking (1st person pronoun ) , to the person they’re
addressing (2nd person pronoun ), or to other people and things (3rd person
pronoun ). And classify them in Subjects and Objects form such as I, they,
me, them. Possessive form also classify in subjects and objects form such as
my, their, mine, theirs

Ex. We would like to invite Stacy to join us for dinner.

I like my car, but I wish my parents would let me drive theirs sometimes.

2) Demonstrative pronoun

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:

near in distance or time we use this, these

far in distance or time we use that, those

A demonstrative pronoun always stands alone they do not need a noun.

Ex. Those were the best times of my life. (demonstrative pronoun)

Those travels were the best times of my life. (not demonstrative pronoun
 it's called demonstrative adjective)

3) Re exive pronoun

Re exive pronouns are words used when the subject and the object in
a sentence are the same person or thing. They re ect the action back onto
the subject. They are an essential to use in the sentence. The word such as
myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves

Ex. Cinderella cleaned the room herself.

4) Emphatic pronoun

Emphatic pronouns are typically placed after the pronoun or noun they
are emphasising. They do not function as the subject or the object of a verb.
They are not essential to use in the sentence, and they also use same words
with a re exive pronoun.

Ex. Prince William himself attended his father's coronation.

5) Relative pronoun

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that’s used to introduce a relative

clause. The main English relative pronouns are

Who: used to refer to people as the subject of the sentence or clause.

Whom: used to refer to people as the object of the sentence or clause.

Which: used to refer to animals or things.

That: used to refer to people, animals, or things but more informal.

Whose: used to indicate possession.

Ex. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world.
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6) Interrogative pronoun

An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a

question, such as what, which, when, where, who, whom, whose, why,
whether and how.

Direct question - the question that end with question mark ( ? )

Ex. What are you holding in your hands?

Indirect question - the question embedded inside a statement, an order,

or another question, doesn't end with question mark but end with period (.)

Ex. I was asking him whose phone that was.

 Exercise of Pronouns

Today's grandparents are joining their grandchildren

on social media, but the different generations' online
habits couldn't be more different. In the UK the
over-55s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers,
meaning that they will soon be the site's second
biggest user group, with 3.5 million users aged 55–64
and 2.9 million over-65s.

Sheila, aged 59, says, 'I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my
daughter posts videos and photos of them. It's a much better way to see what
they're doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. That's how we did it
when I was a child, but I think I'm lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than
my grandparents did.'

Ironically, Sheila's grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves.

Children under 17 in the UK are leaving the site – only 2.2 million users are under
17 – but they're not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, aged 15, even sleeps
with her phone. 'It's my alarm clock so I have to,' she says. 'I look at it before I go to
sleep and as soon as I wake up.'

Unlike her grandmother's generation, Chloe's age group is spending so much time
on their phones at home that they are missing out on spending time with their
friends in real life. Sheila, on the other hand, has made contact with old friends from
school she hasn't heard from in forty years. 'We use Facebook to arrange to meet
all over the country,' she says. 'It's changed my social life completely.'

Teenagers might have their parents to thank for their smartphone and social media
addiction as their parents were the early adopters of the smartphone. Peter, 38 and
father of two teenagers, reports that he used to be on his phone or laptop
constantly. 'I was always connected and I felt like I was always working,' he says.
'How could I tell my kids to get off their phones if I was always in front of a screen
myself?' So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of his
smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls and
send text messages. 'I'm not completely cut off from the world in case of
emergencies, but the important thing is I'm setting a better example to my kids and
spending more quality time with them.'

Is it only a matter of time until the generation above and below Peter catches up
with the new trend for a less digital life?
 : Read the paragraph, Underline, Analyse, classify the pronouns, and
write them in the paragraph and what they refer to.

Personal Demonstrative Re exive Emphatic Relative Interrogative

pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns
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 Exercise
: Complete the paragraph and use the appropriate pronouns ll in the blank
and what they refer to. Please write down on the next empty
pepper.

I, you, we, they, he, she, it, my, our, your, his, her, its, their

A long time ago, _______ was lived a boy named Rodney in a village. _______ was
very happy with ______ family. But _______ happiness could not last for long. Rodney
and ______ fellow villagers faced a severe drought. _______ desperately waited for rains
but with no luck. All the crops, land and even trees dried up. _______ cattle started dying.
As _________ was no rain, the stream was drying up slowly.

One night, during a meet with the villagers, Rodney said,

"Friends, _______ all have heard tales from ________ grandparents about an
underground river owing through our village. ________ don't we dig and see?" The
villagers agreed and started digging.
________ dug for some days but gave up soon. However, Rodney kept on digging. When
people told _______ to give up, he said, "God is helping and guiding ______ way."
One day, when he had dug deep enough, Rodney saw water.
________ attitude of not giving up saved the whole village. "Never give up so easily,"
Rodney advised all the villagers. Now, ________ are never short of water. And whenever
any problem arises, all the villagers came up together and nd a solution.
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 Group members

Natcha Jomsuriya 662424004

Aneesia Yenprasert 662424030

Nasuha Sudakaring 662424047

Ismah Wongsangiam 662424055

Nasywa Muyassaroh 662424061

Present to
Prof. Sorat Abdulsata

Reading Principle EN2204-1131

Semester 2/2566 Fatoni University

 The Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun

https://foresternet.lakeforest.edu/student-resources/intercultural-relations/
lgbtq

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/personal-pronouns/

https://schoollead.in/personal-pronouns/

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/demonstrative-pronouns/

https://byjus.com/english/emphatic-pronouns/?

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/

https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/interrogative-pronouns/