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SQL Cheat Sheet

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26 views

SQL Cheat Sheet

Uploaded by

monicacotac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Cheat Sheet

Main Syntax
SELECT ...
FROM ...
[LEFT/RIGHT/INNER/OUTER] JOIN ... ON ...
WHERE ...
AND/OR ...
GROUP BY ...
ORDER BY ... [ASC/DESC]
LIMIT ...

SELECT
Choose the columns you want to display (use * to select all columns).
Use functions to calculate things.
Use DISTINCT to eliminate duplicated rows.
Rename columns using AS my_name

Functions - Operations
SUM
COUNT
AVG
MIN/MAX

Functions - Manipulate Data


DATE_TRUNC
REGEXP_REPLACE
COALESCE
CASE WHEN …
LEAST/GREATEST

Examples
SELECT driver_id, driver_name, created_at AS initiated_at
FROM riders

FROM
State the name of the table from which you want to query the data.

JOINs
Think of JOINs as sticking another table to the right of your table stated in the
FROM statement.
Use the ON clause to stick rows from both tables using a key. Rows will be
sticked together if this key matches.

ON
Indicate the columns from both tables to use as the key
SELECT *
FROM table_1
LEFT JOIN table_2 ON table_1.key_1 = table_2.key_2

WHERE, AND/OR
Only the rows that meet the criteria after this clause will be shown.
Use parenthesis () to evaluate conditions in a specific order

Examples
Filtering dates: rows created in January 2020.
SELECT *
FROM my_table
WHERE created_at >= '2020-01-01'
AND created_at < '2020-02-01'

Filtering strings:
SELECT *
FROM my_table
WHERE driver_name = 'José García' -- exact matching
OR driver_name LIKE 'J%' -- starts with 'J'. Notice the positi
on of the '%'
OR driver_name LIKE '%J' -- ends with 'J'
OR driver_name LIKE '%J%' -- has a 'J' anywhere

Filter + joins
SELECT *
FROM table_1
LEFT JOIN table_2 ON table_1.key_1 = table_2 = key_2
WHERE table_1.driver_name = 'José García' -- Notice how we ref
erence a column in a specific table
AND table_2.car_id LIKE '2020%'

Filter like a master: sub-queries.


SELECT *
FROM my_table
WHERE driver_id IN (SELECT id FROM drivers WHERE name LIKE '%J
ose%')
The sub-query returns a list of all the driver_id ’s that meet a specific criteria.

GROUP BY
Used in conjunction with functions in the SELECT statement
Name the columns you wish to GROUP BY

Examples
Basic use

Example: counts the number of different (driver_id, driver_name) combinations:


SELECT driver_id, driver_name, COUNT(*)
FROM rides
GROUP BY driver_id, driver_name

GROUP BY like a pro:


SELECT driver_id, driver_name, COUNT(*)
FROM rides
GROUP BY 1, 2

Columns are referenced by their position in the query:


1 means driver_id
2 means driver_name

ORDER BY
Used to sort the data based on a specific column or columns.
Default order is ASC (ascending)

Examples
Basic use
SELECT driver_id, driver_name, COUNT(*)
FROM rides
GROUP BY driver_id, driver_name
ORDER BY driver_id
ORDER BY like a pro:
SELECT driver_id, driver_name, COUNT(*)
FROM rides
GROUP BY driver_id, driver_name
ORDER BY 3 DESC

Sub-queries
Sub-queries are tables that you can query from.
Each table created this way must have an alias name ( AS my_name )

Example
SELECT driver_id, rides_count - 5 rides_above_threshold
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT driver_id, COUNT(*) rides_count
FROM rides
WHERE created_at >= '2020-01-01'
GROUP BY 1
) AS sub_query_1
WHERE rides_count >= 5
) AS sub_query_2

Common Table Expressions (CTE)


Similar to sub-queries
Use when using too many subqueries
Example
WITH
sub_query_1 AS (
SELECT driver_id, COUNT(*) rides_count
FROM rides
WHERE created_at >= '2020-01-01'
GROUP BY 1
),
sub_query_2 AS (
SELECT *
FROM sub_query_1
WHERE rides_count >= 5
)
SELECT driver_id, rides_count - 5 AS rides_above_threshold
FROM sub_query_2

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