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.;;.;;;.;;.;;.;;.;;.;;.;;.;;.;;.;;; DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUETR SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
INFORMATION SECURITY
[

Guru Nanak Engineering College

Ibrahimpatnam R.R District 501 506 (A.P)
Document No:

Date of
Issue:

GNEC/CSE/LAB
MANUAL/ IS[ ]

Compiled
By:

Authorized
By
HOD CSE

Version :1.1

Date of
Revision:

Verified By:

INDEX

S.No

Contents

Lab Objective

Introduction About Lab

Guidelines to Students

List of Lab Exercises

Page
no
3
4
6
7

4.1 Syllabus Programs (JNTU)

Solutions for Programs

References

8
8
2

LAB OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this lab students will be able to :
1) Socket programming
2) Get an exposure to network sniffers
3) Have an idea to work with different cryptographic algorithms and their
performance evaluation.
4) Exposed to Secure Socket Layers and SSH.
5) Knowledge about e-mail security through S/MIME
6) Exposure to Client Server concept using tcp/ip,blowfish,Pretty Good Privacy.
7) Knowledge about how network conjuction takes place and how buffer overflow
plays an important role.
8) An idea of how firewalls work

INTRODUCTION ABOUT LAB

There are 60 systems ( Compaq Presario ) installed in this Lab.

Their configurations are as follows :
Processor

AMD Athelon 1.67 GHz

RAM

256 MB

Hard Disk

40 GB

Mouse

Optical Mouse

Network Interface card

Present

Software
All systems are configured in DUAL BOOT mode i.e, Students can boot from
Windows XP or Linux as per their lab requirement.
This is very useful for students because they are familiar with different
Operating Systems so that they can execute their programs in different

programming environments.
Each student has a separate login for database access
Oracle 9i client version is installed in all systems. On the server, account for
each student has been created.
This is very useful because students can save their work ( scenarios,
pl/sql programs, data related projects ,etc) in their own accounts. Each
student work is safe and secure from other students.
Latest Technologies like DOT NET and J2EE are installed in some
systems. Before submitting their final project, they can start doing mini
project from 2nd year onwards.

MASM ( Macro Assembler ) is installed in all the systems

Students can execute their assembly language programs using MASM.
MASM is very useful students because when they execute their
programs they can see contents of Processor Registers and how each
instruction is being executed in the CPU.
Rational Rose Software is installed in some systems
Using this software, students can depict UML diagrams of their
projects.
Softwares installed : C, C++, JDK1.5, MASM, OFFICE-XP, J2EE and
DOT NET, Rational Rose.

Systems are provided for students in the 1:1 ratio.

Systems are assigned numbers and same system is allotted for students when they
do the lab.

Guidelines to the Students

How to run the Programs
Step1: Open vi editor
Type the Client programs and server programs with
.C extension
Step2: To save the Program
Shift:wq!
Step3: To compile and run the program
C:\> gcc<program name>.c
C:\>

./<Program name>

Step4: Repeat the step3 for Client program also

TCP/IP Hacking
Step1: Same as above steps
Step2: In tcp/ip directory sniffers programs can be executed
Step3: To execute and run the program
C:\> make

C:\> ./sniffer
Step4: output can be checked in text file created due to step3.

Note: Other Programs also executed in the as above.

List of Lab Exercises

Syllabus Programs ( JNTU )

S.No
1
2

Name of the program

Working with Sniffers for monitoring network
communication (Ethereal).
Understanding of cryptographic algorithms and
implementation of the same in c or c++.

Page.
No.
8-19
20-31

Using open ssl for web server browser

communication.

3
1
3
5

Using GNU PGP.

3
6
3
8

Performance evaluation of various cryptographic

algorithms.

Using IP TABLES on Linux and setting the filtering

rules.

39-60
6
1
7
7

0
7

Configuring S/MIME for email communication

71

Understanding the buffer overflow and format string

attacks.
Using NMAP for ports monitoring.

72-73

Implementation of proxy based security protocols in c or

c++ with feathers like confidentiality, integrity and
authentication.

80

9
10

74-79

1) Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Working with Sniffers for monitoring network communication
(Ethereal).
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Declare the following functions
void Handle_ICMP(char *,int)

void Handle_IGMP(char *,int)

void Handle_TCP(char *,int)
void Handle_UDP(char *,int)
Step3: declaring pointer of type ip header
void Handle_IP(char *buf)
Step4: declaring a structure which holds ip address
struct iphdr *ip_hdr
struct in_addr in
FILE *fp
Step5:Read ctl,len
Step6: ip_hdr=(struct iphdr * )(buf+14)
Step7: fp=fopen("./output/ip.txt","a")
Step8: if(!fp)
perror("fopen")
exit(1)
Step9: output(fp,"\t -------------------------------\n")
Step10:system("date>> ./output/ip.txt")
output(fp,"type of service : %d\n",ip_hdr->tos)
output(fp,"protocol id is %d\n",ip_hdr->protocol)
output(fp,"total len %d\n",ntohs(ip_hdr->tot_len))
output(fp,"fragment offset %d\n",ntohs(ip_hdr->frag_off))
Step11: storing ip address in
Step12: struct in_addr so that we can use inet_ntoa to convert
the same into ascii string
in.s_addr=ip_hdr->saddr
fprintf(fp,"source address is %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
Step13:
Step14:
Step15:

in.s_addr=ip_hdr->daddr
output(fp,"destination address is %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
output(fp,"\t --------------------------------\n")
ctl=ip_hdr->protocol

Step16:

The following statement is used to calculate the combined

length of data link header and ip header
len=(ip_hdr->ihl<<2)+14

Step17:

The following switch statement can be used to invoke

appropriate handle function based on protocol id found

in ip header
switch(ctl)
case ICMP
Handle_ICMP(buf,len);
break
case IGMP:
Handle_IGMP(buf,len);
break
case TCP
Handle_TCP(buf,len);
break
case UDP
Handle_UDP(buf,len);
break
fclose(fp)
Step18:
This file is a part of sniffer, a packet capture utility and
Network monitor.
void Handle_IP(char *)
void Handle_ARP(char *)
void Handle_RARP(char *)
Step19:
declaring a structure which hold link level header information
int main()
struct sockaddr_ll sa
Step20:
pointer for ethernet header
struct ethhdr *eth_hdr
int sockfd,sl,retval,ctl
char buf[2000],*hadd
FILE *fp;
Step21:
The following system call creates raw socket which captures
all protocols
sockfd=socket(PF_PACKET,SOCK_RAW,htons(ETH_P_ALL));
Step22:
if(sockfd<0)
perror("socket")

Step23:
Step24:

fp=fopen("./output/ether.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("fopen")
setvbuf(fp,NULL,_IONBF,0)
The following infinite while loop is used to continuously
capture packets and afterwards the packet will be passed
to appropriate handler

Step25:

while(1)
sl=sizeof(struct sockaddr_ll);
retval=recvfrom(sockfd,buf,2000,0,(struct sockaddr *)&sa,&sl)
if(retval==-1)
perror("recvfrom")
eth_hdr=(struct ethhdr *) buf
output(fp,"\t ----------------------------\n")
system("date>>./output/ether.txt")
hadd=ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)eth_hdr->h_source)
fprintf(fp,"source ethernet address is %s\n",hadd)
hadd=ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)eth_hdr->h_dest)
fprintf(fp,"destination ethernet address is %s\n",hadd)
fprintf(fp,"packet protocol id is %x\n",ntohs(eth_hdr->h_proto))
fprintf(fp,"\t ----------------------------\n")
ctl=ntohs(eth_hdr->h_proto)
switch(ctl)
case 0x0800:
print("received IP packet\n")
Handle_IP(buf)
break
case 0x0806
print("received ARP packet\n")
Handle_ARP(buf)
break
case 0x8035
print("received RARP packet\n")
Handle_RARP(buf)
break
fclose(fp)

Step26:

Step27:

This file is a part of sniffer, a packet capture utility and

Network Monitor
void Handle_ARP(char *buf)
declared pointer of type arp header
struct ether_arp *arp_hdr
struct in_addr in
char *hadd
FILE *fp

11

Step28:

Step29:

Step30:

Step31:

In the following statement we're adjusting the offset so

arp header pointer points to currect location
arp_hdr=(struct ether_arp *) (buf+14)
fp=fopen("./output/arp.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("fopen")
print(fp,"\t --------------------------------\n")
system("date>> ./output/arp.txt")
print(fp,"hardware type : %u\n",ntohs(arp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_hrd))
print(fp,"protocol type : %u\n",ntohs(arp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_pro))
printf(fp,"hardware length : %d\n",arp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_hln)
print(fp,"protocol length : %d\n",arp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_pln)
print(fp,"operation code : %u\n",ntohs(arp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_op))
hadd=ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)arp_hdr->arp_sha)
print(fp,"sender hardware address : %s\n",hadd)
bcopy(arp_hdr->arp_spa,&in.s_addr,4)
print(fp,"sender protocol address : %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
bcopy(arp_hdr->arp_tpa,&in.s_addr,4)
print(fp,"target protocol address : %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
print(fp,"\t ---------------------------------\n")
fclose(fp)
This file is a part of sniffer, a packet capture utility and
Network Monitor
void Handle_RARP(char *buf)
declaring a pointer of type arp header
struct ether_arp *rarp_hdr
struct in_addr in
char *hadd
FILE *fp
The following statement can be used to adjust offset so that
arp header points to currect location
rarp_hdr=(struct ether_arp *) (buf+14)
fp=fopen("./output/rarp.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("fopen")
print(fp,"\t -----------------------------------\n")
system("date>> ./output/rarp.txt")
print(fp,"hardware type : %u\n",ntohs(rarp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_hrd))

Step32:

Step33:
Step34:

Step35:

print(fp,"protocol type : %u\n",ntohs(rarp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_pro))

print(fp,"hardware length : %d\n",rarp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_hln)
print(fp,"protocol length : %d\n",rarp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_pln)
print(fp,"operation code : %u\n",ntohs(rarp_hdr->ea_hdr.ar_op))
hadd=ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)rarp_hdr->arp_sha)
print(fp,"sender hardware address : %s\n",hadd)
bcopy(rarp_hdr->arp_spa,&in.s_addr,4)
print(fp,"sender protocol address : %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
hadd=ether_ntoa((struct ether_addr *)rarp_hdr->arp_tha)
print(fp,"target harware address : %s\n",hadd)
print(fp,"\t ------------------------------------\n")
fclose(fp)
This file is a part of a sniffer, a packet capture utility
and Network monitor
void Handle_ICMP(char *,int)
void Handle_IGMP(char *,int)
void Handle_TCP(char *,int)
void Handle_UDP(char *,int)
void Handle_IP(char *buf)
declaring pointer of type ip header
struct iphdr *ip_hdr
declaring a structure which holds ip address
struct in_addr in
FILE *fp
int ctl,len
In the following statement we're adjusting the offset so that
ip pointer can point to currect location
ip_hdr=(struct iphdr * )(buf+14)
fp=fopen("./output/ip.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("fopen")
print(fp,"\t -------------------------------\n")
system("date>> ./output/ip.txt")
print(fp,"type of service : %d\n",ip_hdr->tos)
print(fp,"protocol id is %d\n",ip_hdr->protocol)
print(fp,"total len %d\n",ntohs(ip_hdr->tot_len))
print(fp,"fragment offset %d\n",ntohs(ip_hdr->frag_off))

Step36:

In the following statement we're storing ip address in

13

struct in_addr so that we can use inet_ntoa to convert

the same into ascii string
in.s_addr=ip_hdr->saddr
print(fp,"source address is %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
in.s_addr=ip_hdr->daddr
print(fp,"destination address is %s\n",inet_ntoa(in))
print(fp,"\t --------------------------------\n")
ctl=ip_hdr->protocol
Step37:
The following statement is used to calculate the combined
length of data link header and ip header
len=(ip_hdr->ihl<<2)+14
Step38:

The following switch statement can be used to invoke

appropriate handle function based on protocol id found
in ip header

Step39:

Step40:

switch(ctl)
case ICMP:
Handle_ICMP(buf,len);
break;
case IGMP:
Handle_IGMP(buf,len);
break;
case TCP:
Handle_TCP(buf,len);
break;
case UDP:
Handle_UDP(buf,len);
break;
This file is part of sniffer, a packet capturing utility and
Network Monitor
void Handle_ICMP(char *buf,int len)
declaring pointer of type icmp header
struct icmphdr *icmp_hdr
FILE *fp
fp=fopen("./output/icmp.txt","a")
if(!fp)

perror("icmp.fopen")
Step41:
The following header is used to adjust offset so that icmp header
can point to currect location
icmp_hdr=(struct icmphdr *) (buf+len);
print(fp,"\t --------------------------------\n")
system("date>> ./output/icmp.txt")
print(fp,"message type : %d\n",icmp_hdr->type)
print(fp,"sub-code : %d\n",icmp_hdr->code)
print(fp,"\t --------------------------------\n")
Step 42:

void Handle_IGMP(char *buf,int len)

declaring pointer of type igmp header
struct igmp *igmp_hdr
declaring a structure to store ip address
struct in_addr in
FILE *fp
igmp_hdr=(struct igmp *) (buf+len)
fp=fopen("./output/igmp.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("igmp.fopen")
print(fp,"\t ---------------------------------\n")
system("date>> ./output/igmp.txt")
print(fp,"igmp type : %d\n",igmp_hdr->igmp_type)

Step43:
Storing ip address in struct in_addr so that we can
execute inet_ntoa() to retreive the same in string
format

Step44:

Step45:

in.s_addr=igmp_hdr->igmp_group.s_addr;
print(fp,"igmp group : %s\n",inet_ntoa(in)
print(fp,"\t ---------------------------------\n")
void Handle_TCP(char *buf,int len)
struct tcphdr *tcp_hdr; // declaring a pointer of type tcp header
FILE *fp
fp=fopen("./output/tcp.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("tcp.fopen")
The following statement is used to adjust the offset so that
tcp header pointer can point to currect location

15

tcp_hdr=(struct tcphdr *) (buf+len)

print(fp,"\t ----------------------------------\n")
system("date>> ./output/tcp.txt")
print(fp,"source port no : %u\n",ntohs(tcp_hdr->source))
print(fp,"destination port no : %u\n",ntohs(tcp_hdr->dest))
print(fp,"seq number : %lu\n",ntohl(tcp_hdr->seq))
print(fp,"ack number : %lu\n",ntohl(tcp_hdr->ack_seq))
print(fp,"window size : %u\n",ntohs(tcp_hdr->window))
print(fp,"\t ----------------------------------\n")

Step 46:

Step47:

Step48:

declaring a pointer of type udp header

void Handle_UDP(char *buf,int len)
struct udphdr *udp_hdr
FILE *fp
fp=fopen("./output/udp.txt","a")
if(!fp)
perror("udp.fopen")
The following statement is used to adjust the offset so that
udp header can point to currect location
udp_hdr=(struct udphdr*) (buf+len)
print(fp,"\t ----------------------------------\n")
system("date>>./output/udp.txt")
print(fp,"source port no : %u\n",ntohs(udp_hdr->source))
print(fp,"destination port no : %u\n",ntohs(udp_hdr->dest))
print(fp,"header length : %u\n",ntohs(udp_hdr->len))
print(fp,"\t ----------------------------------\n")
Stop

Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

Address has to be given

Invalid Data Set:

Invalid address

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

RESULT:
Fri Jul 16 20:03:51 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:03:52 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:03:53 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:03:55 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1

17

sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41

sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:03:56 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:03:57 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:03:59 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:00 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048

hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:01 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:03 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:04 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:05 IST 2004
--------------------------------

19

hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:07 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:08 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:41
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.5
target protocol address : 192.168.100.254
--------------------------------Fri Jul 16 20:04:22 IST 2004
-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 1
sender hardware address : 0:50:bf:d8:48:a1
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.2
target protocol address : 192.168.100.1
---------------------------------

Fri Jul 16 20:04:22 IST 2004

-------------------------------hardware type : 1
protocol type : 2048
hardware length : 6
protocol length : 4
operation code : 2
sender hardware address : 0:2:44:10:f6:47
sender protocol address : 192.168.100.1
target protocol address : 192.168.100.2

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What is security attack?
2. What is Security mechanism?
3. What is security services?
4. Name the types of attacks?
5. What is a Sniffer?
6. How is threat different from attack?

(2)

Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Understanding of cryptographic algorithms and implementation of the

same in c or c++.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM, 40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:
Step1:

Start
21

Step2: read 64-bit plain text

64-bit key
Step3: Initial permutation
Permutation choice 1
L(i-1)
R(i-1)
C(i-1)
D(i-1)
Step4: Expansion/
Permutation
(E table)
Left shift(s)
Left shift
Permutation/
Contraction
(Permutated choice 2)
Step5: XOR
Substitution choice (S-box)
Permutation
XOR
R (i)
L (i)
Exit
i<=16
C(i)
D(i)
Step6: Stop

Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

Numbers should be prime

Invalid Data Set:

Integers which are not prime numbers

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Result:

Enter the string of 8 chars

SREERAMA
01010011010100100100010101000101010100100100000101001101010000011111
1111
0001001
1010011
0011101
1010000
0000000
0000001
0000000
0010011
r1: 100000000000000000000000001000000000000010100110
key 010000011101011110001101101111100110001110101010
110000011101011110001101100111100110001100001100
1000temp is 15
1110temp is 11
1111temp is 8
0110temp is 0
0011temp is 7
0011temp is 5
0110temp is 8
0110temp is 11
b1 is
1111
1011
1000
0000
0111
0101
1000
1011
11111011100000000111010110001011after substn
01101000100011101110101110001011xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
00000000000000000100000000010011
10010111100111011010011101100110r1:
010010101111110011111011110100001110101100001101

23

key111111100010010011101000000101110110110100110111
101101001101100000010011110001111000011000111010
0110temp is 1
0110temp is 8
0000temp is 13
1001temp is 7
1000temp is 6
1100temp is 1
1100temp is 5
1101temp is 3
b1 is
0001
1000
1101
0111
0110
0001
0101
0011
00011000110101110110000101010011after substn
10000110010111110011100110000010xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
10010111100111011010011101100110
10000110010111110111100110010001r1:
110000001100001011111110101111110011110010100011
key110110101100111000111000011011110000100111010100
000110100000110011000110110100000011010101110111
0011temp is 1
0000temp is 0
1001temp is 15
0011temp is 3
1010temp is 12
0001temp is 15
1010temp is 5
1011temp is 0
b1 is
0001
0000
1111
0011
1100

1111
0101
0000
00010000111100111100111101010000after substn
10010111011101010010000100001110xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
10000110010111110111100110010001
00000000111010001000011001101000r1:
000000000001011101010001010000001100001101010000
key110011001011101100011110110000011110000111011111
110011001010110001001111100000010010001010001111
1001temp is 11
0101temp is 11
1000temp is 4
0111temp is 3
0000temp is 4
1001temp is 13
0101temp is 0
0111temp is 4
b1 is
1011
1011
0100
0011
0100
1101
0000
0100
10111011010000110100110100000100after substn
11010000110011010110001000101010xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
00000000111010001000011001101000
01010110100100100001101110111011r1:
101010101101010010100100000011110111110111110110
key001001101011111001001111011001111001011010001101
100011000110101011101011011010001110101101111011
0001temp is 12
0011temp is 14
0101temp is 9
0101temp is 1

25

1101temp is 0
0111temp is 8
0110temp is 10
1101temp is 5
b1 is
1100
1110
1001
0001
0000
1000
1010
0101
11001110100100010000100010100101after substn
11010100100010001000110100110001xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
01010110100100100001101110111011
11010100011000000000101101011001r1:
111010101000001100000000000001010110101011110011
key011010110111110001100010110110100001010111101111
100000011111111101100010110111110111111100011100
0000temp is 4
1111temp is 5
1110temp is 2
0001temp is 6
1011temp is 9
1011temp is 7
1110temp is 9
1110temp is 12
b1 is
0100
0101
0010
0110
1001
0111
1001
1100
01000101001001101001011110011100after substn
00101011011000001111000000111101xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round

11010100011000000000101101011001
01111101111100101110101110000110r1:
001111111011111110100101011101010111110000001100
key111010001110110111111000000011101101101110101101
110101110101001001011101011110111010011110100001
1010temp is 3
1010temp is 7
0100temp is 3
1110temp is 14
1111temp is 9
1101temp is 13
1111temp is 1
0000temp is 2
b1 is
0011
0111
0011
1110
1001
1101
0001
0010
00110111001111101001110100010010after substn
01110111010000100111001001011110xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
01111101111100101110101110000110
10100011001000100111100100000111r1:
110100000110100100000100001111110010100000001111
key110101001110011100011011010100100111110111110001
000001001000111000011111011011010101010111111110
0000temp is 0
0100temp is 6
1100temp is 5
1111temp is 9
1101temp is 9
1010temp is 13
1011temp is 12
1111temp is 8
b1 is
0000

27

0110
0101
1001
1001
1101
1100
1000
00000110010110011001110111001000after substn
11111101000100010010000001011001xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
10100011001000100111100100000111
10000000111000111100101111011111r1:
110000000001011100000111111001010111111011111111
key101111100100101111100110111011001111100001010111
011111100101110011100001000010011000011010101000
1111temp is 8
0010temp is 10
1001temp is 15
0000temp is 3
0001temp is 12
1100temp is 14
1101temp is 10
0100temp is 9
b1 is
1000
1010
1111
0011
1100
1110
1010
1001
10001010111100111100111010101001after substn
11011101111011010000110100001101xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
10000000111000111100101111011111
01111110110011110111010000001010r1:
001111111101011001011110101110101000000001010100
key101110100111001100101001101001111100011011111010
100001011010010101110111000111010100011010101110

0000temp is 15
1101temp is 0
1010temp is 5
1011temp is 11
0011temp is 12
1010temp is 3
1101temp is 10
0111temp is 2
b1 is
1111
0000
0101
1011
1100
0011
1010
0010
11110000010110111100001110100010after substn
10000101111001111010011001000011xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
01111110110011110111010000001010
00000101000001000110110110011100r1:
000000001010100000001000001101011011110011111000
key100010010001011101111101100111011001111101000011
100010011011111101110101101010000010001110111011
0001temp is 1
1101temp is 9
1110temp is 2
1010temp is 5
0101temp is 13
0001temp is 1
0111temp is 13
1101temp is 5
b1 is
0001
1001
0010
0101
1101
0001
1101

29

0101
00011001001001011101000111010101after substn
10100011000111000111100000100111xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
00000101000001000110110110011100
11011101110100110000110000101101r1:
111011111011111010100110100001011000000101011011
key110001010101101011011101100111101100011001110100
001010101110010001111011000110110100011100101111
0101temp is 15
0111temp is 1
1000temp is 2
1101temp is 7
0011temp is 1
1010temp is 4
1110temp is 6
0111temp is 13
b1 is
1111
0001
0010
0111
0001
0100
0110
1101
11110001001001110001010001101101after substn
10101000110100001101111000101110xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
11011101110100110000110000101101
10101101110101001011001110110010r1:
010101011011111010101001010110100111110110100101
key000101111111101111100000010110011110111111000100
010000100100010101001001000000111001001001100001
1000temp is 3
0010temp is 7
1010temp is 5
0100temp is 6
0000temp is 2
1100temp is 6

0100temp is 4
0000temp is 2
b1 is
0011
0111
0101
0110
0010
0110
0100
0010
00110111010101100010011001000010after substn
01000100011100110101001010011010xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
10101101110101001011001110110010
10011001101000000101111010110111r1:
110011110011110100000000001011111101010110101111
key100110100111110111100011101110001110010010011001
010101010100000011100011100101110011000100110110
1010temp is 12
1010temp is 2
0001temp is 7
0001temp is 15
0010temp is 12
1001temp is 14
0010temp is 2
1011temp is 13
b1 is
1100
0010
0111
1111
1100
1110
0010
1101
11000010011111111100111000101101after substn
11011101111001011001110001101100xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
10011001101000000101111010110111
01110000001100010010111111011110r1:

31

001110100000000110100010100101011111111011111100
key111110010110011101001101111010110111011000000111
110000110110011011101111011111101000100011111011
1000temp is 15
1011temp is 6
1101temp is 11
0111temp is 8
1111temp is 6
0100temp is 2
0001temp is 11
1101temp is 5
b1 is
1111
0110
1011
1000
0110
0010
1011
0101
11110110101110000110001010110101after substn
01000110101001001000111111110111xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
01110000001100010010111111011110
11011111000001001101000101000000r1:
011011111110100000001001011010100010101000000001
key001011110011110010111110001010111001101110110011
010000001101010010110111010000011011000110110010
1000temp is 3
0110temp is 8
1001temp is 13
1011temp is 11
1000temp is 8
1101temp is 11
0011temp is 14
1001temp is 6
b1 is
0011
1000
1101

1011
1000
1011
1110
0110
00111000110110111000101111100110after substn
10010101011110110010011101100011xor l[i] with res[i]
left and right for next round
11011111000001001101000101000000
11100101010010100000100010111101
after swapping
1110010101001010000010001011110111011111000001001101000101000000outpu
t is
1100100110010000111000011001010110001001010000011101101011001001

Viva Voce Questions:

What is cryptography
What is encryption and decryption
What is the key size in blowfish & how many number of rounds are
performed.
Which are the mathematical operations that are different from other
algorithms
Explain the convention encryption principles
Explain the classification of cryptographic system.
3) Name of the Experiment:
AIM: Using open ssl for web server browser communication.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:
Generate Your Private Key
33

openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024

[enter a password]
[confirm your password]
Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

Not applicable

Invalid Data Set:

Not applicable

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Result:

Certificate Signing Request (CSR)

openssl req -key server.key -out server.csr
[enter your private key password]
[enter your two character country code]
[enter your full state or province name]
[enter your city name]
[enter your company name]
[enter your organizational unit or leave it blank]
[enter your common name or fqdn]
[enter your admin email address]
[leave the rest of the attributes blank]

cat server.csr

Sign Your Certificate Signing Request

openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
[enter your private key password]

35

Remove the PassPhrase From Your Private Key

cp server.key server.key.secure
openssl rsa -in server.key.secure -out server.key
[enter your private key password]

Install Your Certificate and Private Key

mv server.csr /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.csr/host_domain_tld.csr
mv server.crt /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/host_domain_tld.crt
mv server.key /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/host_domain_tld.key
mv server.key.secure /etc/httpd/conf/host_domain_tld.key.secure

chmod 400 /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.csr/host_domain_tld.csr

chmod 400 /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/host_domain_tld.crt
chmod 400 /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/host_domain_tld.key
chmod 400 /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/host_domain_tld.key.secure

Configure Your Apache SSL Virtual Host

service httpd restart

Test Your Apache SSL Virtual Host

Viva-Voce Questions:
What is open SSL.
Explain the architecture of secure socket layer
What are the two services that SSl recprd protocol provides.
How many keys are used in open ssl communication

37

How does a cipher text look in openssl after first key use

Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Using GNU PGP.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start
Step2: read int listfd,connfd,retval
pid_t childpid
socklen_t clilen
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr, servaddr
listfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)
Step3: if (listfd < 0)
perror("sock:")
bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr))
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY)
servaddr.sin_port = htons(8000)
retval = bind(listfd, (struct sockaddr *) &servaddr,
sizeof(servaddr))
Step4 : if(retval < 0)
perror("bind:")
listen(listfd, 5)
Step5:

while(1)
clilen = sizeof(cliaddr)
connfd = accept(listfd, (struct sockaddr *) &cliaddr,
&clilen)
print(" client connected \n")

print("
client's
%d\n",htons(cliaddr.sin_port))
Step6:

port

no

char *serv_ip = "127.0.0.1"

int sockfd,ret_val
39

struct sockaddr_in servaddr

sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)
bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr))
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET
servaddr.sin_port = htons(8000)
inet_pton(AF_INET, serv_ip, &servaddr.sin_addr)
ret_val = connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &servaddr,
sizeof(servaddr));
if(ret_val <0 ){
perror("connect:");
printf(" client established connection with server\n")
Step7:

Stop

Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

System IP Address has to be input

Invalid Data Set:

Invalid IP address

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Viva Voce Questions:

What is PGP?
Explain the PGP services.
How is confidentiality and authentication in PGP
cryptographic function?
What is session key
Explain how secure hash function helps in PGP

Name of the Experiment

AIM: Performance evaluation of various cryptographic algorithms.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W:
H/W:

Turbo C
Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:

41

Step1: Start
Step2: unsigned long F(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned int x)
unsigned short a, b, c, d
unsigned int y
d = x & 0x00FF
x >>= 8
c = x & 0x00FF
x >>= 8
b = x & 0x00FF
x >>= 8
a = x & 0x00FF
y = ctx->S[0][a] + ctx->S[1][b]
y = y ^ ctx->S[2][c]
y = y + ctx->S[3][d]
return y
Step3:

void Blowfish_Encrypt(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned

int *xl, unsigned int *xr)
unsigned int Xl
unsigned int Xr
unsigned int temp
int ii,i
Xl = *xl
Xr = *xr
for (i = 0; i < N; ++i)
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[i]

Xr = F(ctx, Xl) ^ Xr
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
Xr = Xr ^ ctx->P[N]
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[N + 1]
*xl = Xl
*xr = Xr
Step4:

void Blowfish_Decrypt(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned

int *xl, unsigned int *xr)
unsigned int Xl
unsigned int Xr
unsigned int temp
int ii,i
Xl = *xl
Xr = *xr
for (i = N + 1; i > 1; --i)
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[i]
Xr = F(ctx, Xl) ^ Xr
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp

43

temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
Xr = Xr ^ ctx->P[1]
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[0]
*xl = Xl
*xr = Xr
Step5:

void Blowfish_Init(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned char

*key, int KeyLen)
unsigned int Xl
int i, j, k
unsigned int data, datal, datar

for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)

for (j = 0; j < 256; j++)
ctx->S[i][j] = ORIG_S[i][j]
j=0
for (i = 0; i < N + 2; ++i)
data = 0x00000000
for (k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
data = (data << 8) | key[j]
j=j+1
if (j >= KeyLen)
j=0
ctx->P[i] = ORIG_P[i] ^ data

datal = 0x00000000
datar = 0x00000000
for (i = 0; i < N + 2; i += 2)
Blowfish_Encrypt(ctx, &datal, &datar)
ctx->P[i] = datal
ctx->P[i + 1] = datar
for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
for (j = 0; j < 256; j += 2)
Blowfish_Encrypt(ctx, &datal, &datar)
ctx->S[i][j] = datal
ctx->S[i][j + 1] = datar
int Blowfish_Test(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx)
unsigned int L = 1, R = 2
Blowfish_Init(ctx, (unsigned char*)"TESTKEY", 7)
Blowfish_Encrypt(ctx, &L, &R)
if (L != 0xDF333FD2L || R != 0x30A71BB4L) return (-1)
Blowfish_Decrypt(ctx, &L, &R)
if (L != 1 || R != 2) return (-1); return (0)
extern unsigned char ciphertext_buffer[256]
extern unsigned char *ciphertext_string
int startEncryption(char *plaintext_string,char *key)
BLOWFISH_CTX ctx
unsigned int message_left
unsigned int message_right
int keylen=strlen(key)

45

int block_len,plaintext_len=strlen(plaintext_string)
int ciphertext_len=0
ciphertext_string=&ciphertext_buffer[0]
Blowfish_Init(&ctx, (unsigned char *)key, keylen)
print("Plaintext message string is: %s\n", plaintext_string)
Step 6: encrypt the plaintext message string
print("Encrypted message string is: ")

while (plaintext_len)
message_left = message_right = 0UL
Step7:

crack the message string into a 64-bit block (ok, really

two 32-bit blocks); pad with zeros if necessary
for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_left = message_left << 8
if (plaintext_len)
message_left += *plaintext_string++
plaintext_len-else message_left += 0
for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_right = message_right << 8
if (plaintext_len)
message_right += *plaintext_string++
plaintext_len-else message_right += 0

Step8:

encrypt and print the results

Blowfish_Encrypt(&ctx, &message_left, &message_right)

printf("%lx%lx", message_left, message_right)
Step9:

save the results for decryption below

*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_left >> 24)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_left >> 16)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_left >> 8)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)message_left
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_right >> 24)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_right >> 16)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_right >> 8)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)message_right
ciphertext_len += 8
print("\n")
ciphertext_string = &ciphertext_buffer[0]
printf("ciphertext_len: %d\n",ciphertext_len)
return ciphertext_len

Step10:

void startDecryption(unsigned char *ciphertext_string,char

ciphertext_len,char *key)
BLOWFISH_CTX ctx
unsigned int message_left
unsigned int message_right
int block_len
int keylen=strlen(key)
Blowfish_Init(&ctx, (unsigned char *)key, keylen)
printf("Decrypted message string is: ")

47

printf("cipher Len: %d\n",ciphertext_len)

while(ciphertext_len)
message_left = message_right = 0UL
for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_left = message_left << 8
message_left += *ciphertext_string++
if (ciphertext_len)
ciphertext_len-for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_right = message_right << 8
message_right += *ciphertext_string++
if (ciphertext_len)
ciphertext_len--;
Blowfish_Decrypt(&ctx, &message_left, &message_right);
Step11:

if plaintext message string padded, extra zeros here

print("%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c")
(int)(message_left >> 24), (int)(message_left >> 16),
(int)(message_left >> 8), (int)(message_left),
(int)(message_right >> 24), (int)(message_right >> 16),
(int)(message_right >> 8), (int)(message_right))

Step12:

Blowfish algorithm implemented on Server side and on Client side

also the same file will be used.
typedef struct
unsigned int P[16 + 2]
unsigned int S[4][256]

BLOWFISH_CTX
static const unsigned long ORIG_P[16 + 2] =
0x85A308D3L, 0x13198A2EL, 0x03707344L,

0x243F6A88L,

0xA4093822L, 0x299F31D0L, 0x082EFA98L,

0xEC4E6C89L,
0x452821E6L, 0x38D01377L, 0xBE5466CFL,
0x34E90C6CL,
0xC0AC29B7L, 0xC97C50DDL, 0x3F84D5B5L,
0xB5470917L,
0x9216D5D9L, 0x8979FB1BL
Step13:

static const unsigned long ORIG_S[4][256] = {

{
0xD1310BA6L, 0x98DFB5ACL, 0x2FFD72DBL,
0xD01ADFB7L,
0xB8E1AFEDL, 0x6A267E96L, 0xBA7C9045L,
0xF12C7F99L,
0x24A19947L, 0xB3916CF7L, 0x0801F2E2L,
0x858EFC16L,
0x636920D8L, 0x71574E69L, 0xA458FEA3L,
0xF4933D7EL,
0x0D95748FL, 0x728EB658L, 0x718BCD58L,
0x82154AEEL,
0x7B54A41DL, 0xC25A59B5L, 0x9C30D539L,
0x2AF26013L,
0xC5D1B023L, 0x286085F0L, 0xCA417918L,
0xB8DB38EFL,
0x8E79DCB0L, 0x603A180EL, 0x6C9E0E8BL,
0xB01E8A3EL,
0xD71577C1L, 0xBD314B27L, 0x78AF2FDAL,
0x55605C60L,
0xE65525F3L, 0xAA55AB94L, 0x57489862L,
0x63E81440L,
49

0x55CA396AL, 0x2AAB10B6L, 0xB4CC5C34L,

0x1141E8CEL,
0xA15486AFL, 0x7C72E993L, 0xB3EE1411L,
0x636FBC2AL,
0x2BA9C55DL, 0x741831F6L, 0xCE5C3E16L,
0x9B87931EL,
0xAFD6BA33L, 0x6C24CF5CL, 0x7A325381L,
0x28958677L,
0x3B8F4898L, 0x6B4BB9AFL, 0xC4BFE81BL,
0x66282193L,
0x61D809CCL, 0xFB21A991L, 0x487CAC60L,
0x5DEC8032L,
0xEF845D5DL, 0xE98575B1L, 0xDC262302L,
0xEB651B88L,
0x23893E81L, 0xD396ACC5L, 0x0F6D6FF3L,
0x83F44239L,
0x2E0B4482L, 0xA4842004L, 0x69C8F04AL,
0x9E1F9B5EL,
0x21C66842L, 0xF6E96C9AL, 0x670C9C61L,
0xABD388F0L,
0x6A51A0D2L, 0xD8542F68L, 0x960FA728L,
0xAB5133A3L,
0x6EEF0B6CL, 0x137A3BE4L, 0xBA3BF050L,
0x7EFB2A98L,
0xA1F1651DL, 0x39AF0176L, 0x66CA593EL,
0x82430E88L,
0x8CEE8619L, 0x456F9FB4L, 0x7D84A5C3L,
0x3B8B5EBEL,
0xE06F75D8L, 0x85C12073L, 0x401A449FL,
0x56C16AA6L,
0x4ED3AA62L, 0x363F7706L, 0x1BFEDF72L,
0x429B023DL,

0x37D0D724L, 0xD00A1248L, 0xDB0FEAD3L,

0x49F1C09BL,
0x075372C9L, 0x80991B7BL, 0x25D479D8L,
0xF6E8DEF7L,
0xE3FE501AL, 0xB6794C3BL, 0x976CE0BDL,
0x04C006BAL,
0xC1A94FB6L, 0x409F60C4L, 0x5E5C9EC2L,
0x196A2463L,
0x68FB6FAFL, 0x3E6C53B5L, 0x1339B2EBL,
0x3B52EC6FL,
0x6DFC511FL, 0x9B30952CL, 0xCC814544L,
0xAF5EBD09L,
0xBEE3D004L, 0xDE334AFDL, 0x660F2807L,
0x192E4BB3L,
0xC0CBA857L, 0x45C8740FL, 0xD20B5F39L,
0xB9D3FBDBL,
0x5579C0BDL, 0x1A60320AL, 0xD6A100C6L,
0x402C7279L,
0x679F25FEL, 0xFB1FA3CCL, 0x8EA5E9F8L,
0xDB3222F8L,
0x3C7516DFL, 0xFD616B15L, 0x2F501EC8L,
0xAD0552ABL,
0x323DB5FAL, 0xFD238760L, 0x53317B48L,
0x3E00DF82L,
0x9E5C57BBL, 0xCA6F8CA0L, 0x1A87562EL,
0xDF1769DBL,
0xD542A8F6L, 0x287EFFC3L, 0xAC6732C6L,
0x8C4F5573L,
0x695B27B0L, 0xBBCA58C8L, 0xE1FFA35DL,
0xB8F011A0L,
0x10FA3D98L, 0xFD2183B8L, 0x4AFCB56CL,
0x2DD1D35BL,
51

0x9A53E479L, 0xB6F84565L, 0xD28E49BCL,

0x4BFB9790L,
0xE1DDF2DAL, 0xA4CB7E33L, 0x62FB1341L,
0xCEE4C6E8L,
0xEF20CADAL, 0x36774C01L, 0xD07E9EFEL,
0x2BF11FB4L,
0x95DBDA4DL, 0xAE909198L, 0xEAAD8E71L,
0x6B93D5A0L,
0xD08ED1D0L, 0xAFC725E0L, 0x8E3C5B2FL,
0x8E7594B7L,
0x8FF6E2FBL, 0xF2122B64L, 0x8888B812L,
0x900DF01CL,
0x4FAD5EA0L, 0x688FC31CL, 0xD1CFF191L,
0xB3A8C1ADL,
0x2F2F2218L, 0xBE0E1777L, 0xEA752DFEL,
0x8B021FA1L,
0xE5A0CC0FL, 0xB56F74E8L, 0x18ACF3D6L,
0xCE89E299L,
0xB4A84FE0L, 0xFD13E0B7L, 0x7CC43B81L,
0xD2ADA8D9L,
0x165FA266L, 0x80957705L, 0x93CC7314L,
0x211A1477L,
0xE6AD2065L, 0x77B5FA86L, 0xC75442F5L,
0xFB9D35CFL,
0xEBCDAF0CL, 0x7B3E89A0L, 0xD6411BD3L,
0xAE1E7E49L,
0x00250E2DL, 0x2071B35EL, 0x226800BBL,
0x57B8E0AFL,
0x2464369BL, 0xF009B91EL, 0x5563911DL,
0x59DFA6AAL,
0x78C14389L, 0xD95A537FL, 0x207D5BA2L,
0x02E5B9C5L,

0x83260376L, 0x6295CFA9L, 0x11C81968L,

0x4E734A41L,
0xB3472DCAL, 0x7B14A94AL, 0x1B510052L,
0x9A532915L,
0xD60F573FL, 0xBC9BC6E4L, 0x2B60A476L,
0x81E67400L,
0x08BA6FB5L, 0x571BE91FL, 0xF296EC6BL,
0x2A0DD915L,
0xB6636521L, 0xE7B9F9B6L, 0xFF34052EL,
0xC5855664L,
0x53B02D5DL, 0xA99F8FA1L, 0x08BA4799L,
0x6E85076AL },
{
0x4B7A70E9L, 0xB5B32944L, 0xDB75092EL,
0xC4192623L,
0xAD6EA6B0L, 0x49A7DF7DL, 0x9CEE60B8L,
0x8FEDB266L,
0xECAA8C71L, 0x699A17FFL, 0x5664526CL,
0xC2B19EE1L,
0x193602A5L, 0x75094C29L, 0xA0591340L,
0xE4183A3EL,
0x3F54989AL, 0x5B429D65L, 0x6B8FE4D6L,
0x99F73FD6L,
0xA1D29C07L, 0xEFE830F5L, 0x4D2D38E6L,
0xF0255DC1L,
0x4CDD2086L, 0x8470EB26L, 0x6382E9C6L,
0x021ECC5EL,
0x09686B3FL, 0x3EBAEFC9L, 0x3C971814L,
0x6B6A70A1L,
0x687F3584L, 0x52A0E286L, 0xB79C5305L,
0xAA500737L,
0x3E07841CL, 0x7FDEAE5CL, 0x8E7D44ECL,
0x5716F2B8L,
53

0xB03ADA37L, 0xF0500C0DL, 0xF01C1F04L,

0x0200B3FFL,
0xAE0CF51AL, 0x3CB574B2L, 0x25837A58L,
0xDC0921BDL,
0xD19113F9L, 0x7CA92FF6L, 0x94324773L,
0x22F54701L,
0x3AE5E581L, 0x37C2DADCL, 0xC8B57634L,
0x9AF3DDA7L,
0xA9446146L, 0x0FD0030EL, 0xECC8C73EL,
0xA4751E41L,
0xE238CD99L, 0x3BEA0E2FL, 0x3280BBA1L,
0x183EB331L,
0x4E548B38L, 0x4F6DB908L, 0x6F420D03L,
0xF60A04BFL,
0x2CB81290L, 0x24977C79L, 0x5679B072L,
0xBCAF89AFL,
0xDE9A771FL, 0xD9930810L, 0xB38BAE12L,
0xDCCF3F2EL,
0x5512721FL, 0x2E6B7124L, 0x501ADDE6L,
0x9F84CD87L,
0x7A584718L, 0x7408DA17L, 0xBC9F9ABCL,
0xE94B7D8CL,
0xEC7AEC3AL, 0xDB851DFAL, 0x63094366L,
0xC464C3D2L,
0xEF1C1847L, 0x3215D908L, 0xDD433B37L,
0x24C2BA16L,
0x12A14D43L, 0x2A65C451L, 0x50940002L,
0x133AE4DDL,
0x71DFF89EL, 0x10314E55L, 0x81AC77D6L,
0x5F11199BL,
0x043556F1L, 0xD7A3C76BL, 0x3C11183BL,
0x5924A509L,

0xF28FE6EDL, 0x97F1FBFAL, 0x9EBABF2CL,

0x1E153C6EL,
0x86E34570L, 0xEAE96FB1L, 0x860E5E0AL,
0x5A3E2AB3L,
0x771FE71CL, 0x4E3D06FAL, 0x2965DCB9L,
0x99E71D0FL,
0x803E89D6L, 0x5266C825L, 0x2E4CC978L,
0x9C10B36AL,
0xC6150EBAL, 0x94E2EA78L, 0xA5FC3C53L,
0x1E0A2DF4L,
0xF2F74EA7L, 0x361D2B3DL, 0x1939260FL,
0x19C27960L,
0x5223A708L, 0xF71312B6L, 0xEBADFE6EL,
0xEAC31F66L,
0xE3BC4595L, 0xA67BC883L, 0xB17F37D1L,
0x018CFF28L,
0xC332DDEFL, 0xBE6C5AA5L, 0x65582185L,
0x68AB9802L,
0xEECEA50FL, 0xDB2F953BL, 0x2AEF7DADL,
0x5B6E2F84L,
0x1521B628L, 0x29076170L, 0xECDD4775L,
0x619F1510L,
0x13CCA830L, 0xEB61BD96L, 0x0334FE1EL,
0xAA0363CFL,
0xB5735C90L, 0x4C70A239L, 0xD59E9E0BL,
0xCBAADE14L,
0xEECC86BCL, 0x60622CA7L, 0x9CAB5CABL,
0xB2F3846EL,
0x648B1EAFL, 0x19BDF0CAL, 0xA02369B9L,
0x655ABB50L,
0x40685A32L, 0x3C2AB4B3L, 0x319EE9D5L,
0xC021B8F7L,
55

0x9B540B19L, 0x875FA099L, 0x95F7997EL,

0x623D7DA8L,
0xF837889AL, 0x97E32D77L, 0x11ED935FL,
0x16681281L,
0x0E358829L, 0xC7E61FD6L, 0x96DEDFA1L,
0x7858BA99L,
0x57F584A5L, 0x1B227263L, 0x9B83C3FFL,
0x1AC24696L,
0xCDB30AEBL, 0x532E3054L, 0x8FD948E4L,
0x6DBC3128L,
0x58EBF2EFL, 0x34C6FFEAL, 0xFE28ED61L,
0xEE7C3C73L,
0x5D4A14D9L, 0xE864B7E3L, 0x42105D14L,
0x203E13E0L,
0x45EEE2B6L, 0xA3AAABEAL, 0xDB6C4F15L,
0xFACB4FD0L,
0xC742F442L, 0xEF6ABBB5L, 0x654F3B1DL,
0x41CD2105L,
0xD81E799EL, 0x86854DC7L, 0xE44B476AL,
0x3D816250L,
0xCF62A1F2L, 0x5B8D2646L, 0xFC8883A0L,
0xC1C7B6A3L,
0x7F1524C3L, 0x69CB7492L, 0x47848A0BL,
0x5692B285L,
0x095BBF00L, 0xAD19489DL, 0x1462B174L,
0x23820E00L,
0x58428D2AL, 0x0C55F5EAL, 0x1DADF43EL,
0x233F7061L,
0x3372F092L, 0x8D937E41L, 0xD65FECF1L,
0x6C223BDBL,
0x7CDE3759L, 0xCBEE7460L, 0x4085F2A7L,
0xCE77326EL,

0xA6078084L, 0x19F8509EL, 0xE8EFD855L,

0x61D99735L,
0xA969A7AAL, 0xC50C06C2L, 0x5A04ABFCL,
0x800BCADCL,
0x9E447A2EL, 0xC3453484L, 0xFDD56705L,
0x0E1E9EC9L,
0xDB73DBD3L, 0x105588CDL, 0x675FDA79L,
0xE3674340L,
0xC5C43465L, 0x713E38D8L, 0x3D28F89EL,
0xF16DFF20L,
0x153E21E7L, 0x8FB03D4AL, 0xE6E39F2BL,
0xDB83ADF7L },
{
0xE93D5A68L, 0x948140F7L, 0xF64C261CL,
0x94692934L,
0x411520F7L, 0x7602D4F7L, 0xBCF46B2EL,
0xD4A20068L,
0xD4082471L, 0x3320F46AL, 0x43B7D4B7L,
0x500061AFL,
0x1E39F62EL, 0x97244546L, 0x14214F74L,
0xBF8B8840L,
0x4D95FC1DL, 0x96B591AFL, 0x70F4DDD3L,
0x66A02F45L,
0xBFBC09ECL, 0x03BD9785L, 0x7FAC6DD0L,
0x31CB8504L,
0x96EB27B3L, 0x55FD3941L, 0xDA2547E6L,
0xABCA0A9AL,
0x28507825L, 0x530429F4L, 0x0A2C86DAL,
0xE9B66DFBL,
0x68DC1462L, 0xD7486900L, 0x680EC0A4L,
0x27A18DEEL,
0x4F3FFEA2L, 0xE887AD8CL, 0xB58CE006L,
0x7AF4D6B6L,
57

0xAACE1E7CL, 0xD3375FECL, 0xCE78A399L,

0x406B2A42L,
0x20FE9E35L, 0xD9F385B9L, 0xEE39D7ABL,
0x3B124E8BL,
0x1DC9FAF7L, 0x4B6D1856L, 0x26A36631L,
0xEAE397B2L,
0x3A6EFA74L, 0xDD5B4332L, 0x6841E7F7L,
0xCA7820FBL,
0xFB0AF54EL, 0xD8FEB397L, 0x454056ACL,
0xBA489527L,
0x55533A3AL, 0x20838D87L, 0xFE6BA9B7L,
0xD096954BL,
0x55A867BCL, 0xA1159A58L, 0xCCA92963L,
0x99E1DB33L,
0xA62A4A56L, 0x3F3125F9L, 0x5EF47E1CL,
0x9029317CL,
0xFDF8E802L, 0x04272F70L, 0x80BB155CL,
0x05282CE3L,
0x95C11548L, 0xE4C66D22L, 0x48C1133FL,
0xC70F86DCL,
0x07F9C9EEL, 0x41041F0FL, 0x404779A4L,
0x5D886E17L,
0x325F51EBL, 0xD59BC0D1L, 0xF2BCC18FL,
0x41113564L,
0x257B7834L, 0x602A9C60L, 0xDFF8E8A3L,
0x1F636C1BL,
0x0E12B4C2L, 0x02E1329EL, 0xAF664FD1L,
0xCAD18115L,
0x6B2395E0L, 0x333E92E1L, 0x3B240B62L,
0xEEBEB922L,
0x85B2A20EL, 0xE6BA0D99L, 0xDE720C8CL,
0x2DA2F728L,

0xD0127845L, 0x95B794FDL, 0x647D0862L,

0xE7CCF5F0L,
0x5449A36FL, 0x877D48FAL, 0xC39DFD27L,
0xF33E8D1EL,
0x0A476341L, 0x992EFF74L, 0x3A6F6EABL,
0xF4F8FD37L,
0xA812DC60L, 0xA1EBDDF8L, 0x991BE14CL,
0xDB6E6B0DL,
0xC67B5510L, 0x6D672C37L, 0x2765D43BL,
0xDCD0E804L,
0xF1290DC7L, 0xCC00FFA3L, 0xB5390F92L,
0x690FED0BL,
0x667B9FFBL, 0xCEDB7D9CL, 0xA091CF0BL,
0xD9155EA3L,
0xBB132F88L, 0x515BAD24L, 0x7B9479BFL,
0x763BD6EBL,
0x37392EB3L, 0xCC115979L, 0x8026E297L,
0xF42E312DL,
0x6842ADA7L, 0xC66A2B3BL, 0x12754CCCL,
0x782EF11CL,
0x6A124237L, 0xB79251E7L, 0x06A1BBE6L,
0x4BFB6350L,
0x1A6B1018L, 0x11CAEDFAL, 0x3D25BDD8L,
0xE2E1C3C9L,
0x44421659L, 0x0A121386L, 0xD90CEC6EL,
0xD5ABEA2AL,
0x64AF674EL, 0xDA86A85FL, 0xBEBFE988L,
0x64E4C3FEL,
0x9DBC8057L, 0xF0F7C086L, 0x60787BF8L,
0x6003604DL,
0xD1FD8346L, 0xF6381FB0L, 0x7745AE04L,
0xD736FCCCL,
59

0x83426B33L, 0xF01EAB71L, 0xB0804187L,

0x3C005E5FL,
0x77A057BEL, 0xBDE8AE24L, 0x55464299L,
0xBF582E61L,
0x4E58F48FL, 0xF2DDFDA2L, 0xF474EF38L,
0x8789BDC2L,
0x5366F9C3L, 0xC8B38E74L, 0xB475F255L,
0x46FCD9B9L,
0x7AEB2661L, 0x8B1DDF84L, 0x846A0E79L,
0x915F95E2L,
0x466E598EL, 0x20B45770L, 0x8CD55591L,
0xC902DE4CL,
0xB90BACE1L, 0xBB8205D0L, 0x11A86248L,
0x7574A99EL,
0xB77F19B6L, 0xE0A9DC09L, 0x662D09A1L,
0xC4324633L,
0xE85A1F02L, 0x09F0BE8CL, 0x4A99A025L,
0x1D6EFE10L,
0x1AB93D1DL, 0x0BA5A4DFL, 0xA186F20FL,
0x2868F169L,
0xDCB7DA83L, 0x573906FEL, 0xA1E2CE9BL,
0x4FCD7F52L,
0x50115E01L, 0xA70683FAL, 0xA002B5C4L,
0x0DE6D027L,
0x9AF88C27L, 0x773F8641L, 0xC3604C06L,
0x61A806B5L,
0xF0177A28L, 0xC0F586E0L, 0x006058AAL,
0x30DC7D62L,
0x11E69ED7L, 0x2338EA63L, 0x53C2DD94L,
0xC2C21634L,
0xBBCBEE56L, 0x90BCB6DEL, 0xEBFC7DA1L,
0xCE591D76L,

0x6F05E409L, 0x4B7C0188L, 0x39720A3DL,

0x7C927C24L,
0x86E3725FL, 0x724D9DB9L, 0x1AC15BB4L,
0xD39EB8FCL,
0xED545578L, 0x08FCA5B5L, 0xD83D7CD3L,
0x4DAD0FC4L,
0x1E50EF5EL, 0xB161E6F8L, 0xA28514D9L,
0x6C51133CL,
0x6FD5C7E7L, 0x56E14EC4L, 0x362ABFCEL,
0xDDC6C837L,
0xD79A3234L, 0x92638212L, 0x670EFA8EL,
0x406000E0L },
{
0x3A39CE37L, 0xD3FAF5CFL, 0xABC27737L,
0x5AC52D1BL,
0x5CB0679EL, 0x4FA33742L, 0xD3822740L,
0x99BC9BBEL,
0xD5118E9DL, 0xBF0F7315L, 0xD62D1C7EL,
0xC700C47BL,
0xB78C1B6BL, 0x21A19045L, 0xB26EB1BEL,
0x6A366EB4L,
0x5748AB2FL, 0xBC946E79L, 0xC6A376D2L,
0x6549C2C8L,
0x530FF8EEL, 0x468DDE7DL, 0xD5730A1DL,
0x4CD04DC6L,
0x2939BBDBL, 0xA9BA4650L, 0xAC9526E8L,
0xBE5EE304L,
0xA1FAD5F0L, 0x6A2D519AL, 0x63EF8CE2L,
0x9A86EE22L,
0xC089C2B8L, 0x43242EF6L, 0xA51E03AAL,
0x9CF2D0A4L,
0x83C061BAL, 0x9BE96A4DL, 0x8FE51550L,
0xBA645BD6L,
61

0x2826A2F9L, 0xA73A3AE1L, 0x4BA99586L,

0xEF5562E9L,
0xC72FEFD3L, 0xF752F7DAL, 0x3F046F69L,
0x77FA0A59L,
0x80E4A915L, 0x87B08601L, 0x9B09E6ADL,
0x3B3EE593L,
0xE990FD5AL, 0x9E34D797L, 0x2CF0B7D9L,
0x022B8B51L,
0x96D5AC3AL, 0x017DA67DL, 0xD1CF3ED6L,
0x7C7D2D28L,
0x1F9F25CFL, 0xADF2B89BL, 0x5AD6B472L,
0x5A88F54CL,
0xE029AC71L, 0xE019A5E6L, 0x47B0ACFDL,
0xED93FA9BL,
0xE8D3C48DL, 0x283B57CCL, 0xF8D56629L,
0x79132E28L,
0x785F0191L, 0xED756055L, 0xF7960E44L,
0xE3D35E8CL,
0x15056DD4L, 0x88F46DBAL, 0x03A16125L,
0x0564F0BDL,
0xC3EB9E15L, 0x3C9057A2L, 0x97271AECL,
0xA93A072AL,
0x1B3F6D9BL, 0x1E6321F5L, 0xF59C66FBL,
0x26DCF319L,
0x7533D928L, 0xB155FDF5L, 0x03563482L,
0x8ABA3CBBL,
0x28517711L, 0xC20AD9F8L, 0xABCC5167L,
0xCCAD925FL,
0x4DE81751L, 0x3830DC8EL, 0x379D5862L,
0x9320F991L,
0xEA7A90C2L, 0xFB3E7BCEL, 0x5121CE64L,
0x774FBE32L,

0xA8B6E37EL, 0xC3293D46L, 0x48DE5369L,

0x6413E680L,
0xA2AE0810L, 0xDD6DB224L, 0x69852DFDL,
0x09072166L,
0xB39A460AL, 0x6445C0DDL, 0x586CDECFL,
0x1C20C8AEL,
0x5BBEF7DDL, 0x1B588D40L, 0xCCD2017FL,
0x6BB4E3BBL,
0xDDA26A7EL, 0x3A59FF45L, 0x3E350A44L,
0xBCB4CDD5L,
0x72EACEA8L, 0xFA6484BBL, 0x8D6612AEL,
0xBF3C6F47L,
0xD29BE463L, 0x542F5D9EL, 0xAEC2771BL,
0xF64E6370L,
0x740E0D8DL, 0xE75B1357L, 0xF8721671L,
0xAF537D5DL,
0x4040CB08L, 0x4EB4E2CCL, 0x34D2466AL,
0x0115AF84L,
0xE1B00428L, 0x95983A1DL, 0x06B89FB4L,
0xCE6EA048L,
0x6F3F3B82L, 0x3520AB82L, 0x011A1D4BL,
0x277227F8L,
0x611560B1L, 0xE7933FDCL, 0xBB3A792BL,
0x344525BDL,
0xA08839E1L, 0x51CE794BL, 0x2F32C9B7L,
0xA01FBAC9L,
0xE01CC87EL, 0xBCC7D1F6L, 0xCF0111C3L,
0xA1E8AAC7L,
0x1A908749L, 0xD44FBD9AL, 0xD0DADECBL,
0xD50ADA38L,
0x0339C32AL, 0xC6913667L, 0x8DF9317CL,
0xE0B12B4FL,
63

0xF79E59B7L, 0x43F5BB3AL, 0xF2D519FFL,

0x27D9459CL,
0xBF97222CL, 0x15E6FC2AL, 0x0F91FC71L,
0x9B941525L,
0xFAE59361L, 0xCEB69CEBL, 0xC2A86459L,
0x12BAA8D1L,
0xB6C1075EL, 0xE3056A0CL, 0x10D25065L,
0xCB03A442L,
0xE0EC6E0EL, 0x1698DB3BL, 0x4C98A0BEL,
0x3278E964L,
0x9F1F9532L, 0xE0D392DFL, 0xD3A0342BL,
0x8971F21EL,
0x1B0A7441L, 0x4BA3348CL, 0xC5BE7120L,
0xC37632D8L,
0xDF359F8DL, 0x9B992F2EL, 0xE60B6F47L,
0x0FE3F11DL,
0xE54CDA54L, 0x1EDAD891L, 0xCE6279CFL,
0xCD3E7E6FL,
0x1618B166L, 0xFD2C1D05L, 0x848FD2C5L,
0xF6FB2299L,
0xF523F357L, 0xA6327623L, 0x93A83531L,
0x56CCCD02L,
0xACF08162L, 0x5A75EBB5L, 0x6E163697L,
0x88D273CCL,
0xDE966292L, 0x81B949D0L, 0x4C50901BL,
0x71C65614L,
0xE6C6C7BDL, 0x327A140AL, 0x45E1D006L,
0xC3F27B9AL,
0xC9AA53FDL, 0x62A80F00L, 0xBB25BFE2L,
0x35BDD2F6L,
0x71126905L, 0xB2040222L, 0xB6CBCF7CL,
0xCD769C2BL,

0x53113EC0L, 0x1640E3D3L, 0x38ABBD60L,

0x2547ADF0L,
0xBA38209CL, 0xF746CE76L, 0x77AFA1C5L,
0x20756060L,
0x85CBFE4EL, 0x8AE88DD8L, 0x7AAAF9B0L,
0x4CF9AA7EL,
0x1948C25CL, 0x02FB8A8CL, 0x01C36AE4L,
0xD6EBE1F9L,
0x90D4F869L, 0xA65CDEA0L, 0x3F09252DL,
0xC208E69FL,
0xB74E6132L, 0xCE77E25BL, 0x578FDFE3L,
0x3AC372E6L
Step14:

unsigned long F(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned int x)

unsigned short a, b, c, d
unsigned int y
d = x & 0x00FF
x >>= 8
c = x & 0x00FF
x >>= 8
b = x & 0x00FF
x >>= 8
a = x & 0x00FF
y = ctx->S[0][a] + ctx->S[1][b]
y = y ^ ctx->S[2][c]
y = y + ctx->S[3][d]
return y

Step15:

void Blowfish_Encrypt(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned int *xl,

unsigned int *xr)
65

unsigned int Xl
unsigned int Xr
unsigned int temp
int ii,i
Xl = *xl
Xr = *xr;
for (i = 0; i < N; ++i)
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[i]
Xr = F(ctx, Xl) ^ Xr
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
Xr = Xr ^ ctx->P[N]
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[N + 1]
*xl = Xl
*xr = Xr
Step16:

void Blowfish_Decrypt(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned int *xl,

unsigned int *xr)
unsigned int Xl
unsigned int Xr
unsigned int temp
int ii,i

Xl = *xl
Xr = *xr
for (i = N + 1; i > 1; --i)
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[i]
Xr = F(ctx, Xl) ^ Xr
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
temp = Xl
Xl = Xr
Xr = temp
Xr = Xr ^ ctx->P[1]
Xl = Xl ^ ctx->P[0]
*xl = Xl
*xr = Xr
Step17:

void Blowfish_Init(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *key,

int KeyLen)
unsigned int Xl
int i, j, k
unsigned int data, datal, datar
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 256; j++)
ctx->S[i][j] = ORIG_S[i][j]
j=0
for (i = 0; i < N + 2; ++i)

67

data = 0x00000000
for (k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
data = (data << 8) | key[j]
j=j+1
if (j >= KeyLen)
j=0
ctx->P[i] = ORIG_P[i] ^ data;
datal = 0x00000000
datar = 0x00000000
for (i = 0; i < N + 2; i += 2)
Step 18:

Blowfish_Encrypt(ctx, &datal, &datar)

ctx->P[i] = datal
ctx->P[i + 1] = datar
for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
for (j = 0; j < 256; j += 2)
Blowfish_Encrypt(ctx, &datal, &datar)
ctx->S[i][j] = datal
ctx->S[i][j + 1] = datar

Step19:

int Blowfish_Test(BLOWFISH_CTX *ctx)

unsigned int L = 1, R = 2

Blowfish_Init(ctx, (unsigned char*)"TESTKEY", 7)

Blowfish_Encrypt(ctx, &L, &R)
if (L != 0xDF333FD2L || R != 0x30A71BB4L) return (-1)
Blowfish_Decrypt(ctx, &L, &R)

if (L != 1 || R != 2) return (-1); return (0)

extern unsigned char ciphertext_buffer[256]
extern unsigned char *ciphertext_string

Step20:

extern char

plain_buffer[256]

extern char

*plain_string

int startEncryption(char *plaintext_string,char *key)

BLOWFISH_CTX ctx
unsigned int message_left
unsigned int message_right
int keylen=strlen(key)
int block_len,plaintext_len=strlen(plaintext_string)
int

ciphertext_len=0

ciphertext_string=&ciphertext_buffer[0]
Blowfish_Init(&ctx, (unsigned char *)key, keylen)
print("Plaintext message string is: %s\n", plaintext_string)
Step21:

encrypt the plaintext message string

print("Encrypted message string is: ")
while (plaintext_len)
message_left = message_right = 0UL

Step22:

crack the message string into a 64-bit block (ok, really two 32-bit
blocks); pad with zeros if necessary
for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_left = message_left << 8
if (plaintext_len)
message_left += *plaintext_string++

69

plaintext_len-else message_left += 0
for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_right = message_right << 8
if (plaintext_len)
message_right += *plaintext_string++
plaintext_len-else message_right += 0
Step23:

encrypt and print the results

Blowfish_Encrypt(&ctx, &message_left, &message_right)
printf("%lx%lx", message_left, message_right)

Step24:

save the results for decryption below

*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_left >> 24)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_left >> 16)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_left >> 8)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)message_left
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_right >> 24)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_right >> 16)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)(message_right >> 8)
*ciphertext_string++ = (unsigned char)message_right
ciphertext_len += 8
printf("\n")
ciphertext_string = &ciphertext_buffer[0]
printf("ciphertext_len: %d\n",ciphertext_len)
return ciphertext_len

int
startDecryption(unsigned
ciphertext_len,char *key)

char

*ciphertext_string,char

BLOWFISH_CTX ctx
unsigned int message_left
unsigned int message_right
int block_len
int keylen=strlen(key)
int plain_stringLen=0
plain_string=&plain_buffer[0]
Blowfish_Init(&ctx, (unsigned char *)key, keylen)
printf("Decrypted message string is: ")
print("cipher Len: %d\n",ciphertext_len)
while(ciphertext_len)
message_left = message_right = 0UL
for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_left = message_left << 8
message_left += *ciphertext_string++
if (ciphertext_len)
ciphertext_len-for (block_len = 0; block_len < 4; block_len++)
message_right = message_right << 8
message_right += *ciphertext_string++
if (ciphertext_len)
ciphertext_len-Step25:

Blowfish_Decrypt(&ctx, &message_left, &message_right)

71

if plaintext message string padded, extra zeros here

print("%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c",
(int)(message_left >> 24), (int)(message_left >> 16),
(int)(message_left >> 8), (int)(message_left),
(int)(message_right >> 24), (int)(message_right >> 16),
(int)(message_right >> 8), (int)(message_right))
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_left >>24);
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_left >>16)
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_left >>8)
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_left )
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_right >>24)
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_right >>16)
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_right >>8)
*plain_string++=(unsigned char)(message_right )
plain_stringLen+=8
plain_string=&plain_buffer[0]
return plain_stringLen
Step 26:

Stop

Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

54 key has to be give as input

Invalid Data Set:

Not applicable

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Viva Voce Questions:

Name all the encryption algorithms and the differences
between them
What is the key size and the plain text size in DES
How many rounds are performed in DES and why
How is S-box operation performed in DES
How secured is DES algorithm

(6) Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Using IP TABLES on Linux and setting the filtering rules.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
73

H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

ALGORITHM
rc.test-iptables.txt
The rc.test-iptables.txt
(http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/scripts/rc.test-iptables.txt) script
can be used to test all the different chains, but it might need some
tweaking depending on your configuration, such as turning on
ip_forwarding, and setting up masquerading etc. It will work for most
everyone who has all the basic set up and all the basic tables loaded
into kernel. All it really does is set some LOG targets which will log ping
replies and ping requests. This way, you will get information on which
chain was traversed and in which order. For example, run this script and
then do:
ping -c 1 host.on.the.internet
And tail -n 0 -f /var/log/messages while doing the first command. This
should show you all the different chains used, and in which order,
unless the log entries are swapped around for some reason.
This script was written for testing purposes only. In other words, its not a
good idea to have rules like this that log everything of one sort since your
log partitions might get filled up quickly and it would be an effective Denial
of Service attack against you and might lead to real attacks on you that
would be unlogged after the initial Denial of Service attack.
rc.flush-iptables.txt
The rc.flush-iptables.txt
(http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/scripts/rc.flush-iptables.txt) script
should not really be called a script in itself. The rc.flush-iptables.txt
(http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/scripts/rc.flush-iptables.txt) script
will reset and flush all your tables and chains. The script starts by
setting the default policies to ACCEPT on the INPUT, OUTPUT and
FORWARD chains of the filter table. After this we reset the default
policies of the PREROUTING, POSTROUTING and OUTPUT chains of
the nat table. We do this first so we wont have to bother about closed
connections and packets not getting through. This script is intended for
actually setting up and troubleshooting your firewall, and hence we only
care about opening the whole thing up and resetting it to default values.
After this we flush all chains first in the filter table and then in the NAT
table. This way we know there are no redundant rules lying around
anywhere. When all of this is done, we jump down to the next section
where we erase all the user specified chains in the NAT and filter
tables. When this step is done, we consider the script done. You may
consider adding rules to flush your mangle table if you use it.

One final word on this issue. Certain people have mailed me asking me to
put this script into the original rc.firewall script using Red Hat Linux syntax
where you type something like rc.firewall start and the script starts.
However, I will not do that since this is a tutorial and should be used as a
place to fetch ideas mainly and it shouldnt be filled up with shell scripts
and strange syntax. Adding shell script syntax and other things makes the
script harder to read as far as I am concerned and the tutorial was written
with readability in mind and will continue being so.
Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

Not applicable

Invalid Data Set:

Not applicable

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Result:
Linux will have IP tables
C:\> apropos IP/apropos IPtab*
C:\> where is iptables
Note: Depending on rehat version as 2.4,2.6
C:\> yom i install iptables.rpm
C:\> optget i install iptables
C:\> man squid
C:\> iptables h
C:\> gip
C:\> kip

75

Viva Voce Questions:

What are IP tables.
How is the network monitoring done using IP tables.
If an attacker gets IP tables how can he use IP table to attack
What does an IP table contain?
What are the filtering rules for IP table

(7) Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Configuring S/MIME for email communication
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:
MIME-Version: Must be 1.0 -> RFC 2045, RFC 2046
Content-Type: More types being added by developers (application/word)
Content-Transfer-Encoding: How message has been encoded (radix-64)
Content-ID: Unique identifying character string.
Content Description: Needed when content is not readable text (e.g.,mpeg)

Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

Not applicable

Invalid Data Set:

Not applicable

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Viva Voce Questions:

What is S/MIME.
Name the five MIME header fields.
Explain MIME transfer encoding
Explain the format of E-mail and the fields in it.
What role does base64 play in S/MIME.

77

(8) Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Understanding the buffer overflow and format string attacks.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

Algorithm:
Introduction
Most deadly weapon on the Internet.
Try to gain partial or complete control over target computer by creating a back
door entry.
Enable the attacker to execute a malicious code on target system.
Gives root or super access to attacker.
How it Works
Due to casual or careless programming
Poor Memory Management
Mismanagement of system variables, pointers and temporary data.
-by application developers.
THE OVERALL PROCESS:Identify a vulnerable application.
Inject the malicious code.
Execute the code.
THE OVERALL PROCESS:Identify a vulnerable application.
Inject the malicious code.
Execute the code.
Format String Overflows:-

Subvert many vulnerable applications

These can be executed remotely or locally
Exploit a lack of validation in handling and functioning of format strings.
In C programs, a large variety of C header files to access std functions
printf(), sprintf(), fprintf(), etc
Printf(&d,a);
--&d represents the decimal data type that is expected to follow
--a represents the parameter whose data type is decimal
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int input=2;
printf("ABCdef\n\n%n",&input);
printf("value of var:%d",input);
getch();
}
Expected output:
ABCdef
Value of var: 2
Real output:
ABCdef
Value of var: 8
Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

Not applicable

Invalid Data Set:

Not applicable

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Viva Voce Questions:

79

What is buffer overflow?

In a program what is runtime buffer overflow
What is Format string attack
How format string attack effects the buffer overflow.

Name of the Experiment

AIM: Using NMAP for ports monitoring.
S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

ALGORITHM
Nmap features include:
Ping Sweeping- Identifying computers on a network, for example listing the
computers which respond to pings, or which have a particular port open
Port Scanning - Enumerating the open ports on one or more target computers
OS Detection - Remotely determining the operating system and some hardware
characteristics of network devices.
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sP 192.168.0.10
Well-Known Ports:
Ports numbered 0 to 1023 are considered well known (also called standard ports) and
are assigned to services by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Here
are a few samples:
21 FTP
80 HTTP
110 POP
Table:Scans available through nmap:

Scan Type

Switch

Description

-sT
TCP
connect()
scan
TCP
SYN -sS
scan

The most basic form of scanning. This opens a connection to every

potentially interesting port on the target machine.

Stealth FIN

-sF

This scan attempts to pass through packet filters by sending a TCP FIN
packet.

Xmas Tree

-sX

This scan attempts to pass through packet filters by

packet with FIN, URG, and PUSH flags set.

Null

-sN

This scan attempts to pass through packet filters by sending a packet

without any flags turned on.

Ping

-sP

This limits the scan to only conducting a ping sweep to look for
connected systems. It does not do port scans.

UDP scan

-sU

This sends 0 byte UDP packets to each port on the target machine(s).

ACK scan

-sA

This scan is used to help check packet filters. An ACK packet with
random acknowledgment and sequence numbers is sent. If nothing is
returned, the port is marked as filtered.

List scan

-sL

Simply lists targets to scan.

The "half-open" scan. This scan sends a TCP SYN packet as though it
is trying to open the connection. If it receives a SYN-ACK response, it
sends an immediate RST to shut down the connection. Because this
scan doesn't open the connection, it is less likely to be logged.

sending a

<ftp This scan relives a historical foible of FTP servers. Older FTP servers
FTP bounce -b
relay host>
scan
were able to serve bounced FTP sessions; that is, they connected to
another host to deliver data to you. By providing a relay host in the
format username:password@server:port, you can use this FTP
bounce (mis)feature to scan ports that might otherwise be protected.

Nmap command line prompt:

C:\nmap> nmap -sT 192.168.0.10
Pros:
Fast

81

Easy to implement
Accurate
Cons:
Easily detected
Traceable
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sS 192.168.0.10
Pros:
Fast
Accurate
Fairly easy to implement
Harder to trace than the TCP connect port-scan method
Cons:
Not totally stealthy
Easily blocked
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sF 192.168.0.7
Pros:
Fairly fast
Easy to implement
Stealthy to a certain extent
Cons:
Inaccurate with certain operating systems
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sX 192.168.0.7
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sN 192.168.0.7
Pros:
Fairly fast
Easy to implement
Stealthy to a certain extent

Cons:
Works only with UNIX and some other operating systems
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sU 192.168.0.10
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sA 68.46.234.161
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -sA 68.46.234.161
Option

Explanation

-P0

Tells nmap not to ping hosts before

scanning. (This is used to scan hosts that sit
behind packet filters that don't allow ICMP
traffic.)

-f

Causes nmap to fragment its scanning

packets, making it more difficult to block
the scan with packet filters.

-v

Puts nmap into verbose mode, causing it to

display much more information about what
it's doing.

-oN
<logfile>

Writes output into a human readable logfile.

-oM
<logfile>

Writes output into a machine-parsable

logfile.

--resume
<logfile&;

Resumes an incomplete scan from a logfile.

-iL <logfile>

Causes nmap to read input from a logfile

instead of really scanning a host.

-g <portnumber>

Allows you to define the port nmap uses as

its source port.

83

Option

Explanation

-p <port range>

Allows you to define the range of ports

nmap will scan. If no range is given, nmap
will scan all the ports listed in its own
services file. A range of ports can be given
in the following format: -p 20-30,79,6000-6010.

Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

IP address

Invalid Data Set:

Invalid IP address

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Result:
Nmap command line prompt:
C:\nmap> nmap -O www.hackingmobilephones.com

Nmap command line prompt for TCP SYN Scan:

Ex: c:\nmap> nmap -sS www.hackingmobilephones.com
Interesting ports on corp2.net4india.com (202.71.129.91):
Not shown: 1673 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
7/tcp closed echo
13/tcp closed daytime
21/tcp open ftp
25/tcp open smtp
53/tcp closed domain
80/tcp open http
110/tcp closed pop3
113/tcp closed auth
123/tcp closed ntp
143/tcp closed imap
366/tcp closed odmr
433/tcp closed nnsp

443/tcp closed https

610/tcp closed npmp-local
626/tcp closed unknown
631/tcp closed ipp
1433/tcp closed ms-sql-s
1434/tcp closed ms-sql-m
3306/tcp open mysql
5900/tcp closed vnc
6000/tcp closed X11
6001/tcp closed X11:1
6002/tcp closed X11:2
7938/tcp closed lgtomapper
# Nmap run completed at Sat Nov 24 11:21:58 2007 -- 1 IP address (1 host up)
scanned in 242.562 seconds
Nmap command line prompt for OS Detection
C:\nmap> nmap -O www.hackingmobilephones.com
Ex: c:\nmap> nmap -oN op.txt -O www.hackingmobilephones.com
Interesting ports on corp2.net4india.com (202.71.129.91):
Not shown: 1673 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
7/tcp closed echo
13/tcp closed daytime
20/tcp closed ftp-data
21/tcp open ftp
25/tcp open smtp
53/tcp closed domain
80/tcp open http
110/tcp closed pop3
113/tcp closed auth
123/tcp closed ntp
199/tcp closed smux
366/tcp closed odmr
433/tcp closed nnsp
443/tcp closed https
626/tcp closed unknown
631/tcp closed ipp
1433/tcp closed ms-sql-s
1434/tcp closed ms-sql-m
5800/tcp closed vnc-http
5900/tcp closed vnc

85

6000/tcp closed X11

6001/tcp closed X11:1
6002/tcp closed X11:2
7938/tcp closed lgtomapper
Device type: general purpose
Running: OpenBSD 3.X
OS details: OpenBSD 3.6 x86 with pf "scrub in all"
Uptime: 28.341 days (since Sat Oct 27 02:20:14 2007)
OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at
http://insecure.org/nmap/submit/ .
# Nmap run completed at Sat Nov 24 10:31:00 2007 -- 1 IP address (1 host up)
scanned in 264.500 seconds
Viva Voce Questions:
What is NMAP.
what do you understand by dedicated ports.
If a packet does not belong to a particular port number what does a router do
How does NMAP help in network monitoring
How can a network administrator monitor ports.

10) Name of the Experiment:

AIM: Implementation of proxy based security protocols in c or c++ with

feathers like confidentiality, integrity and authentication.

S/W & H/W Requirements:
S/W: Turbo C
H/W:

Pentium IV Processor, 256 MB RAM,40 GB HDD.

ALGORITHM:
/sbin/iptables F INPUT
/sbin/iptables F OUTPUT
/sbin/iptables t filter-F FORWARD
/sbin/iptables P INPUT DROP
/sbin/iptables P OUTPUT ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables P FORWARD DROP
Iptables - A INPUT i eth0 state state RELATED ,ESTABLISHED J ACCEPT
iptables - A FORWARD i eth0 state state RELATED ,ESTABLISHED J
ACCEPT
iptables - A FORWARD i eth1 J ACCEPT
iptables - A FORWARD i eth0 p tcp dport 80 d 200.0.2.1 J ACCEPT
iptables - A FORWARD i eth0 p tcp dport telnet d 200.0.2.1 J ACCEPT
iptables- A INPUT I eth0 p tcp dport http j ACCEPT
iptables- A INPUT I eth0 p tcp dport ssh j ACCEPT
Test Data:
Valid Data Set:

IP Table

Invalid Data Set:

Invalid IP table

Limiting Data Set:

Not applicable

Viva Voce Questions:

What is confidentiality?
What is Authentication?
What is Integrity?
What is a proxy server and how do u configure it.
How an ISP use proxy server
In a organization if proxy server is configured, can that work as firewall?

87

References:
Books:

Network Security Essentials (Applications and Standards) by William Stallings

Pearson
Education
Hack Proofing your Network by Ryan Russel, dan kaminsky,Rain Forest Puppy,Joe
Garnd,David Ahmed,Hal Flynn Ido Dubdrasky,Steve W.MAnzuik and Ryan
Permeh,wiley Dreamtech.

Web Sites:
1. http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/openssl1.html
2. http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/openssl.html
3. http://www.queen.clara.net/pgp/art3.html
4. http://www.ccs.ornl.gov/~hongo/main/resources/contrib/gpg-howto/gpghowto.html
5. https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/ehowes/www/gpg/gpg-com-0.htm
6. http://www.ethereal.com/docs/user-guide/

89