List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10 J K
−23 −1

Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0

= 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Electron charge e = −1.60 × 10−19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10 F m
−12 −1

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Unit 1
Mechanics
(u ! v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1
s = ut + at2
2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = mv 2
2
ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t
useful energy output
Efficiency efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input

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Materials
m
Density ρ=
V
Stokes’ law F = 6�ηrv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = FΔx
2
σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
!x
Strain ε =
x

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Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = fλ
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating nλ = d sin θ
Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy and P = VI
efficiency P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
!Q
Current I=
!t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Particle nature of light
Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + mv 2max
2
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength λ=
p

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Unit 4
Mechanics
Impulse FΔt = Δp
Kinetic Energy of a p2
non-relativistic particle Ek = 2m

motion in a circle v = ωr

2
T=

v2
a= r
mv 2
Centripetal force F = ma = r

F = mw2r
Electric and magnetic fields
F
Electric Field E=
Q

Q1Q2
Coulomb’s Law F=
4 0r 2

Q
E=
4 0 r2

V
E=
d

Q
Electrical Potential V=
4 0 r

Q
Capacitance C=
V

Energy Stored in capacitor W = 12 QV

2
W = 12 CV
2
1 Q
W= 2
C
Capacitor discharge Q = Q0e–t/RC

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Resistor capacitor discharge I = I0e–t/RC

V = V0e–t/RC
t
ln Q = ln Q0 –
RC

t
ln I = ln I0 –
RC

t
ln V = ln V0 –
RC
In a magnetic field F = Bqv sinθ
F = BIl sinθ

d( N )
Faraday and Lenz’s law E=
dt

Nuclear and particle physics

p
In a magnetic field r=
BQ

Mass-energy ΔE = c2 Δm

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*P65750A03136* Turn over
Unit 5
Thermodynamics
Heating ΔE = mcΔθ
ΔE = LΔm
Ideal gas equation pV = NkT
Molecular kinetic theory 1
2 m c2 3
2 kT
Nuclear decay
Mass-energy ΔE = c2Δm
Radio-active decay A = λN

dN
= λN
dt
ln 2
λ = t1
2

N = N0e–λt
A = A0e–λt
Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion F = –kx
a = ω2x
x = A cos ωt
v = –Aω sin ωt
a = –Aω2 cos ωt

1 2
T=
f

ω = 2πf

m
Simple harmonic oscillator T= 2
k

l
T= 2
g

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Astrophysics and Cosmology
Gravitational field strength g=F m

Gm1m2
Gravitational force F=
r2

Gm
Gravitational field g=
r2
Gm
Gravitational potential Vgrav =
r

Stephan-Boltzman law L = σT 4 A
Wein’s law λmaxT = 2.898×10–3 m K

L
Intensity of radiation I=
4 d2
f v
Redshift of electromagnetic z=
f c
radiation
Cosmological expansion v = H0d

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