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Force Composition-2

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21 views14 pages

Force Composition-2

Uploaded by

Aleksandra Ferraby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Faculty of Engineering, Natural, and Medical Sciences

IBU Force Composition


International Burch University Engineering Mechanics
FENMS 004

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed El Sayed


Introduction
Well, first and first, what is the definition of „Force“?

Before defining, let us give some examples:


horse applies force to pull a cart and to set it in motion.
Force is also required to work on a bicycle pump. In this case, the force is
supplied by the muscular power of our arms and shoulders.

Sometimes, the applied force may not be sufficient to move a body, e.g., if we try
to lift a stone weighing 2 or 3 quintals, we fail to do so. In this case we exert a
force, no doubt, but no motion is produced. This shows that a force may not
necessarily produce a motion in a body ; but it may, simply, tend to do so
Effects of a Force
„an agent which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy motion“ may
be a definition of „Force“

A force may produce the following effects in a body, on which it acts :


It may change the motion of a body. i.e. if a body is at rest, the force may set it in
motion. And if the body is already in motion, the force may accelerate it.

It may retard the motion of a body.

It may retard the forces, already acting on a body, thus bringing it to rest or in
equilibrium.

It may give rise to the internal stresses in the body, on which it acts.
Characteristics of a Force
In order to determine the effects of a force, acting on a body, we must know the
following characteristics of a force :

Magnitude of the force (i.e., 100 N, 50 N, 20 kN, 5 kN, etc.)

The direction of the line, along which the force acts (i.e., along OX, OY, at 30°
North of East etc.). It is also known as line of action of the force.

Nature of the force (i.e., whether the force is push or pull). This is denoted by
placing an arrowhead on the line of action of the force.

The point at which (or through which) the force acts on the body.
Principles
Principle of physical independence of Forces:
It states, “If a number of forces are simultaneously acting on a particle, then the
resultant of these forces will have the same effect as produced by all the forces. ”

Principle of Transmissibility of Forces:


It states, “If a force acts at any point on a rigid body, it may also be considered to
act at any other point on its line of action, provided this point is rigidly connected
with the body.”

A particle may be defined as a body of infinitely small volume and is considered to


be concentrated point.
A rigid body may be defined as a body which can retain its shape and size, even if
subjected to some external forces. In actual practice, no body is perfectly rigid. But
for the sake of simplicity, we take all the bodies as rigid bodies.
System of Forces
When two or more forces act on a body, they are called to form a system of forces. Following
systems of forces are important from the subject point of view:

Coplanar forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar
forces
Collinear forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same line, are known as collinear
forces
Concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, are known as concurrent forces. The
concurrent forces may or may not be collinear
Coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point and their lines of action also
lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces
Coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point, but their lines of
action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces
Non-coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, but their lines of action
do not lie on the same plane, are known as non-coplanar concurrent forces
Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point and their
lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are called non-coplanar non-concurrent forces
Some other definition
If a number of forces, P, Q, R ... etc. are acting simultaneously on a particle, then
it is possible to find out a single force which could replace them i.e., which would
produce the same effect as produced by all the given forces. This single force is
called resultant force and the given forces R ... etc. are called component
forces.

The process of finding out the resultant force, of a number of given forces, is
called composition of forces or compounding of forces.
Methods for the resultant force
Though there are many methods for finding out the resultant force of a number of
given forces, yet the following are important from the subject point of view :
Analytical method.
Method of resolution.

The resultant force, of a given system of forces, may be found out analytically by
the following methods :
Parallelogram law of forces.
Method of resolution.
Methods for the resultant force
The resultant force, of a given system of forces, may also be found out by the
following laws :
Triangle law of forces.
Polygon law of forces.

Traingle law of Froces:


It states, “If two forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle, taken in order ; their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the
triangle, taken in opposite order“
Methods for the resultant force
Polygon law of Froces:

“If a number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in


magnitude and direction, by the sides of a polygon taken in order ; then the
resultant of all these forces may be represented, in magnitude and direction, by
the closing side of the polygon, taken in opposite order.”
Today we will focus on the Parallelogram law of Forces 17/20
.... Other methods will be discussed next week
Parallelogram law of forces
Parallelogram law of Forces:
It states, “If two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ; their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram, which passes through their point of intersection.”

Mathematically, resultant force


and

Where - F1 and F2 = Forces whose resultant is required to be found out,


θ = Angle between the forces F1 and F2, and
α = Angle which the resultant force makes with one of the forces
Some notes
References / Books / Web sources used:
1. Khurmi, R.S. (2007). A Textbooks of Engineering Mechanics (SI
Units). Revised Edition. S Chand & Company Limited. ISBN:
8121926165, 9788121926164

Thank you for the


attention

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