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Class 12 Maths ch-4 Notes

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Class 12 Maths ch-4 Notes

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These Notes are provided From studifysuccess

Ch-4 DETERMINANT
CLASS - 12
MATHEMATICS

Defination
Every square matrix A of the order n, can associate a number
called determinants of the square matrix A.

Remarks
(i) Only square matrices have determinants.
(ii) For a matrix A, A is read as determinant of A and not, as
modulus of A.

Determinant of a matrix of order one


Let A = [a] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined
to be equal to a.
Determinant of a matrix of order two
Let A = [aij] = a b c d be a matrix of order 2. Then the determinant
of A is defined as: det (A) = |A| = ad – bc.

Determinant of a matrix A order of three is given by (expanding along


(R1 )

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For any square matrix A, the |A| satisfy following properties.

• |A′| = |A|, where A′ = transpose of A.

• If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of


determinant changes.

• If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then
value of determinant is zero.

• If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a determinant by


constant k, then value of determinant is multiplied by k.

• Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one


row (or one column) by k.

• If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed


as sum of two or more elements, then the given determinant can be
expressed as sum of two or more determinants.

• If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant the


equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows or columns are
added, then value of the determinant remains same.

• Area of a triangle with vertices(x1, y1),(x2,y2) and (x3,y3) is given by

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• Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is the


determinant obtained by deleting th i row and thj column and denoted
by Mij
• Cofactor of aij of given by Aij = (– 1)i+ j Mij
• Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of
elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding cofactors. For
example,
• If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of
elements of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For
example,

● A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular


according as
● If AB = BA = I, where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse
of A. Also

• A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non-singular.

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• then these equations can be written as A X = B, where

• Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by

• A system of equation is consistent or inconsistent according as its


solution exists or not.

• For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B.

• |A| = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0, then there exists no solution

Notes:

(i) If all the elements of a row (or column) are zeros, then the value of
the determinant is zero.

(ii) If value of determinant ‘∆’ becomes zero by substituting x = α, then


x – α is a factor of ‘∆’.

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(iii) If all the elements of a determinant above or below the main


diagonal consists of zeros, then the value of the determinant is equal
to the product of diagonal elements.

Minors and co-factors

(i) Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is the


determinant obtained by deleting i th row and j th column, and it is
denoted by Mij.
(ii) Co-factor of an element aij is given by Aij = (–1)i+j Mij.
(iii) Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by the sum of
products of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding
co-factors.
For example |A| = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13.
(iv) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with co-factors of
elements of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For
example, a11 A21 + a12 A22 + a13 A23 = 0.

System of linear equations

(i) Consider the equations:

In matrix form, these equations can be written as A X = B, where

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(ii) Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by X = A–1B, where


|A| ≠ 0.

(iii) A system of equations is consistent or inconsistent according as its


solution exists or not.
(iv) For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B
(a) If |A| ≠ 0, then there exists unique solution.
(b) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0, then there exists no solution.
(c) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then system may or may not be
consistent.

Examples 1

Solution 1. We have . This gives


2x 2 – 40 = 18 – 40
⇒x2=9
⇒ x = ± 3.

Example 2 then prove that ∆ + ∆1 = 0.

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Solution 2 Solution We have

Interchanging rows and columns, we get

Interchanging C1 and C2

⇒ ∆1 + ∆ = 0.

Example 3 If

then show that ∆ is equal to zero.


Solution 3. Interchanging rows and columns, we get

Taking ‘–1’ common from R1 , R2 and R3 , we get

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⇒ 2 ∆ = 0 or ∆ = 0.

Example 4 Prove that (A–1) ′ = (A′) –1, where A is an invertible matrix.


Solution 4. Since A is an invertible matrix, so it is non-singular. We
know that |A| = |A′|. But |A| ≠ 0.
So |A′| ≠ 0 i.e.
A′ is invertible matrix. Now we know that AA–1 = A–1 A = I. Taking
transpose on both sides,
we get (A–1)′ A′ = A′ (A–1)′ = (I)′ = I Hence (A–1)′ is inverse of A′, i.e.,(A′) –1 =
(A–1)′

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