REVIEWER MATH

Mathema that which is learnt" derived from "manthano", and modern Greek mathaino which means "to
learn"

The science of structure, order, and relations that has evolved from elemental practices of counting,
measuring, and describing the shapes and characteristics of objects. (Britannica)

MATHEMATICS

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

 A SCIENCE OF MEASURE
It is an activity that involves interaction with a concrete system with the aim of representing its
aspects in abstract terms of "concrete" implies "real".

 INTELLECTUAL GAME
Mathematics requires visual imagery Games and mathematics both require a strong dose of
patience, restraint and concentration

 DRAWING CONCLUSION
Being able to reason is essential to understanding mathematics. Reasoning is a way to use
mathematical knowledge and to generate and solidify mathematical new ideas.

 A TOOL SUBJECT
Mathematics undeniably a highly powerful instrument of investigation. Mathematics is applied
in the fields of engineering, life sciences, industry, and business

 INTUITIVE METHOD
Mathematics also requires the use of intuition, the ability to see what is reasonable or not and
the ability to put all these together.

 SYSTEM OF LOGICAL PROCEDURE

Problem solving is a skill which can enhance our logical reasoning

MATHEMATICS IN NATURE
PATTERN

A pattern is a visible regularity in the world or in a man-made design.

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world and can also be seen
in the universe. By applying mathematics to organize and systematize ideas about patterns, we
have discovered mathematics in nature.

TYPES OF PATTERNS

 SYMMETRY
It is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of balance or an object is invariant
to any various transformations (reflection, rotation or scaling)

- BILATERAL SYMMETRY
It is a symmetry in which the left and right sides of the organism can be divided into
approximately mirror image of each other along the midline.
Symmetry exists in living things such as in insects, animals, plants, flowers and others.
Animals have mainly bilateral or vertical symmetry. even leaves of plants and some
flowers such as orchids.

- RADIAL, ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY

It is a symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be classified as
either cyclic or dihedral. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers
and some group of animals. Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of flowers.
 - ORDER OF ROTATION
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if I/n of a
complete turn leaves the figure unchanged. To compute for the angle of rotation, we use
360ᵒ
the formula: Angle of rotation =
n

 FRACTALS
It is a curve or -geometric figure, each part of which has the same statistical character as
the whole. A fractal is a never-ending pattern found in nature. The exact same shape is
replicated in a process called "self-similarity." The pattern repeats itself over and over
again at different scales.

 SPIRALS
A logarithmic spiral or growth spiral is a self- similar spiral curve which often appears in
nature. A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series of circular
shapes that revolve around it.
FIBONACCİ

Leonardo of Pisa or Pizano also known as Leonardo Fibonacci is an Italian

Mathematician, who is considered to be the most talented western mathematician of
the Middle Ages".

He published the Liber Abaci, or "Book of Calculation an arithmetic text which

concentrated mainly on financial computations and promoted the use of Hindu-Arabic
Numerals, which uses just ten digits, 0 to 9, to represent all possible numbers.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

The sequence encountered in the rabbit problem 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,
233, 377,.... is called the Fibonacci sequence and its terms the Fibonacci numbers

Each number is obtained by adding the last two numbers of the sequence that forms
what is known as golden rectangle a perfect rectangle.

• X n =X n - 1 +X n-2
Where:
Xn is term number "n"
Xn-1 is the previous term (n - 1)
Xn-2 is the term before that (n - 2)

GOLDEN RECTANGLE

A golden rectangle can be broken down into squares the size of the next Fibonacci
number down and below. If we were to take a golden rectangle, break it down to smaller
squares sequence based from Fibonacci and divide each with an arc. the pattern begins
to take shapes. we begin with Fibonacci spiral in which we can see in nature.
GOLDEN RATIO
The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion in the early 1500s in Leonardo
da Vinci's work which was explored by Luca Pacioli entitled "De Divina Proportione" in
1509. This contains the drawings of the five platonic solids and it was probably da Vinci
who first called it section aurea which is Latin for Golden Section.

The Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where
plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral shape. In simple terms. golden ratio
is expressed as an equation, where a is larger than b. (a+b) divided by a is equal to a
divided by b, which is equal to 1.618033987...and represented by (phi).
 Mathematical Language and Symbols
Characteristics of the language of mathematics

The language of mathematics makes it easy to express the kinds of thoughts that
mathematicians like to express. It is:
 precise (able to make very fine distinctions);
 concise (able to say things briefly);
 powerful (able to express complex thoughts with relative ease);

MATHEMATICS: expressions versus sentences

 The mathematical analogue of a 'noun' will be called an expression
 Thus, an expression is a name given to a mathematical object of interest. Whereas in English we
need to talk about people, places, and things, we'll see that mathematics has much different
'objects of interest'.
 The mathematical analogue of a 'sentence' will also be called a sentence
 A mathematical sentence, just as an English sentence, must state a complete thought.
MATHEMATICAL CONVENTION
- A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally
agreed upon by mathematician.
- Mathematicians abide by conventions in order to allow other mathematicians
understand what they write without having to redefine basic terms.
- For instance, the fact that one evaluates multiplication before addition in the
expression 2 + 3 x 4 is merely conventional.

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
TRANSLATING WORDS INTO SYMBOLS

 Practical problems seldom, if ever, come in equation form. The job of the problem
solver is to translate the problem from phrases and statements into mathematical
expressions and equations, and then to solve the equations
SETS

 A set is a collection of well-defined distinct objects.

 Well-defined means that membership of a set is clear and that there is a way to
determine whether or not a given object belongs to a given set.
 A set is denoted with braces or curly brackets { } and label or name the set by a
capital letter such as A, B, C,...etc.
Example:
A set of counting numbers from 1 to

 The objects that make up a set are called elements or members of the set.
 The symbol € is used to denote that an object is an element of a set and the symbol € denotes that
an object is not an element of a set.

NAMING A SET
 ROSTER/TABULAR METHOD M is the set of whole numbers less than eight.
M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
X is the set of all days in a week.
X = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,}

 RULE / SET-BUILDER METHOD N = {x | x is an even number less than 10}

M = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November,
December}
M = {x | x is a month in a year}

 FINITE SET
A set is said to be finite if it is possible to write down a complete list of all elements of the set.
For instance, the set of counting number less than or equal to 20 is a finite set.
  INFINITE SET
A set is said to be infinite if it is impossible to write down all elements of the set.
For example, the set of all positive integers is an infinite set.

 UNIT SET
It is a set with only one element.
Example: A = {1}; B={c}; C = {banana}

 EMPTY/NULL SET
It is unique set with no elements. It is denoted by Ø or { }.

 UNIVERSAL SET
All sets under investigation are assumed to be contained in some large fixed set called the universal set,
denoted by the symbol U.

 CARDINAL NUMBER
The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements or members in the set.
The cardinality of set A is denoted by n(A).
Example: A = {a, b, c, d, e}

 SUBSET
If A and B are sets, A is called a subset of B, written as A ⊆ B, if and only if, every element of A is also an
element of B.

 PROPER SUBSET
A is a proper subset of B, written as A ⊂ B, if and only if every element of A is in B but there is at least
one element of B that is not in A.
In contrary, the symbol ⊄ denoted that it is not a proper subset.