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RICHARD A. CORTEZ,RN,LPT
GEN BIO I TEACHER
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1.What do you see in the picture?
2.What can you still remember about
the cell?
3.Why is the nucleus considered as
the “control center” of the cell?
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GUESS THE WORD!
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GUESS THE WORD!

Unlock or guess the

hidden words by
combining the words
shown/formed in each
picture.

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WORD #1

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WORD #1

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WORD #2

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WORD #2

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WORD #3

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WORD #3

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WORD #4

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WORD #4

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WORD #5

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WORD #5

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WORD #6

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WORD #6

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WORD #7

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WORD #7

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 Growth of the organism

Healing and regeneration

Reproduction

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One of the basic characteristic of all living
organisms is the ability to reproduce. It is
either asexually in unicellular organisms or
sexually in multicellular organism.

Sexual reproduction requires fertilization

resulting to a fertilized egg cell called
zygote. All the cells in our body came from
the division of the pre-existing one.

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The cell cycle can be thought of as the life cycle of a cell. In
other words, it is the series of growth and development steps
a cell undergoes between its “birth”—formation by the division
of a mother cell—and reproduction—division to make two new
daughter cells.

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Have you ever watched a caterpillar
turn into a butterfly? If so, you’re
probably familiar with the idea of a
life cycle. Butterflies go through
some fairly spectacular life cycle
transitions—turning from something
that looks like a worm into a pupa,
and finally into a glorious creature
that floats on the breeze. Other
organisms, from humans to plants to
bacteria, also have a life cycle: a
series of developmental steps that
an individual goes through from the
time it is born until the time it
reproduces.

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In prokaryotes, cell division can be observed
through binary fission. While in the
eukaryotes, cell cycle consists of two
distinct phases: Interphase and Mitotic
phase. Cell cycle is a means for the
continuity of life. So before the cell divides it
spends most of its life in the period of cell
growth called Interphase with three sub-
stages: G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase
followed by M phase or Mitotic phase.

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What is New
As cells move through the cell cycle, do they breeze
through from one phase to the next? If they're cancer
cells, the answer might be yes. Normal cells, however,
move through the cell cycle in a regulated way.
They use information about their own internal state
and cues from the environment around them to
decide whether to proceed with cell division. This
regulation makes sure that cells don't divide under
unfavorable conditions (for instance, when their
DNA is damaged, or when there isn't room for
more cells in a tissue or organ).

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Stages of the cell cycle
To divide, a cell must complete several important tasks: it
must grow, copy its genetic material (DNA), and physically
split into two daughter cells.

Cells perform these tasks in an organized, predictable

series of steps that make up the cell cycle.

The cell cycle is a cycle, rather than a linear pathway,

because at the end of each go-round, the two
daughter cells can start the exact same process over again
from the beginning.

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Stages of the cell cycle
In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a nucleus, the stages of the
cell cycle are divided into two major phases: interphase and
the mitotic (M) phase.
1. Interphase
• During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its
DNA.
2. M-phase (Mitotic phase)
• During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates its
DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming
two new cells.

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 The Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
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Interphase
Let’s enter the cell cycle just as a cell forms, by
division of its mother cell.

Preparation for division happens in three steps:

The G1, S, and G2 phases together are known
as interphase. The prefix inter- means between,
reflecting that interphase takes place between
one mitotic (M) phase and the next.

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Interphase
The duration of a cell’s life cycle varies from
organism to another. For example, the cycle
of a fly embryo usually last 8 minutes; for
some mammals, the cell cycle runs for 24
hours. In higher order species, the length of
cell cycle is usually controlled by how long it
takes to replace damaged cells.

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Interphase (Non dividing stage)
Devoted largely to cell growth.
Characterized by the presence of
all the cellular organelles.
The cell is MOST active
metabolically because it is engage
in vital functions/processes like
nutrition, respiration and
biosynthesis.
This period takes up about 78%-
80% of the cell’s life cycle and is
divided into three stages: Gap 1,
Synthesis, and Gap 2 Phases.

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G1 Phase (Gap 1)
• The cell grows physically larger (increase in size) to
prepare for cell division. G1 takes up about 41 % of the
cell’s life cycle. Organelles pertinent to the cell are still
present. The cell carries out all its normal activities and
accommodates all growth processes
• If it passes the G1 “checkpoint,” it pushes through the
cell cycle. If it fails, the cell will quit the cycle and remain
in G0.
• An important cell cycle control mechanism is activated
during this period to ensure that the cell is ready for the
next phase which is synthesis of DNA.

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G1 Phase (Gap 1)
The protein that
activates the
checkpoints in
interphase is kinase
which is dependent
upon another
activating molecule
called cyclin.

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Interphase: S phase
In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of
the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a
microtubule-organizing structure called the
centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA
during M phase.
This period is marked by DNA (generic material)
replication. So that the cells that will be produced
during cell division will not have any abnormalities.

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Interphase: S phase

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Interphase: G2 Phase

G2 phase. During the second gap phase,

or G2 phase, the cell grows more, makes
proteins and organelles, and begins to
reorganize its contents in preparation
for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis
begins.

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G2 phase

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G0
It is a phase in which the cell cycle stops for
a specific kinds of cell.
Cell in the Gap 0 are not actively preparing to
divide, some cells enter G0 temporarily until
there is an internal signal that triggers the
onset of G1

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Interphase : G0 Phase

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G0
Many cells in our body, including those in the heart muscle, eyes, and
brain are in the G0 phase. This cells are normal and they function
metabolically even though they are not preparing for cell division
That why if these cells are damaged they may not be able to
reproduce and replace themselves.

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M Phase
Mitotic
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M Phase
When cell divides there are three parts that are
involved: the nucleus, cell membrane and
cytoplasm.
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its
copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new
cells. M phase involves two distinct division-
related processes: karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
The division of nucleus during cell division is known
as karyokinesis. Two types Mitosis (Body cells) and
Meiosis (Sex cells). The cell may undergo any of this
processes after interphase depending on what type
of cell it is. 64
Aside from the nucleus
the cytoplasm also
divides. This process is
called cytokinesis. Plant
cell and animal cell
differs in this category.

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Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell to
prepare cell division and to produce two new daughter
cells. It ONLY happens in EUKARYOTIC organisms
Phases of cell cycle include two major activities:

1. Interphase
2. M-phase (Mitotic phase)

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Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
G1 - primary growth phase
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis

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 Mitosis
Division of the
nucleus
Also called
karyokinesis
Has four stages
It rarely occurs
in some cells
such as brain
cells

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 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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 Early Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes

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 Late Prophase
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
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 Late Prophase

Chromosomes

Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated

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 Spindle Fiber attached to
Chromosome

Kinetochore Fiber

Chromosome
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PROPHASE

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 Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell

Pole of
the Cell

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 Metaphase

Asters at
the poles

Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at the
Equator

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 Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers

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 Anaphase

Sister
Chromatids
being
separated

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 Telophase
Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin

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 Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell

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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell plant cell

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 Daughter Cells of Mitosis

Have the same number of

chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell

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MANOBOS ENDOMEDICINAL PLANTS

Ageratum conyzoides Acmella grandiflora

Folk Name: Albahaca Folk Name: Lunas pilipo

Anodendron borneense Erechites valerianifolius

Folk Name: Lunas tag-uli Folk Name: Gapas-gapas
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 BOTANY AND HEALTH

Cell division is necessary for the repair

of damaged tissues, healing, and the
capacity to become several cell types
consistently divide to REPLENISH the
loss of old cells. The indigenous people in
Sibagat, Agusan del Sur such as the
Manobos, used different parts of the
ethnomedicinal plants as shown in the
pictures like the leaves of the Albahaca,
the flowers of the Lunas pilipo, the stem
of Lunas tag-uli, and the leaf sap of the
Gapas-gapas for the treatment of cuts
and wounds or to hasten the healing
process.
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BOTANY AND HEALTH

In your locality, is
there a specific plant
used by the people in
your community for the
treatment of cuts and
wounds?

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DID YOU KNOW?
Cancer is unchecked cell
growth. Mutations in genes can
cause cancer by accelerating cell
division rates or cell divides
uncontrollably. As a mass of
cancerous cells grows, it can
develop into a tumor. Scientists
believe that poor lifestyle
factors, such as smoking, alcohol
consumption, obesity, diet, and
physical inactivity, and also
reproductive and hormonal
factors are considered as causes
and can trigger the formation of
cancer cells in the body.
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 TAKE GOOD CARE OF YOURSELF!

Question:
•Knowing these factors, what
should you do to prevent from
getting cancer?
•How will you help other people
to prevent from getting such
disease?
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 Test
Yourself
over Cell
Cycle/Cell
Division 92
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. During which stage of interphase do cells perform their normal cell
functions (such as growing and making enzymes to digest your food)?
a. S stage b. G2 stage c. G1 stage d. Mitosis
2. During which stage of interphase do cells copy their DNA?
a. S stage b. G2 stage c. G1 stage d. Mitosis
3. Which choice best describes the cell cycle?
a. Cells grow and develop during interphase. Cells reproduce during the
mitotic phase.
b. Cells grow and develop during the mitotic phase. Cells reproduce during
interphase
c. The nucleus of a cell divides during interphase. The cytoplasm of a cell
divides during the mitotic phase.
d. The nucleus of a cell divides during the mitotic phase. The cytoplasm of a
cell divides interphase.
4. What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
1-Metaphase 2-Telophase 3-Anaphase 4-Prophase
a. 4,1,2,3 b. 2,3,1,4 c. 1,2,3,4 d. 4,1,3,2 93
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
5. Which of the following describes Prophase as one of the stages of
mitosis?
a. The sister chromatids move in opposite poles.
b. The chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
c. The nuclear membrane starts to disappear.
d. The cleavage is formed.
6. In what stage of mitosis, does formation of cleavage happen in
animal cell?
a. Anaphase b. Metaphase c. Prophase d. Telophase
7. What happens to the chromosome during metaphase?
a. The chromosomes move in opposite poles.
b. The chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
c. The chromosomes did not separate.
d. The chromosomes become thickened.
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Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
8. Which of the following illustrations is a telophase?

9. Which of the following is NOT a result of cell division?

a. reproduction b. growth c. nutrition d. repair
10. The following are importance of mitosis to organisms, EXCEPT?
a. Repair (of a wound) in multicellular organisms
b. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms
c. Development (e.g., baby in mother's womb)
d. Production of gametes
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 ASSIGNMENT
Directions: Convey your ideas artistically about the Cell Cycle
and Mitosis through any of the following forms below.
Submit/attach your outputs in this e-mail address
[email protected]

FLIPBOOK
 Construct a flip book that shows the movement of
the chromosomes in phases of mitotic division.
Label the model. Use materials that are available at
home.
POETRY
 Create any type of poem (Free verse, narrative, etc.)
PARODY
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