SECTION 10—OVERVIEW OF THE BUDGET PROCESS

SECTION 10—OVERVIEW OF THE BUDGET

Table of Contents

The Budget Process

10.1 What is the budget?
10.2 What is the legal requirement to prepare the budget?
10.3 What kinds of information does the budget provide?
10.4 Which agencies does the budget cover?
10.5 What happens during the Federal budget process and when?
10.6 What is the Mid-Session Review?

The Central Financial Agencies

10.7 What are the central financial agencies?
10.8 What are the responsibilities and functions of OMB?
10.9 What are the responsibilities and functions of the Treasury?
10.10 What are the responsibilities and functions of CBO?
10.11 What are the responsibilities and functions of GAO?
10.12 How do OMB, CBO, the Fiscal Service, and GAO responsibilities overlap?

Summary of Changes

Explains why some agencies do not report financials to the Department of the Treasury but are
included in the Budget (section 10.4).

10.1 What is the budget?

In this Circular, the term budget means the President's Budget—The Budget of the United States
Government. The budget consists of several volumes that set forth the President's financial proposal with
recommended priorities for allocating resources. The main Budget volume contains the President's Budget
message and other broad statements of policy. The Appendix contains detailed information by agency,
bureau or program group, budget accounts, programs, and activities. Other volumes, such as Analytical
Perspectives and Historical Tables, provide complementary views of the budget. Most of the information
contained in the budget is, or is based on, information you submit for your agency and programs in response
to this Circular.

The term "budget" can mean other things in other contexts. It often refers to the full receipt and outlay
proposals rather than the volumes in which these amounts are published. Some people refer collectively to
the budget resolution and revenue and spending bills that the Congress passes, which we describe below,
as the "congressional budget." Ultimately, the Congress and the President enact many laws that control the
Government's receipts and spending, which we sometimes refer to collectively as the budget, as in "enacting
the budget."

This section provides a broad overview of the budget process. You can read more about the budget process
in a chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the most recent budget, "The Budget Concepts and
Budget Process." To view or download budget documents, go to the budget website:
http://www.budget.gov/budget

10.2 What is the legal requirement to prepare the budget?

The Budget and Accounting Act requires the President to submit a budget (see section 15.2). The President
formally transmits his proposals for allocating resources to the Congress through the budget. The Congress

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considers the recommendations and uses the information included in the budget as it drafts and passes laws
that affect spending and receipts. Through this process the Government decides how much money to spend,
what to spend it on, and how to raise the money it has decided to spend.

10.3 What kinds of information does the budget provide?

The budget focuses primarily on the budget year—the upcoming fiscal year for which the Congress needs
to make appropriations. However, it includes data for the most recently completed year, the current year,
and nine years following the budget year (outyears) in order to reflect the effect of budget decisions over
the longer term. In addition to proposed appropriations for the budget year, the budget may include
proposed changes to appropriations for the current year (supplementals and rescissions), and legislative
proposals that would affect the current year, the budget year, or the outyears.

The budget provides actual or estimated data (stated in millions or billions of dollars, depending on the
context) for the following:

 The amount by account that each agency may obligate the Government to pay (budget authority)
and estimates of payments (outlays) by agency and account;

 The amount of receipts each agency collects from various sources;

 Budget authority, outlays, and receipts by major function of the Government, such as national
defense; (This is why we assign each budget account a functional classification code(s).)

 Total budget authority, outlays, and receipts for the Government; and

 The actual or estimated surplus (when receipts exceed outlays) or deficit (when outlays exceed
receipts).

The budget divides the Government totals for budget authority, outlays, and receipts into "on-budget"
amounts and "off-budget" amounts. The off-budget amounts include the transactions of the Social Security
trust funds and the Postal Service, which are excluded by law from the on-budget totals.

The budget arrays data in many different ways. For example, one section of the budget focuses solely on
Federal investment spending. Also, while the budget focuses primarily on dollars, it also includes data on
other resources, such as Federal employment levels.

10.4 Which agencies does the budget cover?

The budget covers the agencies of all three branches of Government—Executive, Legislative, and
Judicial—and provides information on Government-sponsored enterprises. In accordance with law or
established practice, OMB includes information on agencies of the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch,
and certain Executive Branch agencies as submitted by those agencies without change. By longstanding
practice, the budget presents information about the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System but
does not include amounts for the Board in the budget totals, even though it is a Government agency, because
of the independent status of the System. The budget includes information about the Government-sponsored
enterprises, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), but does not include them in
the budget totals because they are privately owned. (Section 25 discusses the applicability of Part 2 of this
Circular to various agencies.)

The budget also includes the estimated budgetary effects of certain entities that may not report to the
Department of Treasury. In such cases, the included activities are considered budgetary and occur because
of authorities conferred or control exerted by the Government. For more information on capturing the full

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effect of governmental activity in the Budget, see Chapter 10, Coverage of the Budget, in the Analytical
Perspectives volume of the Budget.

10.5 What happens during the Federal budget process and when?

The budget process occurs in three main phases:

 Formulation. During this phase, the Executive Branch prepares the President's Budget. OMB and
the Federal agencies begin preparing the next budget almost as soon as the President has sent the
last one to the Congress. OMB officially starts the process by sending planning guidance to
Executive Branch agencies in the spring. The President completes this phase by sending the budget
to the Congress on the first Monday in February, as specified in law, although occasionally
Presidents have sent it later for various reasons. For example, in a year with a transition between
outgoing and incoming Administrations, the timing of the President's Budget transmittal changes.

 Congressional. This phase starts in late January or February, when the Congress receives the
President's Budget. The Congress does not vote on the President's Budget itself, and it does not
enact a budget of its own, as such. It considers the President's Budget proposals, passes an overall
revenue and spending plan called a "budget resolution," and enacts the regular appropriations acts
and other laws that control spending and receipts.

 Execution. This phase lasts for at least five fiscal years and includes two parts.

 The apportionment part pertains to funds appropriated for that fiscal year and to balances of
appropriations made in prior years that remain available for obligation. At the beginning of the
fiscal year, and at such other times as necessary, OMB apportions funds—that is, specifies the
amount of funds that an agency may use by time period, program, project, or activity—to
Executive Branch agencies. Throughout the year, agencies hire people, enter into contracts, and
enter into grant agreements, etc., in order to carry out their programs, projects, and activities.
These actions use up the available funds by obligating the Federal Government to make outlays,
immediately or in the future.

 The reporting and outlay part lasts until funds are canceled (one-year and multiple-year funds
are canceled at the end of the fifth year after the funds expire for new obligations) or until funds
are totally disbursed (for no-year funds). Note: the canceled phase of annual and multi-year
authority (see section 20.4(c)) or cancellations of budgetary resources in no-year accounts
pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 1555 should not be confused with cancellations as a type of reduction (see
section 20.4(i)).

The following tables highlight the major events in each of the phases of the budget process. These tables
show the planned timing or, when applicable, the timing specified in law. The actual timing may vary from
the plan. For example, the Congress frequently does not enact all appropriations acts by the start of the
fiscal year, and on several occasions the President has submitted the budget later than specified for various
reasons, including late enactment of appropriations for the previous fiscal year or a change in
Administrations. Since budget cycles overlap, we must begin the next cycle before completing the last one.

MAJOR STEPS IN THE FORMULATION PHASE

What happens? When?

OMB issues spring planning guidance to Executive Branch agencies for the upcoming Spring
budget. The OMB Director issues a letter to the head of each agency providing policy
guidance for the agency's budget request. Absent more specific guidance, the outyear

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What happens? When?

estimates included in the previous budget serve as a starting point for the next budget.
This begins the process of formulating the budget the President will submit the
following February.
OMB and the Executive Branch agencies discuss budget issues and options. OMB Spring and Summer
works with the agencies to:
 Identify major issues for the upcoming budget;
 Develop and analyze options for the upcoming fall review; and
 Plan for the analysis of issues that will need decisions in the future.
OMB issues Circular No. A–11 to all Federal agencies. This Circular provides detailed June
instructions for submitting budget data and materials.
Executive Branch agencies (except those not subject to Executive Branch review) September*
make budget submissions. See section 25.
Fiscal year begins. The just completed budget cycle focused on this fiscal year. It was October 1
the "budget year" in that cycle and is the "current year" in this cycle.
OMB conducts its fall review. OMB staff analyzes agency budget proposals in light of October–November
Presidential priorities, program performance, and budget constraints. They raise issues
and present options to the Director and other OMB policy officials for their decisions.
OMB opens the MAX A-11 Data Entry (MAX) application for all agencies to submit November
their past year budget data.
OMB briefs the President and senior advisors on proposed budget policies. The OMB Late November
Director recommends a complete set of budget proposals to the President after OMB
has reviewed all agency requests and considered overall budget policies.
Passback. OMB usually informs all Executive Branch agencies at the same time about Late November
the decisions on their budget requests.
All agencies, including Legislative and Judicial Branch agencies, enter all MAX Late November to
budget schedule data and text materials. This process continues until OMB must early January *
"lock" agencies out of the database in order to meet the printing deadline.
Executive Branch agencies may appeal to OMB and the President. An agency head December *
may ask OMB to reverse or modify certain decisions. In most cases, OMB and the
agency head resolve such issues and, if not, work together to present them to the
President for a decision.
Agencies prepare and OMB reviews congressional budget justification materials. January
Agencies prepare the budget justification materials they need to explain their budget
requests to the responsible congressional subcommittees.
President transmits the budget to the Congress. First Monday in
February
*OMB provides specific deadlines for this activity.

MAJOR STEPS IN THE CONGRESSIONAL PHASE

What happens? When?

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reports to Budget Committees on the economic and January
budget outlook.

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What happens? When?

CBO reestimates the President's Budget based on their economic and technical February
assumptions.
Other committees submit "views and estimates" to House and Senate Budget Committees. Within 6 weeks of
Committees indicate their preferences regarding budgetary matters for which they are budget transmittal
responsible.
The Congress completes action on the concurrent resolution on the budget. The Congress April 15
commits itself to broad spending and revenue levels by passing a budget resolution.
The Congress needs to complete action on appropriations bills for the upcoming fiscal September 30
year or provides a "continuing resolution" (a stop-gap appropriation law).

MAJOR STEPS IN THE EXECUTION PHASE

What happens? When?

Fiscal year begins. October 1

OMB apportions funds made available in the annual appropriations process and other September 10 (or
available funds. Agencies submit apportionment requests to OMB for each budget within 30 days after
account by August 21 or within 10 calendar days after the approval of the appropriation, approval of a
whichever is later. OMB approves or modifies the apportionment specifying the spending bill)
amount of funds agencies may use by time period, program, project, or activity.
Agencies incur obligations and make outlays to carry out the funded programs, projects, Throughout the
and activities. Agencies hire people, enter into contracts, and enter into grant fiscal year
agreements, etc., in order to carry out their programs, projects, and activities.
Agencies record obligations and outlays pursuant to administrative control of funds
procedures (see Appendix H), report to Treasury (see the Treasury Fiscal Requirements
Manual and section 130), and prepare financial statements.
Fiscal year ends. September 30
Expired phase (no-year funds do not have an expired phase). Agencies disburse against Until September 30,
obligated balances and adjust obligated balances to reflect actual obligations during the fifth year after funds
period of availability. expire.
Agencies continue to record obligations and outlays pursuant to administrative control
of funds procedures, report to Treasury, and prepare financial statements.

10.6 What is the Mid-Session Review?

The law requires the President to send a report to the Congress updating budget estimates on or before July
15th. This report contains revised budget estimates resulting from changes in economic assumptions,
technical reestimates, Presidential initiatives, and completed congressional actions that have occurred since
transmittal of the budget. Your OMB representative will provide guidance on the development of these
estimates at the appropriate time.

10.7 What are the central financial agencies?

The central financial agencies are:

 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in the Executive Office of the President;
 The Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Fiscal Service (Fiscal Service);

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 The Congressional Budget Office (CBO), in the Legislative Branch; and

 The Government Accountability Office (GAO), in the Legislative Branch.

10.8 What are the responsibilities and functions of OMB?

OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the President’s
Budget and to supervise its administration by the Executive Branch agencies. OMB evaluates the
effectiveness of agency programs, policies, and procedures, assesses competing funding demands among
agencies, and sets funding priorities. OMB ensures that agency reports, rules, testimony, and proposed
legislation are consistent with the President's Budget and with Administration policies.

In addition, OMB oversees and coordinates the Administration's procurement, financial management, and
information and regulatory policies. In each of these areas, OMB's primary role is to improve
administrative management, develop better performance measures and coordinating mechanisms, and
reduce any unnecessary burdens on the public.

For further information, refer to the OMB web site.

10.9 What are the responsibilities and functions of the Treasury?

Treasury, acting through the Bureau of the Fiscal Service, gathers and publishes Government-wide financial
information that is used by the public and private sectors to monitor the Government's financial status and
establish fiscal and monetary policies. These publications include: the Daily Treasury Statement; the
Monthly Treasury Statement; the Treasury Bulletin; the Combined Statement; and the Financial Report of
the U.S. Government. The Financial Report of the U.S. Government is the Federal Government's set of
audited financial statements, a requirement of the Government Management and Reform Act of 1994.

For further information, refer to the Fiscal Service web site.

10.10 What are the responsibilities and functions of CBO?

CBO was created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. CBO's mission is
to provide the Congress with the objective, timely, non-partisan analyses needed for economic and budget
decisions and with the information and estimates required for the congressional budget process. CBO
prepares analyses and estimates relating to the budget and the economy and presents options and
alternatives for the Congress to consider but does not make recommendations on policy. CBO’s services
can be grouped into four categories: helping the Congress formulate a budget plan; helping it stay within
that plan; helping it assess the impact of Federal mandates; and helping it consider issues related to the
budget and economic policy.

For further information, refer to the CBO web site.

10.11 What are the responsibilities and functions of GAO?

GAO is the investigative arm of the Congress. GAO helps the Congress meet its Constitutional
responsibilities and helps improve the performance and accountability of the Federal Government for the
American people. GAO examines the use of public funds, evaluates Federal programs and activities, and
provides analyses, options, recommendations, and other assistance to help the Congress make effective
oversight, policy, and funding decisions. In this context, GAO works to continuously improve the
economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of the Federal Government through financial audits, program
reviews and evaluations, analyses, legal opinions, investigations, and other services. GAO's activities are
designed to ensure the Executive Branch's accountability to the Congress under the Constitution and the
Government's accountability to the American people. GAO is dedicated to good government through its
commitment to the core values of accountability, integrity, and reliability.

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For further information, refer to the GAO web site.

10.12 How do OMB, CBO, Fiscal Service, and GAO responsibilities overlap?

Here are a few examples:

 After OMB submits the President's Budget, CBO is responsible for re-estimating the budget.

 Both OMB and CBO score the costs of legislation (both appropriations and direct spending included
in authorization bills). While Budget Committees have the ultimate responsibility for determining
the scoring effects of legislation for Congressional enforcement, they typically rely on CBO
estimates during congressional consideration of individual bills to ensure that they are consistent
with the budget resolution totals. The President uses OMB estimates to determine the costs of
budget-related legislation. OMB reconciles or explains differences between the two sets of
discretionary estimates.

 OMB and Fiscal Service work together to establish any new Treasury accounts, both during the
preparation of the Budget and after bills become laws.

 OMB provides its scoring to Fiscal Service to assist in Fiscal Service’s responsibility to prepare
warrants.

 OMB and Fiscal Service work together to estimate actual outlays during the course of a year.

 Fiscal Service gathers financial information through the Government-wide Treasury Account
Symbol Adjusted Trail Balance System (GTAS), that allows agencies to submit one set of
accounting data (mostly budgetary, some proprietary) that fulfills the needs of the SF 133 Report
on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources, the FMS 2108 Year-End Closing Statement, and
the prior-year column of the Program and Financing schedule in the President's Budget.

 OMB and Fiscal Service worked together to develop the GTAS systems. Fiscal Service develops
U.S. Standard General Ledger guidance to comply with OMB definitions.

 Both Fiscal Service and GAO provide guidelines used by financial managers as they account for
Federal finances.

 OMB uses GAO audits and evaluations, as well as those of agency inspectors general, as part of its
review of agency programs.

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