Artificial Intelligence (AI)

CHAPTER THREE
3. Artificial Intelligence
Topics Covered
 Overview for Artificial Intelligence
 Definition of Artificial Intelligence
 Why Artificial Intelligence
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Components of AI System
 History of AI
 Types of AI
 How humans think
 Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components
 Influencers of artificial intelligence
 Applications of AI
Introduction 3

 Artificial
Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence
 Artificialmeans "man-made," and
 Intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the
ability to learn and solve problems”
 Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-
made thinking power."
 It is the imitation of human thinking to solve
problems
 4
Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial intelligence comprises integration of several
technologies such as machine learning, natural language
processing, reasoning, and perception.
 AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that
are capable of performing tasks that humans are very good
at.
 Example recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of
speech, and decision making in a constrained environment.
 Generally , AI is the field of CS that is associated with
creating intelligent machines “thinking like human” to
perform tasks such as learning , problem solving , planning,
reason and identifying patterns.
 5
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep
Learning (DL)
Need for Artificial Intelligence 6

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent

behavior
 capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its
users.
 To find solutions to complex problems
 To automate the routine work
 To automates repetitive learning and discovery
through data.
 To adapts through progressive learning algorithms
 To achieves incredible accuracy through deep neural
networks
Goals of Artificial Intelligence 7

 The main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 Buildinga machine which can perform tasks
that requires human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem, Playing chess, Plan some
surgical operation, Driving a car in traffic, etc
What Comprises to Artificial 8

Intelligence ?
 Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception,
language understanding, etc.
 To achieve the above, AI requires the following disciplines:
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence 9

 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone

to fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
 High-Speed: AI systems perform tasks with high-speed and make
fast-decision.
 Example: - AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable.
 They can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence … 10

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such as
:-
 E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer requirements.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as:-
 Self-driving car which can make our journey safer
 Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for translation
like google translate)
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
11
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly.
 Can't think out of the box: AI system cannot work out of the box.
 For example:- AI robot will only do work for which they are trained or
programmed.
 AI machines have no feelings and have no emotional attachment with humans
 Increase dependence on machines:
 People are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
 No Original Creativity:
 As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas however AI machines
cannot be creative and imaginative.
 Components of AI system 12

1. Applications: Image recognition, Speech recognition,

Chatbots, Natural language generation, and Sentiment
analysis.
2. Types of Models: Deep learning, Machine learning, and
Neural Networks.
3. Software/Hardware for training and running models:
Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), Parallel processing tools
(like Spark), Cloud data storage and computer platforms.
4. Programming languages for building models: Python,
TensorFlow, Java, and C/C++, etc.
History of AI 13

 The following are some milestones in the history of AI which shows the
journey of AI generation.
 A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
 The year 1943: The first work of AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pits
in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
 The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
 The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician developed
Machine learning in 1950.
 Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a
test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent
to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
History of AI 14

 B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

 The year 1955: Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
created the "first artificial intelligence program"
Which was named "Logic Theorist".
 This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics
theorems
 The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first
adopted by American Computer scientist John
McCarthy at Dartmouth Conference.
 For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.
 At that time high-level computer languages such as
FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented.
History of AI 15

 C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

 The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that
can solve mathematical problems.
 Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
 The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in
Japan which was named WABOT-1.
 D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)
 The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter
duration.
 AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches.
 During AI winters, an interest in publication on artificial intelligence was
decreased.
History of AI 16

 E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert
System".
 Expert systems are program that imitate the decision-making ability of a
human expert.

 F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

 The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter
duration.
 Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI researches
due to high cost in software and hardware requirement.
History of AI 17

 G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

 The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue super
computer beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov,
and became the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.
 The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in
the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
 The year 2006: AI came into the world Business in the
year 2006.
 Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started
using AI.
History of AI 18

 H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

 The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won , “Tv quiz show”, where it had
to solve complex questions .
 IBM Watson is a computer system capable of answering questions posed in
natural language.
 The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which
was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
 The year 2018: The "Project Debater" developed by IBM - the first AI system
designed to debate humans on complex topics.
 In the same year Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a
virtual assistant that mimic a human voice and makes phone calls on behalf of a
person.
 It enables users to perform a variety of tasks - including make reservations, schedule
appointments and perform other functions
Levels of AI 19
 Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems :
 A rule-based system (e.g., Business Software, expert system) uses rules as the
knowledge representation.(knowledge is encoded as rules)
 It operates based on predefined rules.
 These rules are coded into the system in the form of if-then-else statements.
 The main idea of a rule-based system is to capture the knowledge of a
human expert in a specific domain and represent it within a computer
system.
 Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention :
 Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being
applied in. e.g. chatbots and “roboadvisors”.
 Context Aware systems acquire user context, analyze and interpret the user
context to adapt to the user's needs.
 Context Aware system's are able to gather and use contextual information from
its environment to enhance the functionality and service delivery.
 User Contextual Information could be user’s identity, preferences, location,
activity and likes
Levels of AI 20

 Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise :

 These systems build up expertise in a specific context (domain)
 An expert is a person with extensive knowledge about a particular subject matter
or area of specialization.
 Much problem solving involves domain-specific knowledge.
 These systems build up expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes of
information which they can use for decision making.
 E.g. cancer diagnosis and AlphaGo.
 Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines :
 Reasoning Machine are systems that generate conclusions from available
knowledge by using logical techniques like deduction and induction.
 Systems that apply logical rules to a set of premises to derive conclusions
 They have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their own logic
works.
Levels of AI 21

 Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

 These systems have human-like intelligence.
 AGI system can perform any task that a human can.
 They have a capacity to understand or learn any intellectual task that
a human being can.
 Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI) :
 AI algorithms that exceed the most intelligent humans in every domain.
 Experts claim it could be realized by 2029.
 Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence : is a hypothetical future
point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable
and irreversible, resulting in unpredictable changes to human
civilization.
Types of AI 22

 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into two main types based on capabilities and
based on functionally of AI
Types of AI - Based on Capabilities 23

 1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task
with intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only
trained for one specific task.
 Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI
 Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess,
purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars,
speech recognition, and image recognition.
Types of AI - Based on Capabilities … 24

 2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform
any task as perfect as a human
 Currently, there is no such system it is still under
research, and it will take lots of effort and time to
develop such systems.
Types of AI - Based on Capabilities … 25

 3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a type of AI at which machines could exceed
human intelligence, and can perform any task better
than a human.
 Super AI capability include the ability to think, to reason,
solve the problem, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial
Intelligence.
Types of AI - Based on the functionality
26
 1. Reactive Machines
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
 Example:-
 IBM's Deep Blue system a chess-playing supercomputer developed by IBM.
 Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
 2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
 These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed
limits, and other information to navigate the road.
Types of AI - Based on the functionality…
27

 3. Theory of Mind
 Simply thinking like a human.
 This type of AI understands human emotions, thoughts and is
able to interact socially.
 4. Self-Aware AI: These machines will be super
intelligent and they will be self-conscious, and self-aware
like humans.
 Self-Awareness AIdoes not exist in reality still and it is a
hypothetical concept.
 This can be a future of robots.
Mapping human thinking to AI components 28

How humans think

 Intelligence or the cognitive process of human being is composed of three
main stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
 In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding
environments through human senses organs such as eyes, tongue,
nose, ears, and hands to sense sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment.
 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and
evaluated.
 AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI systems or
models.
Mapping human thinking to AI components… 29

 The three main layers or components of AI systems are :-

sensing layer, interpretation layer, interacting layer.
 The first layer is sensing layer:-
 In this layer AI systems perceives information from the
surrounding environment using sensing agents(sensors) such as
speach recognition for sensing voice and visual imaging
recognition for sensing images.
Mapping human thinking to AI components… 30

 The second layer is interpretation layer

 The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the
input data.
 The third layer is the interacting layer
 At this stage AI systems take action or make decisions after
evaluating the input data.
 speech generation are examples of functions that are
implemented in this layer.
Influencers of artificial intelligence 31

 The following are influential factors that accelerate the

rise of AI
 Big data
 Advancements in computer processing speed and new
chip architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The emergence of data science
Influencers of artificial intelligence… 32

Big data
 Big data is a collection of large and complex data sets
 Big data requires innovative way of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes, and
help decision making.
 The availability of larger volumes and sources of data, and
useful information extracted from big data is enabling
capabilities in AI
Influencers of artificial intelligence…
33

 Advancements in computer processing speed, new

computer chip architectures, and big data file
systems
 The advancements made in computer processing speed
and memory space enable us to quickly process the
information that is generated by big data.
 Hence, the advancement of computer processing speeds,
new computer chip architectures, and big data file
systems have a significant contribution to the rapid
evolution of AI applications.
Influencers of artificial intelligence…
34
 Cloud computing and application programming interfaces
 Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of
on-demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use
bases.
 These services might be data analysis, social media, video
storage, e-commerce, and AI capabilities tools that are available
through the internet and supported by cloud computing.
 AI capabilities tools and services are accessed through application
programming interfaces (APIs) on the internet.
 Developers can include AI capabilities into digital applications,
products, and operations by using one or more of the available
APIs.
 So programming becomes easier and faster.
Influencers of artificial intelligence… 35

 The emergence of data science

 The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or
insights from data in various forms(like structured or
unstructured data)
 Data science uses machine learning and AI to process
big data.
AI tools and platforms 36

 Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a tool kit to build

intelligent applications .
 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult
problems in computer science, like:
 Search and optimization
 Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
 Neural networks
 Control theory
 Language understanding
 The most common artificial intelligence platforms include Microsoft AZURE
Machine Learning, Google Cloud Prediction API, IBM Watson and etc
Applications of AI 37

 AI in agriculture  AI in Social Media

 AI in Healthcare  AI in Data Security
 AI in Travel &Transport
 AI in education
 AI in Robotics
 AI in Finance
 AI in Entertainment
and E-commerce
 AIin the Automotive
 AI in Gaming
Industry
Sample AI application 38

Email (Spam filtering)

Social Networking
Online Shopping
Mobile Use
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End of Chapter THREE !!!