CURVILINEAR and PROJECTILE

MOTION
CE 002– Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

ENGR. AL R. ROMANO
Faculty, Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
Technological institute of the Philippines-Quezon City
CURVILINEAR MOTION
CE 002- Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
Curvilinear Motion
• When a Particle moving along a curve other than a straight line, we say
that the particle is in curvilinear motion.
• occurs when a particle moves along a curved path. Since this path is
often described in three dimensions, vector analysis will be used to
formulate the particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration.
Curvilinear Motion
• The best observation of the curvilinear motion can be
made when the roller coaster train moves in the
eardrop pattern.

• The serpentine movement is usually wavy or s-shaped

in nature. Hence, the wavy nature of the movement of
the snake’s body displays the curvilinear motion.

• When a basketball player throws a basketball in the

basket, he throws the ball at a certain angle. The ball
then follows a curved path before landing in the basket.
Hence, the existence of curvilinear motion can be
observed easily.
Curvilinear Motion
Position
• A particle moves along a curve is defined by
the path function, 𝑠
• The position of the particle, measured from a
fixed point O, will be designated by the
position vector 𝒓 = 𝒓 𝒕 . Notice that both
the magnitude and direction of this vector
will change as the particle moves along the
curve.
Curvilinear Motion
Displacement
Suppose that during a small time interval the
particle moves a distance ∆𝑠 along the curve to
a new position, defined by 𝒓′ = 𝒓 + ∆𝒓.

Velocity
During the time ∆𝑡, the average velocity of the
particle is
∆𝑟
𝑣=
∆𝑡
Curvilinear Motion
Instantaneous Velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the time
derivative of position. Hence
𝒅𝒓
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
Since 𝒅𝒓 will be tangent to the curve, the
direction of 𝒗 is also tangent to the curve
𝒅𝒔
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
Curvilinear Motion
Acceleration
Provided the velocity of the particle is known at
two points, the average acceleration of the particle
during the time interval is defined as
∆𝒗
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
∆𝒕
The instantaneous acceleration is time derivative
of velocity
𝒅𝒗
𝒂=
𝒅𝒕
Also, note that when the velocity is constant, the
acceleration is zero since ∆𝑣 = 𝑣 ′ − 𝑣
∆𝑣 = 𝑣 ′ − 𝑣 = 0 −∆𝑣 = 𝑣 ′ − 𝑣
Curvilinear Motion
Acceleration
To study this time rate of change, the two
velocity vectors in are plotted in Fig. 12–16e
such that their tails are located at the fixed
point and their arrowheads touch points on
a curve. This curve is called a hodograph.

By definition of the derivative, acceleration

acts tangent to the hodograph.
Curvilinear Motion
However, in order for the particle to follow any
curved path, the directional change always
“swings” the velocity vector toward the “inside”
or “concave side” of the path, and therefore a
cannot remain tangent to the path. In summary,
v is always tangent to the path and acceleration
is always tangent to the hodograph.
Curvilinear Motion
Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential
Components
When the path along which a particle travels is known, then it is often
convenient to describe the motion using n and t coordinate axes which
act normal and tangent to the path, respectively, and at the instant
considered have their origin located at the particle.
Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential
Components
Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential
Components
Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential
Components

Where:
Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential
Components
To better understand these results, consider the following two special
cases of motion:
1. If the particle moves along a straight line, then 𝜌 = 0 and from
Eq. 12–20, Thus 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣ሶ and we can conclude that the
tangential component of acceleration represents the time rate
of change in the magnitude of the velocity.
2. If the particle moves along a curve with a constant speed, then
𝑣2
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣ሶ =0 and 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛 = . Therefore, the normal component
𝜌
of acceleration represents the time rate of change in the
direction of the velocity. Since 𝑎𝑛 always acts towards the
center of curvature, this component is sometimes referred to as
the centripetal (or center seeking) acceleration
Example 1
• The boat is traveling along the circular path with a speed of 𝑣 =
0.0625𝑡 2 m/s, where t is in seconds. Determine the magnitude of its
acceleration when 𝑡 = 10𝑠.
Example 2
• If the motorcycle has a deceleration of a = −(0.001𝑠) m/𝑠 2 , and its
speed at position is 25 m/s, determine the magnitude of its
acceleration when it passes point B.
Example 3
A particle travels with a constant speed
300 mm/s along the curve. Determine the
particle’s acceleration when it is located at
point (200mm, 100mm)
Example 5
For a short time, the path of the plane in
is described by 𝑦 = (0.001𝑥 2 )If the plane
is rising with a constant velocity of 10m/s
determine the magnitudes of the velocity
and acceleration of the plane when it is ay
𝑦 = 100 𝑚𝑚
PROJECTILE MOTION
CE 002- Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
Projectile Motion
1. The projectile motion helps a stuntman perform a
number of stunts. This is because while exhibiting
projectile motion, an object makes use of both the
horizontal and vertical velocity.
2. An athlete who practices javelin throw directs the
sharp edge of the javelin in the air at a particular angle.
The initial velocity with which the javelin is thrown
consists of both the horizontal and vertical
components.
3. The water coming out of a hose attached to a water
source or a water tap follows a projectile motion when
it is held at an angle.
Projectile Motion
• The free-flight motion of a projectile is often studied in terms of its
rectangular components.
• To illustrate the kinematic analysis, consider a projectile launched at point
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) with an initial velocity, v, of having components 𝑣0 x and 𝑣0 y.
• When air resistance is neglected, the only force acting on the projectile is its
weight, which causes the projectile to have a constant downward
acceleration o
Projectile Motion
Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion
Example 6
• During a race, it was observe that the rider remained in midair for 1.5
seconds before it lands 1m below its starting point. Determine the
speed at which he was travelling off the ramp and maximum height.
The angle of the trajectory is 30 degrees
Example 7
• The chipping machine is designed to
𝑓𝑡
eject wood chips at 𝑣0 = 25 as
𝑠
shown in the figure. If the tube is
oriented at 30° from the horizontal,
determine how high, h, the chips
strike the pile if at this instant they
land on the pile 20 ft from the tube.
Example 8
• A sack slides off the ramp, shown in
the Fig., with a horizontal velocity of
12m/s If the height of the ramp is 6
m from the floor, determine the time
needed for the sack to strike the floor
and the range R where sacks begin to
pile up
Example 9
𝑓𝑡
• The baseball player A hits the ball at 𝑉𝐴 =40 and 𝜃𝐴 = 60° from
𝑠
the horizontal. When the ball is directly overhead of player B, he
begins to run under it. Determine the constant speed at which B must
run and the distance 𝑑 in order to make the catch at the same
elevation at the ball was hit,
Solution
ERATIC MOTION
CE 002– Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

ENGR. AL R. ROMANO
Faculty, Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
Technological institute of the Philippines-Quezon City
Erratic Motion
• When a particle has erratic or changing motion then its position,
velocity, and acceleration cannot be described by a single continuous
mathematical function along the entire path.
• Instead, a series of functions will be required to specify the motion
at different intervals. For this reason, it is convenient to represent
the motion as a graph.
Erratic Motion
• If a graph of the motion that relates any two of the variables s, a, t
can be drawn, then this graph can be used to construct subsequent
graphs relating two other variables since the variables are related by
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
the differential relationships 𝑣 = , a = or 𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Erratic Motion: The s–t, v–t, and a–t Graphs.
To construct the 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph given the s −
𝑑𝑠
𝑡 graph, Fig. 12–7, the equation 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
should be used, since it relates the
variables s and t to v . This equation states
that
Erratic Motion: The s–t, v–t, and a–t Graphs.
For example, by measuring the slope on the
s − 𝑡 graph when 𝑡 = 𝑡1 the velocity is which
is plotted in Fig. 12–7b. The 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph can
be constructed by plotting this and other
values at each instant.
Erratic Motion: The s–t, v–t, and a–t Graphs.
The 𝑎 − 𝑡 graph can be constructed from
the v − 𝑡 graph in a similar manner, Fig. 12–
8, since
Erratic Motion: The s–t, v–t, and a–t Graphs.
If the s − 𝑡 curve for each interval of motion can be expressed by a
mathematical function 𝑠 = 𝑠 𝑡 , then the equation of the 𝑣 − 𝑡
graph for the same interval can be obtained by differentiating this
𝑑𝑠
function with respect to time since 𝑣 = . Likewise, the equation
𝑑𝑡
of the 𝑎 − 𝑡 graph for the same interval can be determined by
𝑑𝑣
differentiating 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑡 , since a = .
𝑑𝑡
Example 10
The car starts from rest and travels along a straight track such that it
𝑚 𝑚
accelerates at 10 2 for 10 s, and then decelerates at 2 2 . Draw the
𝑠 𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑡 and 𝑠 − 𝑡 graphs and determine the time t needed to stop the
car. How far has the car traveled?
Example 11
A bicycle moves along a straight road
such that its position is described by
the graph shown in Fig. Construct the
and a–t graphs for0 ≤ 𝑡 ≥ 30𝑠
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE MOTION
CE 002– Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

ENGR. AL R. ROMANO
Faculty, Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
Technological institute of the Philippines-Quezon City
Absolute Motion
• In some types of problems the motion of one
particle will depend on the corresponding motion
of another particle. This dependency commonly
occurs if the particles, here represented by blocks,
are interconnected by inextensible cords which
are wrapped around pulleys
• For example, the movement of block A downward
along the inclined plane in Fig. 12–36 will cause a
corresponding movement of block B up the other
incline. We can show this mathematically by first
specifying the location of the blocks using position
coordinates 𝑆𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐵
Absolute Motion
• Note that each of the coordinate axes is
1. measured from a fixed point (O) or fixed datum
line,
2. measured along each inclined plane in the
direction of motion of each block, and
3. has a positive sense from C to A and D to B. If the
total cord length is 𝑙 𝑇 , the two position
coordinates are related by the equation
Absolute Motion
• Here 𝑙𝐶𝐷 , is the length of the cord passing over
arc CD. Taking the time derivative of this
expression, realizing that 𝑙𝐶𝐷 and 𝑙 𝑇 and remain
constant, while 𝑆𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐵 measure the
segments of the cord that change in length.
We have
Absolute Motion
• In a similar manner, time differentiation of the velocities yields the
relation between the accelerations, i.e.,
Absolute Motion
Example 13
Determine the speed of block if end
of the rope is pulled down with a
speed of 𝑉𝑎 = 3 m/s.
 To be Continue

THANK YOU
References of photos are still to be indicated.