Section A and B

Contents
SECTION A (READING SKILLS)
CHAPTER -0
READING COMPREHENSION
- DISCURSIVE PASSAGE
- CASE BASED PASSAGE
SECTION B (GRAMMAR)
CHAPTER 1- TENSES
CHAPTER 2- MODALS
CHAPTER 3- SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
CHAPTER 4 REPOERTED SPEECH
CHAPTER 5- DETERMINERS
CHAPTER 6- FORMAL LETTER
CHAPTER 7- ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH
SECTION C (LITERATURE)
FIRST FLIGHT- PROSE
CHAPTER 1 – LETTER TO GOD

CHAPTER 2- NELSON MANDELA –LONG WALK TO FREEDOM
CHAPTER 3- TWO STORIES ABOUT FLYING
CHAPTER 4- FROM THE DIARYOD ANNE FRANK
CHAPTER 5- GLIMPSES OF INDIA
CHAPTER 6 – MIJBIL THE OTTER
CHAPTER 7- MADAM RIDES THE BUS
CHAPTER 8 – THE SERMON AT BENARES
CHAPTER 9 – THE PROPOSAL (PLAY)
POEMS
CHAPTER 1- DUST OF SNOW
CHAPTER 2- FIRE AND ICE
CHAPTER 3- A TIGER IN THE ZOO
CHAPTER 4- HOW TO TELL WILD ANIMALS
CHAPTER 5- THE BALL POEM
CHAPTER 6- AMANDA!
CHAPTER 7- THE TREES
CHAPTER 8- FOG
CHAPTER 9 – THE TALE OF CUSTARD THE DRAGON
CHAPTER 10- FOR ANNE GREGORY
FOOTSPRINTS WITHOUT FEET
CHAPTER 1- A TRIUMPH OF SURGERY

CHAPTER 2- THE THIEF’S STORY
CHAPTER 3- THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR
CHAPTER 4 – A QUESTION OF TRUST
CHAPTER 5- FOOTPRINTS WITHOUT FEET
CHAPTER 6- THE MAKING OF A SCIENTIST
CHAPTER 7- THE NECKLACE
CHAPTER 8- BHOLI
CHAPTER 9- THE BOOK THAT SAVED THE EARTH
SECTION A
READING
COMPREHENSION
CHAPTER - 0
READING COMPREHENSION
Unseen Passage for Class 10 – Tips to Handle Reading
Comprehension
Below, we have provided some tips to answer the comprehension passage questions of
Class 10 during the exam.
1. Go through the entire passage thoroughly.

2. Scan the passage quickly and try to find the main idea and theme on which the
comprehension passage is based.
3. Underline the important information in the passage.
4. Now, read the question and go back to the unseen passage to find the answer.
5. Avoid copy-pasting the answer from the comprehension passage. Try to frame the answer in
your own words.
6. To answer the vocabulary-based questions, like synonyms, antonyms, phrases, idioms etc.,
replace the word with the meaning. If the meaning is the same, then the answer is correct.
7. To answer multiple choice questions, go through all the options and then mark the correct
answer.
DISCURSIVE PASSAGE
Discursive passages are often used to explore complex ideas or issues. In
a discursive passage, the writer will present their argument clearly and try
to persuade the reader to see their point of view. To solve good discursive
passage, you need to be able to think critically and logically about you’re
the given topic.
A discursive passage explores a topic in depth. It delves into the different
facets of the topic, and presents multiple points of view. In contrast to an
expository passage, which simply presents information, a discursive
passage takes a more argumentative stance.
Passage 1- Read the passage given below:
1. The road to success is not straight; there is a curve called failure, a loop called
confusion, speed bumps called friends, caution lights called family, and you will
have flats called jobs. But, if you have a spare called determination, an engine
called perseverance, insurance called faith, and a driver called God, you will make
it to a place called success! In spite of all our planning and preparation, unexpected
challenges are certain to arise. The bumps in the road are unavoidable, but you’ll
never get to your destination if you aren’t willing to drive over them. The
difference between a disaster and triumph lies in whether or not you’re prepared
and willing to weather the storm. If you’re ready, those bumps will become
stepping-stones.
2. The key thing to realize is that working harder is same as working smarter. How
do you work smarter? You just need to have the right skills. People want improved
circumstances and better life without an improved self. They want victory without
paying the price or making efforts. It really cannot happen without the other. Any
improvements that have not been generated by improving yourself are superficial
and short-lived. If you want to have a better future, you have to change yourself.
Stop worrying about the various challenges that will come your way. Just believe
in yourself and use them as stepping-stones.
3. “Success” is getting whatever you want out of life without violating the rights of
others. It is not an accident Success is the result of our attitude and our attitude is a
choice. Hence success is a matter of choice and not chance. Today success
represents a holistic and positive attitude to life. Attitude is everything. Success is
not restricted within some kind of brick and mortar premises. It assumes the
individuality of a complete act executed with perfection; material achievements do
not define life. We don’t remember sports stars for the products they endorse but
the spirit of achievement they represent. In the abundance of positive attitude
underline the grandeur of a truly rewarding rich life.
4. Success can be measured from two standpoints—the external and the internal.
Externally it is the measure of a job well done and recognition. Internally it is the
feeling of achievement and wholeness derived from the completion of a task or
fulfillment of desire.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions.

(i) The internal measure of our success is the feeling of achievement:
(a) from the completion of a task. (b) from the fulfilment of desire.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(ii) In para I, `unexpected challenges’ refers to:
(a) financial problem (b) health problem
(c) lack of time (d) All of these
(iii) “If you are ready, those bumps will become stepping-stones.” Through
this sentence the writer tells us to:
(a) ignore ups and downs while working to achieve our goal.
(b) work with a proper plan to achieve our goal.
(c) focus only on our goal and ignore all responsibilities.
(d) take all challenges with strong determination.
(iv) Which one of the following quotes captures the central idea of the
passage?
Success is not final; failure is not
It is better to fail in originality than to total. It is the courage to continue
succeed in imitation. that counts. —
—Herman Melville Winston Churchill
(1) (2)
The road to success and the road to Success usually comes to those who
failure are almost exactly the same. are too busy to be looking for it.
— Colin R. Davis —Henry David Thoreau
(3) (4)
(a) Option 1 (b) Option 2
(c) Option 3 (d) Option 4
(v) In order to work smarter, we must have:

(a) improved circumstances. (b) right skills.
(c) better life. (d) All of these
(vi) If we want to have a better future, we have to:

(a) change ourselves. (b) stop worrying about the various challenges.
(c) believe in ourselves. (d) All of these
(vii) Success can be measured from true standpoints — the external and the
internal. The external measure is the measure of:
(a) a job well done (b) recognition
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(viii) Select the option that makes the correct use of ‘destination’ as used in
para 1.
(a) We will reach our destination by 6 o’clock.
(b) She is working hard to reach her destination.
(c) Shimla is her favourite destination.
(d) The cinema hall is the largest entertainment destination in the city.
(ix) According to the passage, success can be achieved by working smarter not
diligently. (True/False)
(x) The synonym of the word ‘viewpoint’ as given in para 3 is …………
1. Overpowering prey is a challenge for creatures that do not have limbs. Some
species like Russell’s viper inject poison. Some others opt for an alternative non-
chemical method — rat snakes, for instance, catch and push their prey against the
ground, while pythons use their muscle power to crush their prey to death. But
snakes can’t be neatly divided into poisonous and non-poisonous categories.
2. Even species I listed as non-poisonous aren’t completely free of poison. The
common Sand Boa, for instance, produces secretions particularly poisonous to
birds. So the species doesn’t take any chance – it crushes its prey and injects
poison as an extra step. Do vipers need poison powerful enough to kill hundreds of
rats with just one drop? After all, they eat only one or two at a time. While hunting
animals try their worst to kill most efficiently, their prey use any trick to avoid
becoming a meal, such as developing immunity to poison. For instance,
Californian ground squirrels are resistant to Northern Pacific rattlesnake poison.
3. Competition with prey is not the only thing driving snakes to evolve more and
more deadly poison. Snakes also struggle to avoid becoming prey themselves.
Some snake killers have partial immunity to poison. Famously, mongooses are
highly resistant to cobra poison, and with their speed and agility, kill snakes
fearlessly. It would be the death of cobras as a species if they didn’t evolve a more
deadly poison to stop mongooses. Poison has another important role. It’s an
extreme meat softener; specific enzymes break up the insides of the prey.
Normally, a reptile depends on the sun’s warm rays to aid digestion.
4. But I wonder if we cannot use venom in our favour. In remote parts of India,
local hospitality often involves leather-tough meat. I chew and chew until my jaws
ache. If I spit it out or refuse, our hosts would be offended, I swallow like a python
stuffing a deer down its throat and hope I don’t choke. If only I had poison.

(i) “But snakes can’t be neatly divided into poisonous and non-poisonous
categories.” Choose the term which best matches the statement.
(a) Over-confidence (b) Certainty
(c) Dilemma (d) Ignorance
(ii) Which of the characteristics is apt about the writer in the context: “If I
spit it out or refuse, our hosts would be offended”?
(a) Reckless (b) Compelled
(c) Patient (d) Negligent
(iii) Hunting animals try their worst to kill their prey. What does their prey do
to avoid becoming their meal?
(a) It develops strength to fight with them.
(b) It develops immunity to poison/venom.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(iv) Some snake killers have partial immunity to:

(a) dangerous bacteria (b) dangerous virus
(c) poisonous air (d) poison
(v) The narrator chews and chews the leather-tough meat until his jaws ache,
for fear of:
(a) his hosts (b) his guests
(c) pythons (d) choking
(vi) Which one of these animals is NOT a reptile?

(a) Option (1) (b) Option (2)
(c) Option (3) (d) Option (4)
(vii) Select the option that makes the correct use of ‘driving’, as used in para
3.
(a) Don’t talk while driving your car. (b) He is driving his sheep into a field.
(c) Hunger is driving him to speak lie. (d) He is driving his team efficiently.
(viii) A mongoose cannot kill a cobra. (True/False)
(ix) Snakes strive to evolve a more deadly poison, so that their prey have no
chance to ………..
(x) Choose the option that correctly states the meanings of ‘offended’, as used
in pare 4.
1. disgusting 2. upset 3. wrong
4. displeased 5. unlawful
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 5 (d) 4 and 5
1. Nature is our mother, our first teacher. The greatest lesson that she teaches us is
to maintain an equilibrium in life. We learn to maintain composure through our
joys, sorrows and fears. In fact, there are a thousand lessons that nature can teach
us, provided we look for them.
2. With time, a sapling grows into a full-grown tree; something so tiny and delicate
develops into a strong tree capable of supporting others. No matter how tall it
grows, how much it may flourish, or how many animals and birds it may support,
its roots are firmly buried from where it once rose. That’s a lesson -to keep
ourselves grounded, respect and embrace our roots, and give something back to
those humble beginnings that nurtured us into who we are.
3. Then there is the message of peaceful coexistence. ‘I am because we are.’
Nature provides every creature a chance to exist. However, the existence of one
creature or being depends on the existence of the other. The tiger eats the antelope;
without the antelope, the tiger wouldn’t survive. Likewise, without tigers, the over-
abundance of antelopes would cause them to starve to death.
4. I wonder if you have noticed that when birds or squirrels see a predator, they
give out an alarm call to their fellow creatures, of the lurking danger. They put
themselves in danger to save the lives of others. Many animals, like the salmon,
usually die after they spawn, but this doesn’t stop them. One life extinguished for
the betterment of others is a small price to pay.
5. The snow melts in the warmth of spring to give birth to fresh green leaves. In
autumn these leaves age into shades of gold only to be buried in the cold grave of
winter. Change is inevitable; the sooner we embrace this, the better it is for us. We
must also understand that even in pain there is growth. If you cut a hole in the tree,
it will grow around it. No matter what may come in its way, a river will continue to
flow. Similarly, no matter what grief may break your heart, nature teaches us that
life goes on.
6. Keep in mind life isn’t about making lists and trying to be one step ahead of
others. Life is to live. Take a break-stop being a workaholic, and smell the roses,
do whatever makes you feel happy and most of all spend some time with nature to
pick up invaluable lessons.

(i) According to the author, what, from the following, is the greatest lesson
being taught by nature?
(a) Balanced in our emotions. (b) Partial to joys in life.
(c) Afraid of unhappiness. (d) Indifferent to fears.
(ii) Select the option that suitably completes the dialogue with reference to
paragraph II.
Jai: I’ve done well for myself in this school. I’m the best they have. I can get
admission anywhere. This is my moment!
Sid: Congratulations! Just remember, we should ……….
(a) become strong despite our weakness.
(b) be kind and supportive towards everyone.
(c) respect the origins from where we have grown.
(d) nurture ourselves well from the beginning.
(iii) Choose the option that best conveys the message in —’I am because we
are.’
(a) Tigers are dependent on antelope
(b) Antelope are dependent on tigers
(c) Humans are dependent on animals
(d)Everyone is dependent on each other
(iv) What qualities do the birds and squirrels display when they warn others
of possible danger? Choose one option from the following:
(a) Observation skills and alertness.
(b) Tendency to get easily frightened.
(c) Selfless assistance to help others.
(d) Determination to protect themselves.
(v) Select the option with the underlined words that can suitably replace
lurking (paragraph 4).
(a) The policeman pulled up the person who was wandering aimlessly through the
city.
(b) The thief knew that remaining hidden was the best strategy to avoid being
caught
(c) The policeman was caught on camera while pouncing with force, to grab the
fleeing culprit.
(d) The thief was walking boldly into the house thinking it was devoid of residents.
(vi) A Portmanteau words like smog (smoke + fog), is a blend of words in
which parts of multiple words are combined into a new word.
From the options given below, select a Portmanteau word that appears in the
para 6.
(a) coexistence (b) workaholic
(c) full-grown (d) flourish
(vii) Select the qualities from paragraph III, that the author wants us to
imbibe.
Being–
(1) acceptive (2) passionate (3) emotional
(4) resilient (5) perceptive
(a) (2), (4) and (5)

(b) (1), (3) and (4)
(c) (1), (4) and (6)
(d) (3), (4) and (5)
(viii) Choose the option that lists the quote best expressing the central idea of
the passage.
(a) Nature: She pardons no mistakes. Her yea is yea, and her nay, nay. — Ralph
Waldo Emerson
(b)Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. — A.
Einstein
(c)Nature never deceives us; it is we who deceive ourselves. — Jean Jacques
Rousseau
(d) All the ugliness of the world can best be forgotten in the beauty of nature! —
Mehmet Murat
(ix) In para 6, the writer advises us to have ………. for ourselves.
(x) Find a word in para 4 which means ‘being present secretly’.

1. The choices we make on a daily basis—wearing a seatbelt, lifting heavy
objects correctly or purposely staying out of any dangerous situation–can
either ensure our safety or bring about potentially harmful circumstances.
2. You and I need to make a decision that we are going to get our lives in
order. Exercising self-control, self-discipline and establishing boundaries and
borders in our lives are some of the most important things we can do. A life
with out discipline is one that’s filled with carelessness.
3. We can think it’s kind of exciting to live life on the edge. We like the image
of “Yeah! That’s me! Living on the edge! Woo-hoo !” It’s become a popular
way to look at life. But if you see, even highways have lines, which provide
margins for our safety while we’re driving. If we go over one side, we’ll go into
the ditch. If we cross over the line in the middle, we could get killed. And we
like those lines because they help to keep us safe. Sometimes we don’t even
realise how lines help to keep us safe.
4. I’m not proud of this, but for the first 20 years of my life at work, I ignored
my limits. I felt horrible, physically, most of the time. I used to tell myself “I
know I have limits and that I’ve reached them, but I’m going to ignore them
and see if or how long I can get by with it.” I ran to doctors, trying to make
myself feel better through pills, vitamins, natural stuff and anything I could get
my hands on. Some of the doctors would tell me, “It’s just stress.” That just
made me mad. I thought stress meant you don’t like what you do or can’t
handle life, and I love what I do. But I kept pushing myself, travelling, doing
speaking engagements and so on— simply exhausting myself.
5. Finally,I understood I was living an unsustainable life and needed to make
some changes in my outlook and lifestyle.
6. You and I don’t have to be like everyone else or keep up with anyone else.
Each of us needs to be exactly the way we are, and we don’t have to
apologise for it. We’re not all alike and we need to find a comfort zone in
which we can enjoy our lives instead of making ourselves sick with an
overload of stress and
pressure.
Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following
questions.
(i) The reason why living on the edge has become popular, is because of
the:
(a) constant need for something different.
(b) population being much younger.
(c) exhausting effort to make changes.
(d) strong tendency to stay within our limits.
(ii) Choose the option that best captures the central ‘idea of the passage
from the given quotes.
It’s all about quality of life and finding a To go beyond is as wrong as to fall
happy balance between work and short. —
friends. — Philip
Green Confucius
(1) (2)
Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep Balance is not something you find, it’s
your balance you must keep moving. something you create.
— Albert Einstein — Jana Kingsford
(3) (4)
(a)Option (1) (b) Option (2)

(c)Option (3) (d) Option (4)
(iii) Which of the characteristics are apt about the writer in the following
context: “I know I have limits and that I’ve reached them but I’m going to
ignore them and see if or how long I can get by with it”?
1. Negligent 2. Indecisive 3. Spontaneous
4. Reckless 5. Purposeless 6. Patient
(a) 2 and 5 (b) 3 and 6 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
(iv) Which of the following will be the most appropriate title for the
passage?
(a) Much too soon (b) Enough is enough
(c) How much is too much? (d) Have enough to
do?
(v) The phrase “potentially harmful circumstances” refers to

circumstances that can:
(a) certainly be dangerous (b) be fairly dangerous
(c) be possibly dangerous (d) seldom be dangerous
(vi) Select the option that makes the correct use of “unsustainable”, as
used in pars 5.
(a) In the long run, the unsustainable officials followed emergency procedures.
(b) Emergency procedures were unsustainable by the officials.
(c) Officials reported an unsustainable set of events during the emergency.
(d) Officials admit that the emergency system is unsustainable in the longer
run.
(vii) Choose the option that correctly states the two meanings of
‘outlook’, as used in the passage.
1. A person’s evaluation of life 2. A person’s experiences in life
3. A person’s point of view towards life 4. A person’s regrets in life
5. A person’s general attitude to life
(a) (1) and (4) (b) (2) and (3) (c) (3) and (5) (d) (4)
and (5)
(viii) The author uses colloquial words such as “yeah, and “Woo-hoo!”.
Which of the following is NOT a colloquial word?
(a) Hooked (b) Guy (c) Stuff (d) Stress
(ix) The author attempts to offer advice to …… ……. through this write-
up.
(x) What does the author mean when he says, “to get our lives in
order”?
1. “Why does humanity need Superman?”, wrote Lois Lane, the reporter from
the Superman series. It’s a very relevant question in our context too. Why do
we need superheroes? We are all enchanted by the action sequences in
superhero movies, and also by how the superhero can always save the day –
and with good reasons. If you’re trying to guess what it is, you can forget
about powers like super-strength, laser vision, or — our personal favourite —
the ability to consume any type of matter in the universe. The underlying
reason we’re so enamoured of them is quite possibly the best superhero
power – the way they can inspire and motivate us. From the smallest boy and
girl wonders, to the oldest Captains – each superhero has had their own
lesson to impart unto all of us.
2. Whether it’s Batman saving Gotham city, Superman saving humanity, or

our very own Krissh saving his fellow countrymen – we need superheroes
because they give us the hope and strength we need to fight the injustice we
encounter today. It’s like Batman once said, “Sometimes the truth isn’t good
enough. Sometimes people deserve more. Sometimes people deserve to
have their faith rewarded.” Yes, it’s true that we need faith today, when we
know a lot tends to go wrong, whether it is with regard to terrorism, or growing
crime – people need the hope and strength they get from superheroes. That’s
why we need superheroes, because of how they give us a sense of right,
which helps us fight the injustice happening around us. It was best
summarised by Superman when he said that “There is a superhero in all of
us, we just need the courage to put on the cape,” and by Batman in the Dark
Knight, when he said that “You either die a hero or live long enough to see
yourself become the villain.”
3. So, every time we choose to see a superhero movie, it gives us a nudge to

fight the unjust with our own ideas o r capabilities. Every child and adult that
watches superhero movies will be motivated to rise above the injustice
happening in the real world. It’s not just about the power, but also the
principle. You and I can also be a superhero just by helping our neighbours,
and by standing against what is wrong. Whether the situation is political or
apolitical, injustice can be fought with thoughts of righteousness and courage.
4. From the day we are born, we are told that power corrupts, and absolute
power corrupts absolutely, but superheroes fan our subconscious desire for
greatness. They also teach us that the greatest power is the integrity that
keeps us from going down the wrong path. None of us will ever leap a tall
building in a single bound, change the course of a mighty river, or bend steel
with our bare hands but we can always return that lost wallet with its contents
intact, tell the truth when it matters, stand our ground when it’s easier to walk
away and unto others as we would want them to do unto us.

questions.
(i) Identify the sentence where the word “bestow” has been used
incorrectly.
(a) He was ever-ready to take blame on himself and bestow praise on others.
(b) During the ceremony, the Prime Minister will bestow medals of honour to
the brave soldiers who rescued their comrades.
(c) The king will bestow a title and land to the man who saved the princess.
(d) If you want to avoid a misunderstanding, I bestow you to consider your
words before speaking.
(ii) According to the writer, how can a common man become a

superhero?
1. Bend steel, change the course of rivers
2. Stand up against injustice, return that wallet intact
3. Help around the neighbourhood
(a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 and 2
(iii) Select the option that makes the correct use of “righteousness”, as
used in para 3.
(a) Both sides in the dispute adopted a tone of moral righteousness.
(b) The newspaper reports are a righteousness of gossip.
(c) She was confused about obligation and righteousness.
(d) Cultural contexts bring righteousness in international relations.
(iv) What are the two things we need to fight injustice today?
(a) Superpower and superhero (b) Truth and faith
(c) Hope and strength (d) Hope and confidence
(v) What are the two meanings of “encounter” as used in para 2 ?

1. To experience something unpleasant
2. To experience something unexpected
3. To affect something
4. To cover with a thin layer
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
(vi) Despite our age and status in life, few enigmatic qualities endear us
to superheroes. Select the correct options from below:
1. Give our subconscious a desire for greatness
2. Have a lesson to bestow
3. Inspire and motivate us
4. Give us hope to fight the bad
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(vii) “There is a superhero in all of us, we just need the courage to put
on the cape.” By this, Superman is implying that:
(a) the cape is heavy and not everyone can bear it
(b) we all have special powers
(c) the ability to fight the unjust with our own ideas or capabilities is present in
all of us
(d) society needs superheroes
(viii) Write a suitable title for this passage.
(ix) The central idea of the passage is ‘Fight the injustice’. (True/False)
(x) The antonym of ‘fragility’ as given in para 4 is ………..
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

PASSAGE 1
Answers:
(i)(c) Both (a) and (b)
(ii) (d) All of these
(iii) (d) take all challenges with strong determination.
(iv) (b) Option 2
(v) (b) right skills.
(vi) (d) All of these
(vii) (c) Both (a) and (b)
(viii) (b) She is working hard to reach her destination.
(ix) False
(x) attitude
PASSAGE 2
Answers:
(i) (c) Dilemma
(ii) (b) Compelled
(iii) (b) It develops immunity to poison/venom.
(iv) (d) poison
(v) (a) his hosts
(vi) (c) Option (3)
(vii) (c) Hunger is driving him to speak lie.
(viii) False
(ix) remain alive
(x) (b) 2 and 4
PASSAGE 3
Answers:
(i)(a) Balanced in our emotions.
(ii) (c) respect the origins from where we have grown.
(iii) (d) Everyone is dependent on each other
(iv) (c) Selfless assistance to help others.
(v) (b) The thief knew that remaining hidden was the best strategy to avoid being
caught.
(vi) (b) workaholic
(vii) (c) (1), (4) and (5)
(viii) (b) Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything
better. —A. Einstein
(ix) free time
(x) lurking
Passage 4
Answers:
(i) (a) constant need for something different.
(ii)(d) Option (4)
(iii) (c) 1 and 4
(iv) (c) How much is too much?
(v) (c) be possibly dangerous
(vi) (d) Officials admit that the emergency system is unsustainable in the
longer run.
(vii) (c) (3) and (5)
(viii) (d) Stress
(ix) the readers
(x) The author means to say ‘to organise our lives’.
Passage 5
Answers:
(i)(d) If you want to avoid a misunderstanding, I bestow you to consider your
words before speaking.
(ii) (b) 2 and 3
(iii) (a) Both sides in the dispute adopted a tone of moral righteousness .
(iv) (c) Hope and strength
(v) (a) 1 and 2
(vi) (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(vii) (c) the ability to fight the unjust with our own ideas or capabilities is
present in all of us
(viii) Humanity Needs Superheroes
(ix) True
(x) integrity
CASE BASED PASSAGE

Covid-19 Dynamics in Delhi
Comprehension Passage Reading on the Capital’s Pandemic Response
1. Though the Covid-19 situation seems to be under control and the overall
positivity rate has remained between 0.08% and 0.12% in the past one week,
New Delhi has reported the highest positivity rate of 0.29% among all 11
districts. While North West and South West have reported a positivity rate of
0.21% and 0.19%, respectively, all other districts have comparatively lower
numbers. North East district has nil cases and a zero positivity rate. While
there is no clear indication of Covid-19 cases rising again in the capital, the
numbers are rising in some parts of the country. Delhi also needs to be on
alert because the recent highest positivity rate of 0.12% (85 new cases) over
the past 24 days was reported on 1st August, 2021.
2. According to the district-wise performance report, on July 31 Central district
reported six cases with a positivity rate of 0.09%, East had five cases and
0.08% positivity rate, New Delhi 19 cases and 0.29%, North seven cases and
0.13%, North West 12 cases and 0.21%, Shahdara two cases and 0.03%,
South four cases and 0.06%, South East seven cases and 0.11%, South West
15 cases and 0.19% and West nine cases and 0.12% positivity rate. All
districts are conducting 4,000 to 6,000 tests every day, a majority of them
being RT-PCR.
3. A health department official said the positivity rate was far lower than the
target of 5% that the districts were supposed to maintain. “It’s difficult to
pinpoint the reasons behind some districts reporting a higher positivity rate
than others. Only experts can highlight the causes after a detailed analysis,”
added the official.
4. Officials from the districts reporting higher positivity rates said they were
conducting a maximum number of tests in places like containment zones,
slums, middle-class areas and villages. A government hospital doctor involved
in Covid-19 management said, “If more tests are conducted in containment
zones and adjoining clusters and among the contacts of Covid-positive
people, then the positivity rate is likely to be slightly higher. More tests in
super-spreader areas also pushes up the positivity rate. It has been observed
that more tests conducted in slums and under privileged areas throw up a
lower positivity rate. That is why it is suggested to use mixed locations for
carrying out the tests.” (Source:
Times of India)
questions.
(i) “Though the Covid-19 situation seems to be under control…….”It
reveals that the writer:
(a) is certain and confident about the Covid-19 situation in Delhi.
(b) is overconfident about his knowledge about Covid-19.
(c)complains about the Covid-19 situation in Delhi.
(d) is not certain and confident about the Covid-19 situation in Delhi.
(ii) “Delhi also needs to be on alert …” What should Delhiites do for

being alert?
(a) They should remain in home as much as possible.
(b) They should wear mask whenever they go out of their home.
(c) They should wash their hands with soap and water and apply sanitizer on
their hands frequently.
(d) All of the above.
(iii) Officials were conducting a maximum number of tests in places like

containment zones, slums, middle-class areas and villages. It reveals
that the officials
(a) thought that the posh areas hardly had positive cases.
(b) thought that these areas were likely to have more positive cases.
(c) thought that being the poor the people of these areas might have very
weak immunity.
(d) hesitated to conduct tests in posh areas.
(iv) Based on the graphical chart in the passage, choose the option that
correctly depicts the number of positive cases in North West Delhi and
West Delhi.
(a) Option (1) (b) Option (2)
(c) Option (3) (d) Option (4)
(v) Which of the following actions of people plays the most important
role in controlling and preventing the spread of Covid-19 cases?
(a) Avoiding people to people contact as much as possible.
(b) Eating healthy food.
(c) Washing hands with soap and water frequently.
(d) Doing physical exercise to boost immunity
(vi) In the line “If more tests are conducted in containment zones and
adjoing clusters …” Here the ‘adjoing clusters’ refers to:
(a) areas which have Covid-19 positive cases.
(b) the villages nearby a village which has Covid-19 positive case(s).
(c) the areas nearby an area which has Covid-19 positive case(s).
(d) the buildings in which there is a person with Covid-19 positive.
(vii) Pick the option that lists the statements that are NOT TRUE
according to the passage.
1. There are 10 districts in Delhi.
2. Though Covid-19 situation in Delhi is under control, yet we must follow
Covid-19 protocols strictly.
3. Shahdara has the least Covid-19 positive cases.
4. The containment zones may have higher positivity rate.
5. People need to be very alert while travelling in metro train and other modes
of transport.
(a) 1 & 3 (b) 2 & 5 (c) 3 & 4 (d) 1 & 4
(viii) Delhi Metro follows Covid-19 protocols offhandedly. (True/False)
(ix) ‘Mixed locations’ includes the areas living people with……….

income.
(x) What does the term ‘containment zones’ refer to?
1. Man suffers from a distorted complex. He always considers animals as

inferior beings only fit for exploitation. Man has been using domestic and wild
animals for his selfish ends. Many animal lovers joined together to form the
‘Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals‘.
2. The society has been working for the well-being and welfare of animals for
many years. Its main aim is to change the attitude and thinking of people
towards animals. It is quite sad that animals continue to be ill-treated, tortured
and killed according to the whims of the people. About 15% of the people
entertain the belief that animals are man’s slaves. They use, misuse and
torture them accordingly. About 50% of the people exploit animals for selfish
ends.
3. Horses and oxen are used for transport, carrying loads and in agricultural
activities. Dogs, cats and many birds are domesticated for fun, entertainment
and convenience. Wild animals like elephants, tigers, lions and deer are
victims of poaching and killing. Animals are forced to do acrobatic feats in
circus shows. Unfortunately, about 35% of people don’t think about the
animals at all. They are totally indifferent to them.
4. The Government and the animal lovers must work together to bring a
change in the attitude of the people. Animals should not be killed and poached
for fun, furs or financial gains. They should be treated with kindness, care and
sympathy. Cruelty towards animals must be legally punished.
questions.
(i) In the line “… fit for exploitation”, the word `exploitation’ does not
refer to:
(a) abuse (b) ill-treatment
(c) oppression (d) utilisation
(ii) Based on your understanding of the passage, choose the option that
lists the abuses of animals.
1. Used for transport 2. Used for carrying loads
3. Acrobatic feats in circus 4. Poaching
5. Agricultural activities 6. Domesticated for fun
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 6
(c) 5 and 6 (d) 3 and 4
(iii) For many years, `Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals‘ has
been working for:
(a) destruction of animals. (b) exploitation of animals.
(c) the welfare of animals. (d) All of these
(iv) It is very disappointing that animals are still:

(a) ill-treated (b) tortured
(c) killed (d) All of these
(v) For what activities do people use horses and oxen?

(a) Carrying loads (b) Transport
(c) Agricultural activities (d) All of these
(vi) For fun, entertainment and convenience, man domesticates:
(a) birds (b) cats
(c) dogs (d) All of these
(vii) Which of these animals are victims of poaching and killing?

(a) Lions (b) Tigers
(c) Elephants (d) All of these
(viii) Animals should not be used in circus to earn one’s livelihood.

(True/False)
(ix) ‘Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals’ aims to change the

attitude of man towards……….
(x) What does the word ‘indifferent’ in para 3 mean?
Comprehension Passage Reading on Employment Trends and

Challenges
1. According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), in June
2021, urban unemployment rate fell, but still remained high at 10.07%
compared with 14.73% in May. Rural unemployment rate in June stood at
8.75% from 10.63% in May.
April and May accounted for 22.7 million job losses, according to CMIE. May
2021 was only the fourth month since at least January 2016 when overall
unemployment rate breached the double-digit mark. Amidst country-wide
lockdown, unemployment rate went past the mark during April, May and June
last year.
2. The overall unemployment rate reached its peak of 23.52% in April last
year, but started falling from the next month onwards. In May last year,
country’s unemployment rate was 21.73%. In June last year, it was 10.18%.
Sources said that gradual withdrawal of partial lockdown amidst declining
number of people getting affected are pushing workforce back into work,
resulting in reduction in unemployment rate amidst a slight recovery in the
labour force participation rate (LFPR). From 40.5% in the week ended May
16, LFPR stood at 39.6% in the week ended June 27. The average LFPR in
2019-20 was 42.7%.
3. LFPR is an age-specific proportion between persons either working or
actively seeking work and the total population in working age group, usually
15 years and above. Unemployment rate is a ratio between persons who are
not currently in job but are actively searching for one and the total labour
force. CMIE’s MD & CEO Mahesh Vyas wrote recently, “The employment rate
was mostly over 37% between July 2020 and March 2021 with an average
that was close to 38%. It fell to 36.8% in April and then sharply to 35.3% in
May 2021. The first four weeks of June 2021 indicate a recovery that is still
just short of 36%. This is a worryingly low ER.”
(Source: Financial express.com)
questions.
(i) What was the consequence of Covid-19 pandemic in India?
(a) loss of a large number of lives
(b) loss of a large number of livelihoods
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b)
(ii) Pick the option that lists the statements that are NOT TRUE
according to the passage.
1. In May 2021, the overall monthly unemployment rate was 10% or more
than 10%.
2. In May 2021, the overall monthly unemployment rate was less than 10%.
3. Since January 2016, it was fourth time when overall monthly unemployment
rate was less than 10%.
4. Since January 2016, it was fourth time when overall monthly unemployment
rate reached double digits.
(a) 1 & 2 (b) 1 & 4
(c) 2 & 4 (d) 2 & 3
(iii) Based on the graph, what was the approximate urban unemployment
rate in December 2020?
(a) about 7% (b) about 10%
(c) about 15% (d) about 20%
(iv) In which of the following months was the worst situation of

unemployment problem in our country?
(a) In April 2021 (b) In June 2021
(c) In April 2020 (d) In May 2020
(v) What does LFPR refer to?

(a) the working people and the unemployed people
(b) the working age group people who are working or seeking work and the
total population in working age group
(c) the working people and the people seeking work
(d) the people seeking work and the total population in working age group
(vi) Who among the following is a member of total labour force?

(a) a person eligible to work but not willing to work
(b) a person who is eligible and willing to work
(c) a person who is willing to work but not eligible to work
(d) all of the above
(vii) On the whole, what was the employment rate between July 2020 and
March 2021?
(viii) “… pushing workforce back into work…” the word ‘workforce’

refers to……….
(ix) The current unemployment recovery rate is a matter of grave

concern. (True/False)
(x) The synonym of the word ‘among’ in para 1 is………. .
Australia’s 2019-2020 Bushfire Season was not Normal

1. Data from satellite sources assembled by the United Nations Environment
Programme’s (UNEP) World Environment Situation Room confirms that the wildfires
in Australia in the last two months of 2019 and the first six weeks of 2020 were far
from normal. 2019 was the second hottest year on record since 1880, and Australia
recorded its warmest temperatures ever in December 2019.
2. “Rising temperatures continue to melt records. The past decade was the hottest on
record. Scientists tell us that ocean temperatures are now rising at the equivalent of
five Hiroshima bombs a second. One million species are in near-term danger of
extinction. Our planet is burning,” says United Nations Secretary-General António
Guterres.
3. “The trend is very clear: 37 of the last 40 years were the warmest recorded since 1880,
and the six warmest years recorded were the last six years,” says Pascal Peduzzi,
Director of UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database in Geneva. “For those
who think Australia is always burning, graphs clearly show that these fires were
exceptional.”
4. “This service, accessible via the UNEP’s World Environment Situation Room, is
provided for all countries at national and provincial levels. It identifies trends in
wildfire activity since 2003, when the data first became available and monitoring
began. We have sliced and diced the satellite-based data on wildfires worldwide from
2009 to the present day. We analyse the wildfires’ data by month, type of land cover,
protected area, province and nation to produce information products,” Peduzzi adds.
(Source: UN Environment)
Choose the correct option to answer the questions based on the above passage and
graphics. Do any ten.
(i) What do the reports confirm about the 2019-20 Australian fires?
(a) the fires were not normal (b) the fires were normal
(c) the fires were natural (d) data inconclusive
(ii) What was the difference in the recorded temperatures in 2019 from the 1880s?
(a) 2019 recorded the wettest temperatures since 1880s
(b) 2019 recorded the hottest temperatures ever
(c) 2019 recorded the cooler temperatures than 1880s
(d) 2019 recorded the warmest temperatures since 1880s
(iii) What comparison has been made between the rising sea temperatures and
Hiroshima?
(a) ocean temperatures are rising at the equivalent of three Hiroshima bombs a second
(b) ocean temperatures are rising at the equivalent of five Hiroshima bombs a second
(c) ocean temperatures are rising at the equivalent of five Hiroshima bombs an hour
(d) none of these
(iv) Choose the option that lists the CORRECT answers for the following:
“Rising temperatures continue to melt records. The past decade was the hottest on record.
Scientists tell us that ocean temperatures are now rising at the equivalent of five
Hiroshima bombs a second”. Whose statement is this?
“The trend is very clear: 37 of the last 40 years were the warmest recorded since 1880,
and the six warmest years recorded were the last six years.” Whose statement is this?
(a) (1) is from United Nations Secretary and (2) is from the UN President
(b) (1) is from the UN President and (2) is from the UN General Secretary
(c) (1) is from United Nations Secretary and (2) is from the Director of UNEP
(d) (1) is from the UN General Secretary and (2) is from the UN President
(v) Based on your understanding of the passage, choose the option that lists the
inherent qualities of climate in the present times.
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 6
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 5 and 6
(vi) Which of the following independent data source is NOT PRESENT in the given
graph?
(a) NASA (b) NOAA
(c) ISRO (d) JMA
(vii) Choose the option that lists the CORRECT statement.

(a) Pascal Peduzzi is the Director of UNEP’s Global Renaissance Information Database
(b) Pascal Peduzzi is the Director of UNO’s Global Resource Information Database
(c) Pascal Peduzzi is the Manager of UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database
(d) Pascal Peduzzi is the Director of UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database
(viii) How can you say that the UN is concerned about the rising numbers of coal
plants?
(a) UNDP Secretary General António Guterres is calling for curbs on new plants
(b) UN Secretary General António Guterres is calling for curbs on new plants
(c) UN Executive Secretary António Guterres is calling for curbs on new plants
(d) UN Secretary General Antony Guterres is calling for curbs on new plants
(ix) UNEP’s World Environment Situation Room has been tracking the world
temperatures since.
(a) 2003 (b) 2013
(c) 2000 (d) 2001
(x) The graph compiled with data from four different sources shows that the global
surface temperatures have been _.
(a) steady (b) falling (c) on the rise (d) none of these
(xi) Which word in the passage means the same as “collect”?
(a) assembled (b) extinction (c) exceptional (d) provincial
(xii) Which word in the passage is opposite to the meaning of ‘vague/murky’?

(a) assembled (b) clear (c) extinction (d) provincial

1. Cell phones have become a nearly universal aspect of contemporary Western culture.
In many locations, children of elementary school age regularly carry cell phones. Cell
phones, however, are not always welcome, and, in some areas, cell phones re banned.
The reasons for the ban involve health and safety. There are various reasons for not
allowing cell phones in schools. Most schools have banned their usage completely.
2. It is not only the classrooms where is a blanket ban on the usage of the cell phones but
it has been banned while driving too. Distracted driving is a major factor in serious and
fatal automobile accidents. In the United States many locations have passed laws banning
the use of cell phones while driving. Other laws allow cell phones to be used for
conversation if they are connected to hands-free devices.
Texting while driving poses a heightened risk because it involves taking one or both
hands off the steering wheel in order to operate the telephone keypad. President
Barack Obama issued an executive order banning texting while driving for federal
employees in 2009. Teenagers are especially prone to text while deriving.
3. A survey was conducted to know the opinion of people on various for banning the use
of cell phone. The table given below shows the result.
Reasons Opinion in %
Health and safety 50%
Distraction 25%
Accidents 20%
Others 5%
4. The original reason given for banning cell phones on airplanes was the risk of
interference with sensitive cockpit equipment. Newer digital phones have been shown to
present little or no risk to air navigation, though; several airlines have lifted bans on cell
phones use. There are usually still restrictions involved with on-board cell phone use,
such as limitations to a particular network. The United States has continued to ban cell
phone use on airplanes. The House of Representatives went so far as to draft a bill called
HANG UP (H.R. 5788 Halting Airplane Noise to Give Us Pease Act of 2008) although
the bill never made it out of committee. With airlines such as American Airlines
introducing on-board Wi-Fi service, some commuters believe it is only a matter of time
before cell phone use is also permitted, especially if the airlines are allowed to charge
fees.
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate answer.
i. Why are cell phones not allowed in schools?
(a) because of health and safety reasons. (c) because they distract in the class
(b) because these are expensive (d) only (a) and (c)
ii. Why have cell phones been banned while driving?

(a) because they distract the attention of the public
(b) because they may lead to accident
(c) because they are very expensive
(d) none if the above
iii. What was the reason to ban cell phones on airplanes?

(a) risk of interference with sensitive cockpit equipment.
(b) Cell phone may be used as a bomb
(c) Network problem
(d) None of the above
iv. Which one of the following is not true?

(a) United States has continued to ban cell phone use on airplanes.
(b) 40% people believe that health and safety is the major reason for the ban on Cell
phones.
(c) teenagers are especially prone to text while driving.
(d) none of the above.
v. What is the innovation of using cell phone in the airplanes?

(a) On-board Wi-Fi service (c) free internet
(b) Free Wi-Fi (d) none of the above
vi. According to the passage, who are especially prone to text while driving?
(a) Teenagers (c) adults
(b) women (d) none of the above
vii. Which one of the followings are the main reasons for banning the use of cell
phone.
(a) health and safety (c) Road accidents
(b) Distraction (d) none of the above
viii. Find an antonym of ‘allow’ as given in para 4.

(a) fatal (b) ban (c) pass (d) use
ix. Find a word in para 1, which means the same as ‘BASIC’.

(a) elementary (b) contemporary (c) involve (d) none of the above
x. What percent of the people believe that use of cell phone leads to road accidents?
(a) 50% (b) 25% (c) 20% (d) 5%

Passage 1
Answers:
(i)(d) is not certain and confident about the Covid-19 situation in Delhi.
(ii) (d) All of the above.
(iii)(b) thought that these areas were likely to have more positive cases.
(iv) (a) Option (1)
(v) (a) Avoiding people to people contact as much as possible.
(vi) (c) the areas nearby an area which has Covid-19 positive case(s).
(vii) (a) 1 & 3
(viii) True
(ix) low income, middle income and high
(x) The term ‘containment zones’ refers to the areas where Covid-19 positive
cases are found in large numbers.
Passage 2
Answers:
Answers:
(i)(d) utilisation
(ii) (d) 3 and 4 (iii)
(iii)(c) the welfare of animals.
(iv) (d) All of these
(v) (d) All of these
(vi) (d) All of these
(vii) (a) Lions
(viii) False
(ix) animals
(x) unconcerned
Passage 3
Answers:
Answers:
(i)(c) both (a) and (b)
(ii) (d) 2 & 3
(iii)(b) about 10%
(iv) (c) In April 2020
(v) (b) the working age group people who are working or seeking work and
the total population in working age group
(vi) (b) a person who is eligible and willing to work
(vii) Between July 2020 and March 2021, the employment rate was nearly
38%.
(viii) all people who are available for work.
(ix) True
(x) amidst
Passage 4
Answers:
Answers:
(i) (a) the fires were not normal
(ii) (d) 2019 recorded the warmest temperatures since 1880s
(iii) (b) ocean temperatures are rising at the equivalent of five Hiroshima bombs a second
(iv) (c) (1) is from United Nations Secretary and (2) is from the Director of UNEP
(v) (a) 1 and 3
(vi) (c) ISRO
(vii) (d) Pascal Peduzzi is the Director of UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database
(viii) (b) UN secretary general António Guterres is calling for curbs on new plants
(ix) (a) 2003
(x) (c) on the rise
(xi) (a) assembled
(xii) (b) clear
Passage 5
Answers:
i. (d) only (a) and (c)
ii. (b) because they may lead to accident
iii. (a) risk of interference with sensitive cockpit equipment.
Page 18 of 132
iv. (b) 40% people believe that health and safety is the major reason for the
ban
on cellphones
v. (a) On-board Wi-Fi service
vi. (a) Teenagers
vii. (a) health and safety
viii. (b) ban
ix. (a) sensitive
x. (a) elementary
x. (c) 20%
SECTION B
GRAMMAR
WRITING
SKILLS
CHAPTER 1
TENSES
Tenses are used to write about something that has happened in the past, is
happening in the present, or will happen in the future. It also tells us whether or
not the task is complete. In a sentence, verbs tell us what is happening and
tenses tell us when it happens.
There are three types of tenses:

1. Past Tense
 She played with her dogs.
 I had food.
2. Present Tense
 I am eating pizza.
 They are doing their chores.
3. Future Tense
 I will eat pizza tomorrow.
 I will learn to play the guitar.
Types of Tenses
 Present Tense
Simple Present Tense:: It is used to express daily tasks, facts, and universal
truths. The present tense is used to express what is happening or happens daily
or is a fact in itself. Adding the letter s or es makes a simple present tense.
Like- Likes
You, We, They: Like to play outside.
He, She, It: likes to play outside
For example-
 She writes a book.
 Moon comes out at night.
 New Delhi is the capital city of India.
Present Perfect Tense: The present perfect tense is used to describe actions
that are completed.
I, You, We, They: have killed time.
He, She, It: has killed time.
For example-
 I have seen the movie you love the most.
 He has been to India
Present Perfect Continuous Tense: We use the present perfect continuous
when the focus is on an action that is not yet finished or completed.
I, You, We, They: have been playing for a day.
He, She, It: has been playing for a day.
For example-
 I have been waiting for the car for an hour.
 It has not been raining since last Friday.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Past Tense
Simple Past Tense: Used to indicate an action that happened in the past. It
often comes with an adverb of time. Sometimes it can be used without an adverb
of time. Used for past habits.
For example-
 I went to school.
 You worked very hard in exams.
 She did not
Past Continuous Tense: The past continuous tense is a very important tense in
English. We use it to express what we were in the middle of doing at a particular
moment in the past.
I, she, he, it- was playing in the garden.
They, We - were playing in the garden
For example-
 I was cooking last night for my sister’s children.
 They were not playing scrabble when I checked on them.
Past Perfect Tense: The past perfect tense is easy to understand and to use in
a sentence. This tense talks about an event which happened in the past. If two
actions happened in the past, the past perfect tense is used to display the action
that took place earlier.
I, he, she, it, we, they - had arrived at the station
For example-
 We were too late when the movie started.
 I thought I had seen the movie before but I was wrong.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Used to denote an event that started before a
certain point in the past and continued up to some time in the past.
I, he, she, we, it, you, they - had been sleeping on the couch when I
arrived.
For example-
 Sita was very tired. She had been dancing.
 Had the student been roaming outside the classroom?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Future Tense
Simple Future Tense: The period of time after speaking a sentence is
considered future tense.
This tense is used to express future events and happenings.
Rule – Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form)
I, He, she, it, we, you, they - will/shall play the piano tomorrow.
For example-
 Sita will ask the questions tomorrow.
 They will never speak about this.
Future Continuous Tense: It is used to express an action that is going or
continuing in the future. e.g. He will be distributing promotion letters in the office
tomorrow at 12 o'clock. In the example, the action will commence in the future
(tomorrow) and action is assumed to be continued till sometime in the future.
I, he, she, you, it, they, we- will be arriving at the airport tomorrow.
For example-
 I will be playing football on the ground tomorrow.
 She will be writing a letter.
Future Perfect Tense: It is used to express an action that will happen/occur in
future and will be completed by a certain time in future. We use the future perfect
to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future.
I, he, we, she, they, it - will have dinner at 10 pm
For example-
 She will have forgotten him by then.
 She will not have written a letter.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: It is used to talk about actions that will start
at a fixed point of time in the future and will go on for some time in the future.
The future perfect continuous focus on the duration of an activity that
will be in progress before another time or event in the future.
For Example:
 Tomorrow at 4 pm, I will be on my way to Kolkata.
 It is also used to talk about planned actions or actions
expected to happen.
 Relatives will be staying at Aunt Mina’s house.
FLOW CHART OF TENSES WITH FORMULAS AND RULES

PRACTICE EXERCISE
 FILL IN THE BLANKS with appropriate tense.
1. Radha …………….. up at 5.30. (get)
2. We …………………… for you. (wait)
3. I ……………….. the job. (finish)
4. The girls ………………… their lessons now. (revise)
5. It ………………… since morning. (rain)
6. I ………………… her since my childhood. (know)
7. Although he tried hard, he ……………….. not fix the machine. (can)
8. She said that she ……………….. not interested in the offer. (be)
9. What ………………. you do then? (do)
10. We …………………. by Monday. (finish)
11. My mother …………….. me a watch for my birthday. (give)
12. I expected to fail the exam, but I …………… after all. (pass)
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. I __________ a movie last night.
a) watched b) watch c) will watch d) have watched
2. By the time you arrive, I __________ all the cooking.
a) will finish b) finish c) have finished d) finished
3. They __________ studying for the test since morning.
a) have been b) are c) will be d) were
4. She __________ to the gym three times this week.
a) has gone b) goes c) will go d) went
5. We __________ at the party when the power went out.
a) were dancing b) dance c) have danced d) will dance
6. John __________ a new car next month.
a) will buy b) buys c) has bought d) bought
7. The students __________ their homework yet.
a) haven’t finished b) didn’t finish c) won’t finish
d) haven’t been finishing
8. By this time tomorrow, they __________ the project.
a) will complete b) are completing c) have completed
d) completed
9. The bus __________ when I reached the stop.
a) had left b) leaves c) will leave d) has left
10. She __________ Spanish for two years.
a) has been studying b) studies c) will study d) studied
 GAP FILLING
Communication ____(a)______ become very effective ____(b)______ instance due to
smartphones. People are able ____(c)______ convey their message all around the
globe to ____(d)______ loved ones ____(e)______ spending hefty sums of money.
(a) (i) is (ii) has (iii) have (iv) had

(b) (i) but (ii) as (iii) or (iv) and
(c) (i) for (ii) in (iii) to (iv) of
(d) (i) his (ii) her (iii) their (iv) your
(e) (i) with (ii) without (iii) and (iv) to
 EDITING
Read the following passage, identify the errors and correct them.
My little sister Lisa was practising how to riding a bicycle yesterday. Suddenly I
hear a loud crash and ran to see what had happened. I saw that she was lying in
the ground. I quickly pulled her up and bought her home. She was crying out loud.
I quickly go inside the house and brought the first aid box. After cleaning the
wound, I apply antiseptic to the wound. Lisa has scratches on her hand and knee.
To calm her down, I took her to the nearby shop and brought her a big chocolate.
Seeing her favourite chocolate, she immediately stop crying. Within two day, her
wounds healed, and she went to play again.
 OMISSION
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each
marked line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes
before and the word that comes after it. Ensure that the word that
forms your answer is underlines. The first one is done as an example.
before missing after
Kite flying was a popular sport that time eg. sport at the
and while the girls knitted and sewed
we boys climbed over the roofs enter (a)
the competition. We limited pocket money (b)
and was not enough to buy all the (c)
material needed to make our kites.

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE TENSE
1. Radha gets up at 5.30.
2. We are waiting for you.
3. I have finished the job.
4. The girls are revising their lessons now.
5. It has been raining since morning.
6. I have known her since my childhood.
7. Although he tried hard, he could not fix the machine.
8. She said that she was not interested in the offer.
9. What did you do then?
10. We will have finished by Monday.
11. My mother gave me a watch for my birthday.
12. I expected to fail the exam, but I passed after all.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. a) watched
2. c) have finished
3. a) have been
4. a) has gone
5. a) were dancing
6. a) will buy
7. a) haven’t finished
8. a) will complete
9. a) had left
10. a) has been studying
GAP FILLING
(a) (ii) has
(b) (iv) and
(c) (iii) to
(d) (iii) their
(e) (ii) without [/expand]
EDITING
My little sister Lisa was practising how to ride a bicycle yesterday. Suddenly I heard a loud
crash and ran to see what had happened. I saw that she was lying on the ground. I quickly pulled
her up and brought her home. She was crying out loud. I quickly went inside the house and
brought the first aid box. After cleaning the wound, I applied antiseptic to the wound.
Lisa had scratches on her hand and knee. To calm her down, I took her to the nearby shop
and bought her a big chocolate. Seeing her favourite chocolate, she immediately stopped crying.
Within two days, her wounds healed, and she went to play again.
OMISSION
(a) roofs to enter
(b) we had limited
(c) and it was
CHAPTER 2
MODALS
What Are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs are helping verbs that are used along with main verbs to represent the
ability, possibility and probability of a subject to do an action and emphasise the
necessity of an action.
Characteristics of Modals
1. Modals are never used alone. They are always used with a principal Verb that is
expressed or understood.
Examples:
a) I can you. (Sentence is looking awkward)
b) I can help you. (Sentence is complete)
So, modals have a principal verb with them.
2. Modals don’t change according to the number or gender of the subject.

Examples:
a) You may come.
b) He can go.
c) Should we go now?
d) They must not go there.
3. Modals don’t have the infinitive form. They are always followed by the base form
(first form) of the verb.
Examples:
a) I can play football.
b) We should attend your classes regularly.
4. Only four of the Modals (can, may, shall, will) have past forms.
5. ‘Need‘ and ‘dare’ can also be used in the do/did forms and then take the infinitive
form ‘to’.
6. ‘Need‘ and ‘dare‘ can also be used as ordinary verbs.
7. Used, referred to as ‘used to’, is used only in the past Tense.
Modals and their usage

Will
i) To show promise, intention, willingness, determination with the first person (I,
we)
Examples:
a) I will give you a gift of your choice. (promise)
b) We will help you. (willingness)
c) I will change the system of our organisation. (determination)
ii) To express request, invitation, insistence, assumption, characteristic or habit
Examples:
a) Will you please help me? (request)
b) She will be in the school during school hours. (assumption)
c) The lion will usually kill other animals. (Characteristic, habit)
Negative Form of will: Will not/Won’t

Examples:
a) I will not spend my pocket money.
b) She won’t eat unhygienic food.
c) They won’t win the match.
d) My friend will not attend the party.
Would (Past form of ‘Will’)
i) It expresses the past form of ‘will’

Examples:
a) He informed me that he would dance at my marriage function.
b) The problem was how he would reach there.
ii) To express past habit

Examples:
a) He would drink a cup of coffee in the morning.
b) My father would get up early in the morning.
iii) For request

Examples:
a) Would you please give me your bike?
b) Would you like to spend this evening with me?
iv) To express wish

Examples:
a) I wish she would be healthy.
b) You would be an engineer.
v) To express an imaginary condition

Examples:
I would have a big house if I earned Rs.10 crore every year.
Negative Form of Would: Would not/Wouldn’t
Shall
i) To ask for suggestion, request, advice with the first person (I, We) in the
interrogative
Examples:
a) Shall we start the class? (advice)
b) Shall I have a cup of coffee from your shop? (request)
c) Shall we open a new shop? (suggestion)
ii) In the second and third person to indicate threat, warning, command, promise,
assurance and determination
Examples:
a) If you sit with bad boys, you shall be punished. (threat)
b) You shall get now. (command)
c) She shall get a bicycle. (promise)
Negative Form of Shall: Shall not/Shan’t

Examples:
a) She shall not sing tomorrow.
b) They shall not win the match.
c) My friend shan’t be dismissed.
Modals – may, might, must Should, May, Might
i) To express duty or obligation

Examples:
a) I should help my friends. (duty)
b) You should not be lazy. (obligation)
c) You should respect your elders. (duty)
ii) To give or take permission.

Examples:
a) May I come in?
b) Yes, you may come in.
iii) To wish or pray
Examples:
a) May you get well soon!
b) May God bless you with a child!
iv) To show a purpose

Examples:
a) My friend is joining a new company so that he may achieve his target.
b) He is working hard so that he may win.
Negative Form of May: May not/Mayn’t

Examples:
a) It may not rain today.
b) She mayn’t attend the meeting.
Might (Past form of ‘may’)

i) To express less possibility
Examples:
a) He might help us.
b) She might be a winner in the competition.
ii) For permission

Examples:
a) Might I being to reveal the truth?
b) Might I start speaking?
iii) To express a guess

Examples:
That might be Rohit.
Negative Form of Might: Might not/ Mightn’t

Examples:
a) It might not rain.
b) She mightn’t talk to me this evening.
Must
i) To express necessity or obligation
Examples:
a) You must take part in the competition.
b) We must love our motherland.
ii) To indicate assumption or conclusion

Examples:
a) She must be here in the evening.
b) Mr AK Gupta must be a good teacher.
iii) In case of prohibition.

Example:
You must not bunk school.
Negative Form of Must: Must not/Mustn’t

Examples:
a) You must not play in sunlight.
b) You must not write your name on the walls.
c) You mustn’t make a fuss over this.
Have to/ Has to/Had to

i) To express obligation or compulsion (While talking about rules, laws)
Examples:
a) I have to reach school early.
b) She has to work late in the office.
c) They had to follow the instruction.
Negative Form of Have to: Don’t have to

Examples:
a) I don’t have to cook the food at home.
b) She doesn’t have to work till late in the office.
Modals – should, would, ought to

Ought to
i) To express moral obligation or duty
Examples:
a) You ought to respect your parents.
b) You ought to serve the nation.
c) We ought to help our relatives.
d) We ought to speak the truth.
ii) To give advice
Examples:
You ought to study hard to achieve success.
Negative Form of Ought to: Ought not to/ Oughtn’t to

Examples:
a) You ought not hate your neighbours.
b) You oughtn’t to insult your elders.
Semi-modals
Semi Modals
Use of ‘Need’, ‘Need to’, ‘Dare’ and ‘Used to’
Need and dare are considered semi-modals because they can be used either as modal
auxiliaries or as main verbs.
Need/Need to
As a modal auxiliary verb in negative terms, it indicates absence of obligation. It

expresses the speaker’s authority or advice and is used for the present and the future. e.g.
You needn’t type this letter.
i) The interrogative is formed by inversions.

e.g., Need I speak to him?
ii) Its past is needed to in the affirmative sentence, need not have in the negative and need
have in the interrogative.
Examples:
a) Need I have gone to him? (Interrogative in the past)
b) I needed to go to him. (Affirmative in the past)
c) You needn’t have gone to meet him. (Negative in the past)
d) You need to go to the barber – your hair is too long. (Affirmative in the future)
Dare
As a modal auxiliary, dare refers to being bold and courageous. The negative is formed
by dare not and the interrogative by inversion.
Examples:
a) Dare we talk to them?
b) I dare not disturb them.
Used to
i) A discontinued habit or a past situation which is no more in the present.

e.g., He used to drink daily. (Now he does not drink)
ii) Something existing in the past.

e.g., This used to be a dense jungle before.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
 FILL IN THE BLANKS
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:
1. We…………………… obey our teachers, (have to, must)

2. She…………………………. pass this time, (ought to, has to)
3. He…………………. not buy a car. (has to, need)
4. He works hard lest he…………………… fail, (should, must)
5. Do you……………………. cook your own meal? (should, have to)
6. The villagers…………………. use kerosene lamps a few years ago.
(must, had to)
7. The old lady…………… take a bath every day before taking meals,
(ought to, should)
8. She……………….. finish this work before I go. (has to, must)
9. Ramesh said that they…………….. report for duty on Monday,
(should, ought to)
10. We………………………….. prepare our lessons well before the
examination. (ought to, must)

Choose the correct option
Q1. This dress suits her style. She __________ definitely like it!
a) can b). could c). will d). may
Q2. When Juan was two, he __________ already speak very well.
a) might b) could c) can d) should
Q3. She __________ visit her grandparents’ house during holidays.

a) dare to b) ought to c) can d) might
Q4. __________ I talk to the manager?

a) Might b) May c) Could d) Shall
Q5. During peak hours, it _________ take more than two hours.
a) can b) should c) shall d) will
Q6. How __________ she do that to us!

a) would b) must c) could d) shall
Q7. If I get the required assistance, I __________ pass the exam in the
first attempt.
a) shall b) can’t c) might d) could
Q8. The audience __________ settle before the doors are closed.
a) can b) shall c) might d) must
Q9. We __________ always respect our elders.

a) can b) will c) should d) could
Q10. ___________ we save money for the party?

a) would b) need c) should d) dare
 GAP FILLING
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate modals.
(Modals– Will / Shall , Would/ Should or Can/Could, May/Might)
Milk is a nutritious food enriched with vitamins and proteins. We (a) ..............take
milk regularly so that we (b)..........not develop deficiencies of undernourishment in
our body. The aged persons, children and patients (c). ..................take milk in
sufficient quantity as it provides strength to their body. We (d)................
supplement it with other elements of food like fruit, vegetables and pulses for
proper growth of the body. But we (e)................consume milk of good quality only
otherwise it (f) ...............cause harm to the body. We (g)...............be very careful
while selecting items of our food because there are chances that these (h) .............
be adulterated.
 EDITING
There is an error concerning ‘modals’ in each of the following
lines. Find the error. Write the incorrect word and the correction
in your answer sheet as given below. Remember to underline the
word that you have supplied.
 OMISSION
In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line.
Write the missing word (a modal) along with the word that comes
before and the word that comes after it as given in the example:

FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. must
2. ought to
3. need
4. should
5. have to
6. had to
7. should
8. must
9. should
10. ought to

1. c)
2. b)
3. d)
4. b)
5. a)
6. c)
7. c)
8. d)
9. c)
10.c)
GAP FILLING
a).should
b) may
c) must
d) can
e)must
f) might
g)must
h) might
EDITING
Answers:
OMISSION
Answers:
CHAPTER 3
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Subject-Verb Agreement means that subjects and verbs must always agree in
number. Not only does a verb change its form to tell time, but it also can change
its form to indicate how
many subjects it has.
For example, take the verb “run.” When we are in the present tense, the verb
“run” changes form to show that its subject is singular when its subject is anything
but “I” or “you.”
Study the following chart.

Singular Subjects Plural Subjects
First Person: I run. We run.
Second Person: You run. You all run.
Third Person: He runs. They run.
She runs.
The boy runs.
Did you notice that in the third person singular, an “s” was added to the verb
form? The fact is that all present tense verbs have an “s” added to them when the
subject is third person
singular.
Think for a moment about the verbs, walk, run, eat, sleep, try, study, and work.
Now, give these verbs the subject “I.” I walk; I run; I eat; the pronoun “I” is the
only word that can
be a first person subject; likewise, the word “you” is the only word that can be a
second person subject. The present tense verb for you remains the same as for
“I.” You walk; you run; you eat.
However, when we change the subject “I” or “you” to “he,” or “the cat,” we must
add an “s.” to each verb. The cat walks; the cat runs; the cat eats; etc. This is a
simple rule that most of us automatically use without even thinking, and it applies
to every singular third person verb in the entire English language, from
walk/walks to run/runs to laugh/laughs to cry/cries. This also
includes the helping verbs do/does, is/are, and has/have.
While we are not likely to write or speak the following sentences: I walks; They
walks; The cat walk, if we do, we create a Subject-Verb Agreement Error.
Subject-Verb Agreement Errors are very serious and signal that the writer does
not have mastery over the English Language. Thus, it is important that writers
understand the following thirteen different situations that might cause subject-
verb agreement errors. Because of these special situations, there are thirteen
corresponding rules to ensure that our subjects and
verbs always agree in number.
Once you have gone over these 13 rules and written your own example
sentences, you can practice your skill on the website Chompchomp.com. Once on
the website, go to “Exercises” and find “Subject-Verb Agreement.” Have fun and
keep writing.
13 Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Two or more subjects joined by “and” are considered plural and require a verb
form without an “s.”
a. Example: Jan, John, and Bob walk to the store.
Bob and his brothers walk to the store.
Create your own examples here:
2. If a subject is modified by the words “each” or “every” that subject is singular

and will take a verb form that ends in “s.”
a. Example: Each boy and girl walks to the store.
3. If plural subjects are joined by “or,” “nor,” or “but,” the verb must only agree
with the subject that is closest to it.
a. Example: Either Bob or his brother walks to the store.
Neither Bob nor his brothers walk to the store.
Not Bob but his brothers walk to the store
Not Bob but his brother walks to the store
4. Indefinite pronouns* are usually singular and take a verb form that ends in “s.”
(You will find a list of indefinite pronouns at the end of this handout.)
a. Example: Everyone walks to the store.
b. Everything comes back eventually.
5. The subject of a verb is never in a prepositional* or verbal phrase. Therefore,

you must isolate the phrase and find the proper subject.
a. Example: The mother duck (with all of her little ducklings) walks to the store.
The mother duck (including all her ducklings) walks to the store.
6. Some indefinite pronouns and nouns will be singular or plural depending on the
object of the prepositional phrase. These words are always about number or
amount such as: all, half, some, none, most, part, etc.
a. Example: Some (of the students) are gone.
Some (of the cake) is gone.
The mother duck and all (of her ducklings) walk to the store.
7. When a collective noun, such as family, group, committee, or class, is the

subject, the verb will end in “s.”
a. Example: My family with all my crazy cousins always walks to the store.
8. A few nouns, such as economics, mumps, measles, or news end in “s” but are
considered singular. You can tell these “s” words are singular because if you take
the “s” away, you don’t have a noun. For example, economic and new are
adjectives that describe a noun.
Mump and measles just don’t make any sense.
a. Example: Economics is her favorite subject.
9. When the subject is a unit of measurement of time, distance, money, weight,

etc. The unit is considered singular, and the verb will end in “s.”
a. Example: Ten pounds of chocolate is too much to eat at once.
b. Thirteen feet of kite string tangles very easily.
10. In a question or in a sentence that begins with there or here, the verb will
often come before the subject.
a. Example: Where is my sweater?
There are my sweaters.
11. The verb must agree only with the subject.

a. Example: The biggest problem we face is all the squirrels that have rabies
around here.
12. Gerunds (“ing” words) can be subjects and follow all the same rules above.
a. Example: Running with ducks is my favorite sport.
Running to the store and flying through the air are my favorite sports.
13. When using who, that or which, you must look to the noun these relative
pronouns are referring to in order to determine whether the subject is singular
and will have a verb ending in “s” or is plural and have a verb without an “s.”
a. Example: The girls who eat cake are happy.
The girl who eats cake is happy.
Words that can cause confusion with Subject Verb Agreement

Indefinite pronouns that always take a singular verb form:
anybody Anyone anything each
either everybody everyone everything
neither nobody no one nothing
One Somebody someone something
Peculiar Pronouns and Nouns that can be singular or plural depending upon
context: (Notice these all refer to amount.)
All Most some none half
Part
Common Prepositions
(Remember, a subject never shows up in a prepositional phrase, but these
phrases often come between a subject and its verb.)
About above across after among Around as at
because Of Before behind below beneath beside Between
By during except for from In In spite into
of
Like near of on onto over past through
Till to toward Under till To toward Under
Until up upon with without
Pronoun agreement
Pronouns that take the place of a noun must be either plural or singular just like
the noun they represent.
Example
2. Everyone has his or her own way of thinking. Correct
3. Everyone has their own way of thinking. Incorrect
All the rules of pronoun agreement are based on the rules of subject-verb
agreement.
Pronouns must also agree in person.
Example:
1. I love the beach because I can get a good tan. Correct
2. I love the beach because you can get a good tan. Incorrect
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb.
1. Each of the girls ____ her own dress. (has/have)
2. Five miles____ long distance. (is/are)
3. Many a man ____ tried hard to climb the treacherous mountain range.
( have/has)
4. The furniture of the house ____ quite impressive. (is/are)
5. Few students ______ coming to the party. (is, are)
6. Uma, my childhood friend ____ leaving for Delhi next month. (is/are)
7. Most of my friends _____ government employees. (is/are)
8. The level of pain tolerance ____ from person to person. (vary/varies)
9. Either Tina or Rohit ____ telling lies. (is/are)
10.A number of people _____reported to have fallen sick after drinking the
water from the tubewell. (was/were)

Q1. The teacher ____________ completed this chapter.dvertisement:5
a) have b) has c) is d) are
Q2. Ram and Shyam __________ business partners.

a) have b) has c) are d) had
Q3. She ___________ her office by 9 a.m. daily.

a) reach b) reaches c) reached d) reaching
Q4. Rahul and his friends ___________ also invited to the party.
a) is b) was c) had d) were
Q5. Neither you nor your sister should ___________ to them.

a). talk b) talks c) talked d) talking
Q6. Twenty years _________ the minimum age to fill this form.
a) are b) is c) has d) have
Q7. A bouquet of flowers ___________ required for the event.

a) are b) have c) has d) is
Q8. A pair of socks ___________ been missing from my wardrobe.
a) have b) has c) were d) is
Q9. Much ____________ been said in the news reports.

a) were b) have c). has d) was
Q10. The information provided to you ___________ wrong.

a) were b)was c) are d) have been

FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Each of the girls has her own dress. (has/have)

2. Five miles is a long distance. (is/are)
3. Many a man has tried hard to climb the treacherous mountain range. ( have/has)
4. The furniture of the house is quite impressive. (is/are)
5. Few students are coming to the party. (is, are)
6. Uma, my childhood friend, is leaving for Delhi next month. (is/are)
7. Most of my friends are government employees. (is/are)
8. The level of pain tolerance varies from person to person. (vary/varies)
9. Either Tina or Rohit is telling lies. (is, are)
10. A number of people were reported to have fallen sick after drinking the water
from the tubewell. (was/were)

1. b)
2. c)
3. b)
4. d)
5. a)
6. b)
7. d)
8. b)
9. c)
10.b)
CHAPTER 4
REPORTED SPEECH
What Is Reported Speech?

Reported speech is the form in which one can convey a message said by oneself or
someone else, mostly in the past. It can also be said to be the third person view of what
someone has said. In this form of speech, you need not use quotation marks as you are
not quoting the exact words spoken by the speaker, but just conveying the message.
Now, take a look at the following dictionary definitions for a clearer idea of what it is.
Definition of Reported Speech

Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a report
of what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The Collins Dictionary
defines reported speech as “speech which tells you what someone said, but does not
use the person’s actual words.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, reported
speech is defined as “the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly
the same words.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that
you use to report what someone else has said.”
Rules to be Followed When Using Reported Speech

Reported speech is a little different from direct speech. As it has been discussed
already, reported speech is used to tell what someone said and does not use the exact
words of the speaker. Take a look at the following rules so that you can make use of
reported speech effectively.
 The first thing you have to keep in mind is that you need not use any quotation marks as you
are not using the exact words of the speaker.
 You can use the following formula to construct a sentence in the reported speech.
Subject said that (report whatever the speaker said)
 You can use verbs like said, asked, requested, ordered, complained, exclaimed, screamed,
told, etc. If you are just reporting a declarative sentence, you can use verbs like told, said,
etc. followed by ‘that’ and end the sentence with a full stop. When you are reporting
interrogative sentences, you can use the verbs – enquired, inquired, asked, etc. and remove
the question mark. In case you are reporting imperative sentences, you can use verbs like
requested, commanded, pleaded, ordered, etc. If you are reporting exclamatory sentences,
you can use the verb exclaimed and remove the exclamation mark. Remember that the
structure of the sentences also changes accordingly.
 Furthermore, keep in mind that the sentence structure, tense, pronouns, modal verbs, some
specific adverbs of place and adverbs of time change when a sentence is transformed into
indirect/reported speech.
Transforming Direct Speech into Reported Speech
As discussed earlier, when transforming a sentence from direct speech into reported
speech, you will have to change the pronouns, tense and adverbs of time and place
used by the speaker. Let us look at the following tables to see how they work.
Table 1 – Change of Pronouns

Direct Speech Reported Speech
I He, she
Me Him, her
We They
Us Them
You He, she, they
You Him, her, them
My His, her
Mine His, hers
Our Their
Ours Theirs
Your His, her, their
Yours His, hers, theirs
Table 2 – Change of Adverbs of Place and Adverbs of Time

This That
These Those
Adverbs of Place
Here There
Adverbs of Time
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day / The following day
Yesterday The previous day
Tonight That night
Last week The week before
Next week The week after
Last month The previous month
Next month The following month
Last year The previous year
Next year The following year
Ago Before
Thus So
Table 3 – Change of Tense

Simple Present Simple Past
Example: Preethi said, “I cook pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she cooked pasta.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Example: Preethi said, “I am cooking pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she was cooking
pasta.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Example: Preethi said, “I have cooked Example: Preethi said that she had cooked
pasta.” pasta.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
Example: Preethi said, “I have been cooking Example: Preethi said that she had been
pasta.” cooking pasta.
Simple Past Past Perfect
Example: Preethi said, “I cooked pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she had cooked
pasta.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Example: Preethi said, “I was cooking pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she had been
cooking pasta.
Past Perfect Past Perfect (No change)
Example: Preethi said, “I had cooked pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she had cooked
pasta.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (No change)
Example: Preethi said, “I had been cooking Example: Preethi said that she had been
pasta.” cooking pasta.
Table 4 – Change of Modal Verbs

Will Would
May Might
Can Could
Shall Should
Has/Have Had
Tips to Practice Reported Speech
Here are some tips you can follow to become a pro in using reported speech.
 Select a play, a drama or a short story with dialogues and try transforming the sentences in
direct speech into reported speech.
 Write about an incident or speak about a day in your life using reported speech.
 Develop a story by following prompts or on your own using reported speech.
Examples of Reported Speech

Given below are a few examples to show you how reported speech can be written.
Check them out.
 Santana said that she would be auditioning for the lead role in Funny Girl.
 Blaine requested us to help him with the algebraic equations.
 Karishma asked me if I knew where her car keys were.
 The judges announced that the Warblers were the winners of the annual acapella
competition.
 Binsha assured that she would reach Bangalore by 8 p.m.
 Kumar said that he had gone to the doctor the previous day.
 Lakshmi asked Teena if she would accompany her to the railway station.
 Jibin told me that he would help me out after lunch.
 The police ordered everyone to leave from the bus stop immediately.
 Rahul said that he was drawing a caricature.
Check Your Understanding of Reported Speech

Transform the following sentences into reported speech by making the necessary
changes.
1. Rachel said, “I have an interview tomorrow.”
2. Mahesh said, “What is he doing?”
3. Sherly said, “My daughter is playing the lead role in the skit.”
4. Dinesh said, “It is a wonderful movie!”
5. Suresh said, “My son is getting married next month.”
6. Preetha said, “Can you please help me with the invitations?”
7. Anna said, “I look forward to meeting you.”
8. The teacher said, “Make sure you complete the homework before tomorrow.”
9. Sylvester said, “I am not going to cry anymore.”
10. Jade said, “My sister is moving to Los Angeles.”
ANSWERS
Now, find out if you have answered all of them correctly.
1. Rachel said that she had an interview the next day.
2. Mahesh asked what he was doing.
3. Sherly said that her daughter was playing the lead role in the skit.
4. Dinesh exclaimed that it was a wonderful movie.
5. Suresh said that his son was getting married the following month.
6. Preetha asked if I could help her with the invitations.
7. Anna said that she looked forward to meeting me.
8. The teacher told us to make sure we completed the homework before the next day.
9. Sylvester said that he was not going to cry anymore.
10. Jade said that his sister was moving to Los Angeles.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Supply the most suitable and appropriate word to fill in the blanks with the help of rules
of reported speech.
1. Miara said, “I write a letter.”

Miara told that she…….. a letter.
2. Kiran said, “I am going to the temple.”
Kiran told that……………. was going to the temple.
3. The teacher said, “The Sun rises in the East.”
The teacher told that the Sun…………… in the East.
4. He said, “Have I been reading books?
He asked if he……… been reading books.
5. Nelson said, “Did you notice it?
Nelson asked………. Did you noticed it.
6. He said to her, “Be careful.”
He told her…….. be careful.
7. Raman said, “How beautiful she is!”
Raman exclaimed with joy that she……. beautiful.
8. He said, “Where is she going?
He asked………. she was going.
9. He said, “I do not know the way.”
He told that he…….. not know the way.
10. Teacher said, “Ice floats on water.”
Teacher told that ice……… on water.
 MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Directions: – In the following questions, the sentences have been given in
Direct/Indirect Speech. From the given alternatives, choose the one which best
expresses the given sentence in Indirect/Direct Speech.
1.She will say, “I am playing football.”

(a) She will say that I am playing football.
(b) She will say that she is playing football.
(c) She will say she was playing football.
(d) She will say that she was playing football.
2. Ram said, “I always speak the truth.’’

(a) Ram said I always speak the truth.
(b) Ram said that he always speaks the truth.
(c) Ram said that he always spoke the truth.
(d)Ram said that he always had spoken the truth.
3. He said, “I don’t need this pen.”

(a) He said that he doesn’t need that pen.
(b) He said that he didn’t need this pen.
(c) He said that he didn’t need that pen.
(d) He said that I didn’t need that pen.
4. Ram said, “I am rich.”

(a) Ram said that I was rich.
(b) Ram said that he is rich.
(c) Ram said that he is rich.
(d) Ram said that he was rich.
5. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the cast.”

(a) The teacher said that the sun rose in the east.
(b) The teacher said that the sun had risen in the east.
(c) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
(d) The teacher said that the sun risen in the east.
6. Sohan said to me, “We have won the match.”

(a) Sohan told me we have won the match.
(b) Sohan told me if they have won the match.
(c) Sohan told me that they had won the match.
(d) Sohan said to me that they had won the match.
7. She said to me, “You lost my book.”

(a) She said to me that I lost my book,
(b) She told me that I lost her book.
(c) She told me that I had lost her book.
(d) She told me that she had lost my book.
8. He said to me, “You can take my slate.”

(a) He said to me that you could take his slate.
(b) He told me that I could take his slate.
(c) He told me that he could take my slate.
(d) He told me that I could take my slate.
9. Mohan said, “1 don’t smoke a cigarette.”

(a) Mohan said that he didn’t smoke a cigarette.
(b) Mohan said that I didn’t smoke a cigarette.
(c) Mohan said that he does not smoke a cigarette.
(d) Mohan asked that he does not smoke a cigarette.
10. The old man said, “God is everywhere.”

(a) The old man said that God was everywhere.
(b) The old man said that God has been everywhere.
(c) The old man asked that God is everywhere.
(d) The old man said that God is everywhere.
11. Krishana said to Gopi, “He has eaten too much today.”
(a) Krishana told Gopi that he has eaten too much that day.
(b) Krishana told Gopi that he has been eaten too much the day.
(c) Krishana told Gopi that he had eaten too much that day.
(d) Krishana told Gopi that he had eaten too much today.
12. Ram said to her, “1 shall meet you tomorrow.”

(a) Ram told her that I should meet her the next day.
(b) Ram told her that he would meet her the next day.
(c) Ram told her that he should meet her the next day.
(d) Rain told her that he could meet her the next day.
13. He said to me, “Were they going to school now?”

(a) He asked me if they had been going to school then.
(b) He asked me if they were going to school then.
(c) He asked me if they have been going to school then.
(d)He asked me if they have been going to school now.
14.Ram will say, “I am playing football.”

(a) Ram will say that I am playing football.
(b) Ram will say that I was playing football.
(c) Ram will say that he is playing football.
(d) Ram will say that he was playing football.
15.The teacher said to me, “Why were you late yesterday?”

(a) The teacher asked me why he had been late the previous day.
(b) The teacher asked me if w I had been late the previous day.
(c) The teacher told me why I had been late the previous day.
(d) The teacher asked me why I have been late the previous day.
 ERROR FINDING
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the error along
with the correction. Do not forget to underline the error.
Her mother said that you must go straight to (a)

your grandmother. There was a wolf (b) _______
in the wood through which she are (c) _______
going. But if she keep the road, he (d) _______
will not do any harm. The mother (e) _______
asked her to do as she tells her. (f) _______

FILL IN THE BLANKS
Answer:
1. wrote
2. she
3. rises
4. had
5. if .
6. to
7. was
8. where
9. did
10. floats

1. (b) She will say that she is playing football.
2. (c) Ram said that he always spoke the truth.
3. (c) He said that he didn’t need that pen.
4. (d) Ram said that he was rich.
5. (c) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
6. (c) Sohan told me that they had won the match.
7. (c) She told me that I had lost her book.
8. (b) He told me that I could take his slate.
9. (a) Mohan said that he didn’t smoke a cigarette.
10. (d) The old man said that God is everywhere.
11. ( c) Krishana told Gopi that he had eaten too much that day.
12. (b) Ram told her that he would meet her the next day.
13. (a) He asked me if they had been going to school then.
14. (c) Ram will say that he is playing football.
15. (c) The teacher told me why I had been late the previous day.
ERROR FINDING
Answers:
(a) you—she
(b) your—her
(c) are—was
(d) keep—kept
(e) will—would
(f) tells—had told
CHAPTER 5
DETERMINERS
W hat are Determiners – Determiners are those words that are prefixed before nouns to
determine their meaning. They can be divided into the following types:
1) Articles- a, an, the
2) Demonstratives– this, that, these, those
3) Possessives– my, your, our, his, her, its, their
4) Indefinite Adjectives– some, any, much, many, little, few, less
5) Others- all, each, every, both, neither, either, other, another, enough, most, several, one, two,
etc.
Let us discuss each of them one by one –
Articles
The two indefinite articles in the English language are ‘a’ and ‘an’. The definite article in the English
language is ‘the’. For indefinite articles, you can use either of them depending upon the sound of the
first letter of the next word. This is done for pronunciation reasons.
Use of ‘a’ takes place in the following instances –

1. In places where the following word starts with a consonant sound, the determiner ‘a’ is used. 2.
Also, ‘a’ is used where the following word is a singular countable noun.
The determiner ‘an’ also does the same work as ‘a’ but is used in the following instances –
1. places where the following word is a singular countable noun and starts with a vowel sound (a, e,
i, o, u).
‘The’ is mostly used before both singular and plural nouns. Its main function of use is that it is used
to specify a person, place or thing.
Uses of Articles with Rules and Examples:

‘a’ and ‘an’ (Indefinite Determiners) are used before the following-
1) A singular countable noun which is being mentioned for the first time. The rule can be understood
with the help of the following example sentences –
i) I have never seen a gun.
ii) I saw a sports bike at the store today.
2) A singular countable noun or adjective beginning with a consonant sound. The rule can be
understood with the help of the following example sentences –
i) I ate a banana.
ii) I saw a tall girl today.
3) A singular, countable noun which is an example of a class of things. The rule can be understood
i) A pet needs love. (Class of things is pets)
ii) A father deserves to be respected by his children.
4) The noun to express a quantity. The rule can be understood with the help of the following
example sentences –
i) I need a dozen bananas.
ii) I need to buy a couple of books.
5) The units of price, speed, ratio, weight etc.The rule can be understood with the help of the
following example sentences –
i) This bike gives 35 kilometers a liter.
ii) You can run a mile in just 5 minutes.
6) Certain numbers or monetary units. The rule can be understood with the help of the following
i) I want to earn a billion dollars by the age of 40.
ii) Can you lend me a hundred rupees?
7) The expression of frequency. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example
sentences –
i) Put these ear drops twice a day.
ii) Wash your face three times a day in summers.
8) Certain exclamatory expressions. The rule can be understood with the help of the following
i) What a beautiful morning!
ii) What a cute dog!
Few Important rules to remember about the use of indefinite

determiners:
 The spelling of the word following the determiner is not important, only the sound is important. Few
words given below start with vowel letters but do not have vowel sounds. So the determiner ‘a’ is
attached to them. For example:
A union
A one rupee coin, etc
 There are a few words that start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds. They are preceded
by the determiner ‘an’.For example:
An honest man,
An honour.
 Indefinite determiners are mostly prefixed before the noun that does not refer to any particular
person, place or thing.For example:
A cat,
a boy,
an hour
 Indefinite determiners can be used before uncountable nouns if the noun is used in a particular
sense. For example:
I always have tea after my lunch.
She is a great pianist.
 An indefinite determiner can be attached before the adjective if the adjective is followed by a
countable noun. For example:
It is a red colored T-shirt.
He is a hard working man.
‘The’ (Definite Determiners) is used before the following-

1) A singular noun when it refers to a particular class or group. The rule can be understood
i) The luxury car is a rich man’s vehicle.
ii) My brother has joined the NDA.
2) Names of rivers, ranges of mountains, gulfs, seas, oceans, groups, islands, ships, etc.
i) The Jamuna river
ii) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
iii) The Titanic
iv) The Shivalik range of mountains.
3) Countries with plural names.

i) The Philippines
ii) The Maldives
4) Books of religion (Religious books).

i) The Shreemad Bhagavad Gita
ii) The Holy Quran
5) Names of hotels, museums, and certain building names

i) The Oberoi group of Hotels
ii) The Burj Khalifa.
6) Last names of families in the plural.

i) The Madans
ii) The Malhotras
7) Names of newspapers and magazines.

i) The Top Gear
ii) The Hindustan Times
8) Superlatives of adjectives.
i) The best boy in the class.
ii) The tallest building in the world.
9) Descriptive adjectives referring to a whole group or class.

i) The working class.
ii) The middle class.
10) The names of races and communities.

i) The Hindu
ii) The Christian
11) Few expressions of the English language.

i) All the colleagues.
ii) Both the sisters.
Few Places where the definite determiner ‘The’ should not be used
are as follows –
1. ‘The’ should not be used before abstract nouns, plural nouns, proper nouns, names of meals,
colours, materials when they are being used in general sense.
2. They should not be used before the name of games.
3. The expression like all day, by road, by air.
Demonstratives
The demonstrative determiners in the English language are this, that, these, those.
1. The demonstrative determiner ‘That’ (Plural- Those) is used to avoid repetition of a preceding noun.
The rule can be understood with the help of the following example sentences –
- My shorts are better than those of my brother.
- Our defence academies are better than those of Afghanistan.
2. The demonstrative determiner ‘This (Plural- These)’ is used to refer to a person/ persons or
thing/ things near to the speaker. The rule can be understood with the help of the following
- This is the best coffee I have had.
- These magazines are very good.
3. The demonstrative determiner ‘That (Plural- Those)’ refers to a person/ persons or thing/ things
far from the speaker. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example
sentences –
- Get that dog out of the house.
- Throw away those shoes in the garbage.
Possessives
The possessive determiners in the English language are my, your, our, his, her, its, their. These are
used to show or determine the ownership of a certain thing.
Personal Pronouns (Subject) Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun
I My Mine
You Your Yours
He His His
She Her Hers
It Its –
We Our Ours
They Their Theirs
Few examples of Possessive determiners are as follows –

1) This is my bike.
2) It is their house.
Indefinite Adjectives
Below mentioned is the use of Indefinite Adjectives along with formulas and examples-
Some
The indefinite adjective ‘Some’ is generally used in affirmative sentences with uncountable and
plural countable nouns. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example
sentences –
- There is some proof that he is guilty.
- I have some good ideas on the project.
It can also be used in questions where ‘Yes’ is expected as an answer. The rule can be understood
- Would you like some tea?

- Could you give me some food?
Any
It is used in questions when you want to ask whether something exists or not. It is also used in
negative sentences where we want to say that something does not exist. The rule can be
- I don’t need any help.
- Do you have any advice on the matter?
It is also used in affirmative sentences before plural nouns and uncountable nouns when it refers to
a quantity of something which may or may not exist. The rule can be understood with the help of the
following example sentences –
- You can stop at any point you like.
Little and Much

These are used to refer to amount or quantity. Little is used to emphasize that there is a small
amount of something whereas ‘Much’ is used for emphasizing on large quantities. Both of them are
used with uncountable nouns. Little is also used in reference to small amount of something without
any emphasis. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example sentences –
- I want to spend a little time in Dubai.
- I have studied very little for my exam.
- Do you like to watch much television?
Few and Many

These are mostly used to refer to a number. They are used before plural countable nouns. Few
emphasizes a smaller number and many refer to more numbers. The rule can be understood with
the help of the following example sentences –
- Few students came for the class today.

- Many people went to welcome the Indian Cricket team.
- They stayed in the U.S.A for a few days.
More, Less and Fewer

They are mostly used as comparative determiners. ‘More’ is used before plural and uncountable
nouns (with than) to refer to a quantity or amount which is greater than another quantity or amount. It
is also used to refer to an additional quantity of something. Less is used to refer to an amount that is
less than another amount. Fewer is used where we refer to a group of things that are smaller than
another group before plural nouns. The rule can be understood with the help of the following
- He does much more cardio than I do.

- The poor have less access to cleanliness.
- There are fewer cars here.
Others
There are many other determiners that are used in the English language and cannot be put under
any fixed category. So we have put them all one by one and then given along are their rules for
using them in sentences along with examples.
All
All is mostly used with a plural verb when followed by a countable plural noun. It includes all the
persons or things of a particular kind. Another rule for it is that it requires a singular verb when it is
followed by an uncountable noun. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example
sentences –
- All children cannot be treated in the same manner.
Both
This determiner is mostly used to talk about two things of the same kind. It is used to show that two
persons or things are involved rather than one and is often followed by ‘and’. The rule can be
- Both Raman and Raghav went out for a movie.

- He held oranges in both his hands.
Either and Neither

These determiners usually refer to two persons or things but show that one out of the two is or is not
involved in a situation. Neither is used mostly with singular nouns and by either, it can mean both of
two things especially when it is used with ‘end’ or ’side’. The rule can be understood with the help of
the following example sentences –
- Take either side of the bed, both are the same.
- Neither of them is speaking the truth.
Each and Every

These determiners are used to refer to all members of a group, persons or things. When we talk
about members as individuals, we use ‘each’ and when we make a statement about all of them we
use ‘every’. They are to be prefixed before a singular countable noun and the verb attached with
them should be singular. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example
sentences –
- Each and every board member was present in the meeting.

- Today a laptop and air conditioner can be seen in each house.
- Every child is said to have his/ her own special abilities.
One
This determiner is used when we are talking or writing about a group and we want to say something
about a particular member of the group. It is used in place of ‘a’ or ‘an’ and it explains things more
clearly. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example sentences –
- I know one resturant where you can get amazing Chinese food.
- One man was falsely framed in a murder case.
Another
It can be used with a singular countable noun to talk about an additional person or thing of the same
type. The rule can be understood with the help of the following example sentences –
- Can I have another cup of coffee?
- He opened another branch last month.
Other
This determiner is used with plural nouns or sometimes with uncountable nouns. The rule can be
- Other people might not have thought like this.
- The students are busy in other activities rather than participating in the math class.
Enough
The determiner ‘enough’ is used before uncountable nouns or plural nouns to say that there is
something that is sufficient and enough as much as needed. The rule can be understood with the
help of the following example sentences –
- The hotel had enough rooms for all the guests.
- They did not have enough storage to store all that they had ordered for.
Most
‘Most’ is used to indicate nearly all of an amount or of a group. The rule can be understood with the
help of the following example sentences –
- Most of the people do not recover from this fatal disease.
- Most of the people in India are working class.
Several
It is usually used to indicate an imprecise number that is not very large but more than two. The rule
can be understood with the help of the following example sentences –
- There were several deaths during the floods in U.P.
- There were several cases of fraud pending against him in the court.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Complete the sentences given below with the suitable determiners given in brackets.
1. Meg used ___ sketch pens to complete her project. (this/these)

2. I had ___ rice today. (enough/all)
3. ___ picture was painted by Picasso. (that/those)
4. The book belongs to ___. (her/hers)
5. Can you give me ___ notebook? (the/an)
6. Sam stood ____ in the class. (first/one)
7. Mave is ___ honest man. (a/an)
8. ___ students were called to the principal’s office. (any/some)
9. Do you know ___ scarf this is? (whose/their)
10. ___ Qutub Minar belongs to the Sultanate Period in India. (an/the)
11. __ box of chocolates belongs to Rachel. (these/that)
12. Is there ___ food left in the fridge? (many/any)
13. Can I get ___ hot bowl of soup? (a/an)
14. There aren’t ___ boys in the park. (some/any)
15. Freya got ___ beautiful souvenir from Paris. (a/an)
 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

Q1. __________ of the two sisters is married.
a) Both b) Every c) Each d) Any
Q2. _________ of you should attend the conference.

a) Both b) Each c) Every d) Many
Q3. We should inform __________ of them.

a) many b) every c) few d) all
Q4. They have spent __________ for their son’s wedding.

a) many b) enough c) all d) the little
Q5. __________ of the candidates pass this exam.

a) Enough b) Fewer c) Either d) Most
Q6. __________ of the deadlines is met.

a) Neither b) No c) None d) Much
Q7. Can I borrow __________ sugar?

a) much b) some c) a little d) a few
Q8. With this, you have lost __________ chance that you had.
a) a little b) little c) the little d) slight
Q9. __________ participants left the meeting in between.

a) Several b) Much c) The few d) Little
Q10. It seems that they would need _________ workers for the construction.
a) little b) either c) more d) some
Q11. _________ man that we saw turned out to be a thief.
a) A b) The c) That d) This
Q12. Can ___________ help me?

a) many b) nobody c) everybody d) somebody
Q13. He should work _________ and take a break.

a) less b) little c) a little d) more
Q14. He told me that __________ blue was her favorite color.

a) a b) the c) this d) None of the above
Q15. You can pick ___________ of two.

a) many b) more c) either d) some
 GAP FILLING
Read the passage and fill in the blanks with appropriate determiners.
Once upon __ time, there lived __ king who was known for __ judgements. One day ___ women
came holding __ baby, and both claimed they were __ mothers. Both women were crying hard
for __ baby, and __ king was finding it difficult to believe who was saying ___ truth. So ___
king asked ___ guards to cut ___ baby in half and give ___ half to both ___ women. ___ woman
who was holding __ baby accepted ___ decision whereas ___ other woman started begging ___
king to give ___ baby to the other woman. Seeing ___, the king immediately understood who __
real mother was. The king said that __ real mother would never let __ harm befall on __ child,
and that is why the second woman asked to give away the child to the first woman. She did not
want any harm on __ child and would rather give the baby away to someone else. Finally __ king
gave __ baby to __ real mother

FILL IN THE BLANKS
Answers –
1. These
2. Enough
3. That
4. Her
5. The
6. First
7. An
8. Some
9. Whose
10. The
11. That
12. Any
13. A
14. Any
15. A
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1. c)
2. a)
3. d)
4. b)
5. d)
6. a)
7. b)
8. c)
9. a)
10. c)
11. b)
12. d)
13. a)
14. d)
15. c)
GAP FILLING
Answers –
Once upon a time, there lived a king who was known for his judgments. One day two women
came holding a baby, and both claimed they were the mothers. Both women were crying hard
for the baby, and the king was finding it difficult to believe who was saying the truth.
So the king asked the guards to cut the baby in half and give each half to
both the women. The woman who was holding the baby accepted that decision
whereas the other woman started begging the king to give the baby to the other woman.
Seeing this, the king immediately understood who the real mother was. The king said that a real
mother would never let any harm befall on her child, and that is why the second woman asked to
give away the child to the first woman. She did not want any harm on her child and would rather
give the baby away to someone else. Finally, the king gave the baby to its real mother.
CHAPTER 6
FORMAL LETTER
Definition of a Formal Letter
Formal Letters, also called Business Letters or Professional Letters, are letters that are
written in a strict and specific format. Formal letters are naturally much more formal in
style than informal/friendly letters. Formal letters can be written for a number of reasons
such as,
 to express your concerns while working in a professional setup

 to provide official information across your workspace
 to order goods, to apply for employment, etc.
 to the Editor of a newspaper addressing the problems faced by various groups of
people in different areas, etc.
FORMAT OF FORMAL LETTERS


TYPES OF FORMAL LETTERS
Formal letters can be broadly classified into four types.
1. Enquiry letters: These letters are written when a person wants to get
more information about a product or service or to obtain a quotation for
purchasing a product or services. These letters are the most common
form of formal letters.
2. Letters for placing Order: These are business letters and are written
when a customer or an organization wants to place an order for product/s
or goods from another company or organization. These may also include
letters for cancellation or amendments to orders placed as well as
acknowledgement of orders placed.
3. Complaint letters: As the name suggest, these letters are written to lodge
a complaint. the complaint letters can be addressed to a public/ private
company or organization.
4. Letters to the Editor: These letters are usually written on a topic of
general concern and to influence public opinion. They may include
suggestions on an issue concerning public interests, complaints or
request.
A LETTER OF LETTER TO
LETTER FOR NEWSPPAPER
BUSSINESS LETTERS
ENQUIRY EDITOR
PLACING ORDER
LETTER
LETTER OF
COMPLAINT
TYPES OF BUSSINESS LETTERS

A. Letter of Enquiry
As the name suggests this type of letter is the source of collecting

information. People usually use a letter of inquiry as one of the most
used business letter or formal letter. A letter of inquiry helps a person to
have information like some course or job inquiry, prices of services and
products, terms and orders or working agreements etc. One must always
keep in mind
 Give a brief introduction about yourself

 Include the name of the organization (if possible)
 Provide clear details about the area of inquiry
 Present your queries and doubt in a clear and understandable form
 Mention the deadlines by which you need the information
The format of this letter is the same as the formal letter format.
Sample
16 Ring Road
Nagpur – 01
November 30, 20xx
The Director
ABC Classes
35 Patel Street
Delhi − 18
Dear Sir
Sub.: Enquiry about CAT Coaching Classes.
This is with reference to your advertisement in the ‘The Times of India’

for CAT Coaching classes. I have passes the B.Sc. degree examination
with Statistics as the main subject. I am keen on joining your institute
for the coaching classes.
Kindly let me know about the procedure of applying for the qualifying
test and its date. I would also like to know the duration of the coaching
programme, the duration and the number of classes per week along with
the available mode of classes. Information about the fees payable and
the study materials is highly appreciated. Could you please send me a
copy of your prospectus?
I would like to enroll as soon as possible. Your early response will

enable me to decide fast.
Thanking you.
With kind regards

XYZ
B. Order Letter
When a buyer needs to order some goods, he writes an order letter to

the seller. The three main parts of this letter are
 The details of the items or the goods being ordered must be clearly
stated. It must have complete information like the quantity of the
goods, model number (if possible), etc.
 The information related to the shipping must also be clearly given.
The mode of shipping, shipping location and the desired date for the
goods to be shipped must be clearly stated.
 The inquiry related payment whether it is the mode of payment,
date of payment or terms and conditions regarding payment should
be clearly mentioned.
Let’s look at the format with an example.

Sample
New Era Business

16 Ring Road
Delhi – 01
November 30, 20xx
The Manager
Woods and Worlds
35 Patel Street
Delhi − 18
Dear Sir
Sub.: Placing order for furniture.
As we have discussed telephonically, on behalf of our company I like to

place an immediate order for the supply of the following set of
furniture.
Model No. Name of the Item Quantity
1254 Chair 25
1478 Chair 12
2148 Conference Table 03
4615 Table 50
2418 Sofa 02
As we have discussed, we are sending a demand draft of Rs. 20,000 as
advance payment. The rest will be paid at the time of delivery. Kindly
ship the above order at the above-mentioned address.
Kindly adhere to the terms of the agreement. We hope to receive the

order in four working days.
Thanking You.
Yours Truly
XYZ
HR
C. Letter of Complaint
Suppose you placed an order of some items. The quality promised and
the quality of the items received is not the same. What will you do? You
either want to replace them or want your payment back. How can you
do so? This is where the letter of complaint comes into play. While
writing this type of letter,
 One must clearly provide the details of the problem faced

 Tell what action you want to be taken
 Provide information like the date of arrival of orders, order number,
or the details of the previous complaint (if any)
 Give a deadline to respond within
 Attach a copy or a specimen of the invoice or any other receipt
 Use polite yet assertive words regarding complaint issue
 Never excuse or make any allegation by self
Let’s look at the format with an example.
Sample
New Business World

16 Ring Road
Delhi – 01
November 30, 20xx
The Manager
ABC Stationary King
35 Patel Street
Delhi − 18
Dear Sir
Sub.: Complaint against Order No. S/24-201S-1147.
This is with reference to the Order No. S/24-201S-1147 place on Nov

17, 20xx. The order consists of letterhead and business cards. As per the
agreement, we were promised of receiving the order latest by Nov 22,
20xx. First of all the order did not reach in time. Also, the quality of the
papers and design selected for business cards is not matching with the
selected one.
We have faced a lot of embarrassment and inconvenience and our

reputation is at stake in the eyes of our clients.
Kindly ensure that the order will be replaced latest by Dec 4, 20xx,
failing which payment will be stopped or the will be cancelled. I
sincerely request you to look into the matter and do the needful as soon
as possible.
Thanking you
Yours Truly
XYZ
General Manager
D. Letter to Editor
What is letter to editor?

A letter to editor is a letter written to a newspaper or magazine, usually in
response to an article or editorial that has been published. The letter to the
editor is typically written by a reader and offers feedback, criticism, or
additional information related to the article or editorial. These letters are
often published in the “letters to the editor” section of a publication. They
are also a way for the general public to express their opinions, concerns or
compliments about a specific issue or topic.
Let us discuss the Letter to the Editor Format.

The format of a letter to editor of a Newspaper is as follows –
1. Sender’s address: The address and contact details of the sender are
written here. Include an email and phone number, if required or if
mentioned in the question.
2. Date: The date is written below the sender’s address after Leaving one
space or line.
3. Receiving Editor’s address: The address of the recipient of the mail i.e.
the editor is written here.
4. Subject of the letter: The main purpose of the letterforms the subject. It
must be written in one line. It must convey the matter for which the letter is
written.
5. Salutation (Sir / Respected sir / Madam)
6. Body: The matter of the letter is written here. It is divided into 3
paragraphs as follows –
Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the letter in
brief.
Paragraph 2: Give detail of the matter.
Paragraph 3: Conclude by mentioning what you expect from the editor.
(For example, you may want him to highlight the issue in his
newspaper/magazine).
7. Complimentary Closing
8. Sender’s name, signature, and designation (if any)
Sample –
You are Neena / Navin, a student of Max Public School, Mumbai. You
are concerned about the lack of awareness around animal rights.
Write a letter to the editor about the need to raise awareness about
animal rights among the public.
Answer:
Max Public School
Mumbai
12th June 2023
The Editor
The Hindustan Times
Mumbai
Subject: Awareness around Animal Rights
Sir/Madam
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to raise
awareness about animal rights and the importance of preserving them.
Deforestation, thirst for adventures, greed for money, and other factors are
all contributing to the extinction of wild animals today. Because of man’s
avarice, many wild animal species are on the verge of extinction. Animals,
like humans, have the right to live and also contribute to ecological
balance. Despite the fact that the government has launched numerous
programmes aimed at protecting wild animals, no positive results have
been achieved. Some people keep pet animals but do not take proper care
of them. This is not called for and government agencies should create laws
to check and prevent such incidents. Many private organizations are
making efforts but legal intervention will make strict implementation of
rules.
Kindly publish this letter so that we can create awareness among the
masses.
Thanking you
Yours Sincerely
Neena / Navin
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Letter to the Editor
1. You are Chahat / Chetan, an IT Professional. You want to raise awareness about the rising
incidences of cyber Crimes. Write a letter to the editor of Cyber magazine “Info news”,
highlighting the issue and suggesting measures to prevent such happenings.
2. You are Naresh / Nandini of Safdarjung, New Delhi. You are deeply saddened by the attacks
on elderly persons who live alone. Write a letter to the editor of ‘The New India News’ making
people aware of the authorities to guarantee that such attacks do not occur.
3.You are Christy, a resident of Modi Society, Kolkata. There is an outbreak of the Monkey virus
in your area with a report of 50 new cases. Write a letter to the editor of the local newspaper
India times, highlighting the problem and suggesting measures.
4. You are Kanika / Karan. Your school’s Fitness Club hosted a workshop called “Art of Living
for Students.” Write a letter to the editor of the local daily newspaper, giving your thoughts on
the matter.
5. You are a resident of Shivaji Nagar Pune. You are concerned about the increasing number of
road mishaps in your city. Write a letter to the editor of a local magazine “Jan Chetna”
highlighting the problem and suggesting measures to check the problem.
Letter for Placing Order

1.You are Rohit, owner of Shanti garments, Palika bazaar, New Delhi. Place an order for various
inner wear garments, swimwear, etc. for kids with Kindley garment factory Ludhiana.
2. The Computer Hub, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi has advertised a discount of 20% on all types
of computers and related hardware. You are Rahul, owner of Softpoint Innovations, 110- 111,
Nehru Place, New Delhi. Place an order for suitable items for your company.
3. You are Jhanvi of 101 Greenash buliding, Mulund, Mumbai and your family is in quarantine
due to being Covid positive. Place on order of medicines at the nearby Apollo Pharmacy.
4. You are Padam, office in-charge at Vayusena School, Sant colony, Vishakhapatnam. Place an
order of stationery items for the school office to Modern store, New Market, Vishakhapatnam.
5. You are Garima a student of class 12 at Kanya mahavidyalaya, Jaipur. You are the head of the
school law club. Write an order letter to Law and more book shop, Naya bazar, Jaipur, placing an
order for the latest law journals and bare acts.
Letter of Complaint
1. Write a letter to M/s. Oxford Publishing House, London complaining that the books sent by
them were not those you had ordered for. Ask for a replacement. You are Varun Joshi, Sector-20,
Chandigarh.
2. Write a letter to the in-charge of the text-books section of NCERT, New Delhi complaining
about the non-availability of textbooks even one month after the beginning of the new session.
You are Rohit Rana reading in St. Xavier’s School, Delhi.
3. You are Rahul living at 7, Raven Organics, Orchard Road Mumbai. You purchased a washing
machine last week from Tirupati Stores Nampally , Mumbai but it is not working properly. Write
a complaint letter to the dealer to raise the issue regarding the same with necessary details.
4. You are Arihant/Aparajita, the Sports Secretary of Sunshine International School, New Delhi.
You have received the parcel of sports articles ordered by you, some of which are defective and
old. Write a letter of complaint to Messer New Sports, Meerut, the supplier of the sports articles.
5. Write a letter to M/S Shining Star 79, Durga Nagar, Jammu, complaining about the delay in
the delivery of the books you have ordered.
Letter of Enquiry
1. You intend to join coaching classes at Success Coaching Centre situated in Chennai. The
institute specializes in teaching science to classes XI – XII. Write a letter of enquiry in 100 – 120
words addressed to the Administrator in – charge of the institute seeking clarification about the
timing, duration, staff, transport and other necessary details for joining the institute. You are
Sonia / Shiv of 2, Murthi Road, Chennai.
2. You are Mansi / Manas of 308, Vikas Nagar Nainital, a student of class 10 and after the board
exams, you want to learn paragliding. Write a letter to the Director of High Fly flying club
seeking details of the course, fee, duration and other requirements.
3.. You are Tejas / Tejaswi resident of 111, Jai Hind colony, Mumbai – 400589, a student of
class 11 and want to take up a Summer course in Computer graphic design. Write a letter of
inquiry to the Director of NIIT Computech seeking details on the coruse content, eligibility, fees,
timings and future scope of the course.
4. You are a sports enthusiast Gaurav / Garima r/o 450, June Building Pune. You want to go to
Gulmarg on a skiing vacation. Write a letter of enquiry to the Director J&K Tourism, asking for
relevant information like the suitable time, accommodation available, gear required, cost, travel
and ski assisstance available, etc.
5. You are Abha, mother of Karun / Karuna. You want to admit your child to St Ives Boarding
school, Ooty. Write a letter to the school principal inquiring the admission process, fee structure,
entrance exam schedule, subjects taught and other facilities.
------------------------------------------X------------------------------------------------X-----------------------------
CHAPTER 7
ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH
What is an analytical paragraph?
Analytical Paragraph writing – An analytical paragraph is a form of
descriptive writing which is written on the basis of a given chart,
graph, data, outline, clues, table, etc. When writing an analytical
paragraph, one should remember to describe the facts in the best
possible manner and to cover the information provided.
The analytical paragraph has to be written in around 100-120

words. So the paragraph must use clear and crisp language along
with providing complete details of the chart given in the question.
There will be an internal choice given.
You need to attempt one question out of the two questions of
analytical paragraphs given as a choice. The question carries 5
marks.
Features of an analytical paragraph writing-

1. It describes the given chart, table, data, graph, cues etc.
2. It should be brief and comprehensive (include complete information) at
the same time.
3. It should state facts that are provided by the chart.
4. It is necessary to make use of simple and accurate language.
5. It should mention figures and quantities appropriately.
6. It is appropriate to use the same tense throughout the analytical
paragraph.
7. No personal observation or response should be provided.
8. It would be preferable to use the passive form of the verb.
Analytical Paragraph Writing Format

An analytical paragraph shall be divided into three parts-
1. Introduction
2. Body of the paragraph and;
3. Conclusion
FORMAT OF ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH
1. Introduction
(explain in one or two lines the subject of the graph given)
2. Body
(explain in detail what the graph is about, use relevant figures, explain trends, make
comparisons and contrasts, divide into sub paragraphs, if required)
3. Conclusion
(conclude the paragraph giving the overall view or summary of the graph)
Format of Analytical paragraph writing

Example Question 1: The pie chart shows the proportion of
people from different households living in poverty in the UK in
2002. Write an analytical paragraph to describe the information in
100-120 words.
Answer 3:
The given pie chart illustrates seven different categories of households living in poverty in
the UK in 2002.
It is clearly evident from the pie chart that 26% of the total poverty-stricken households are
those of sole parents. Single people without children account for the second highest
proportion with 24%. In contrast to couples without children that accounts for just 9%,
couples with children account for 15% of the poor households. Single aged persons and
aged couples proportion for 12% together for poor households.
Overall, 14% of all households in the UK were living under poverty. The younger
generation had a greater poor percentage than their aged counterparts. Couples without
children had better economic conditions than those with children.
How To Write A Good Analytical Paragraph?

Useful tips for writing an analytical paragraph
1. For an introduction, you can start with the following phrases-

1. The chart given above describes
2. The table suggests
3. The line graph shows
4. The data given provides information about
5. The pie chart illustrates, etc.
2. For describing trends, use phrases and words like- a pattern of growth, rapidly doubled,
skyrocketed, striking increase, peaked, soaring rates, declined, plummeted, leveled off, stagnated,
fluctuate, starting to rise, starting to fall, drop down, slightly, etc.
3. For describing quantities, use various styles like- 48% of, one-third of, nearly one-fourth of, almost
80%, majority, on average, twice as much, almost equal, the highest, the lowest, very close to 2%,
roughly, approximately 5% of, just under three percent, etc.
4. For establishing a relationship or contrast, use phrases and words like- relationship between,
similarly, in contrast with, in comparison to, but in the opposite case, however, whereas, when it
comes to, as opposed to, while, striking difference, noticeable difference, etc.
5. For the conclusion and other connecting phrases use- overall, subsequently, in all, in a nutshell,
for the chart given, in short, striking changes, including, therefore, etc.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. The given line graph provides information about changes in birth and death rates in
New Zealand between 1901 and 2101. Write an analytical paragraph summarizing the
information and make comparisons where relevant in about 100-120 words.
2. The graph given shows estimated sales of gold in Dubai in 2002. Write an
analytical paragraph describing the line graph in around 150 words.
3. The chart shows the division of household tasks by gender in Great Britain.
Write an analytical paragraph describing the chart given in not more than 200
words.
4. You asked people what they thought was the most valuable thing. The given
pie chart shows the analytics of the different answers you received. Write an
analytical paragraph for a research project in 150-200 words.
5. The given double bar graph shows the preferences of children in a school in
playing different games over the span of six years. Write an analytical paragraph
about the given information.
Q6 The given pie chart represents the amount of money spent by a family on
different items in a month. Write an analytical paragraph using the information
given in the chart.
Answer 1: The line graph outlines the trajectory of birth and death rates in New
Zealand from 1901 and projects trends up to 2101. Initially, the birth rate was
substantially higher than the death rate, beginning at 20,000 in 1901 and peaking near
65,000 in 1961. After the peak, birth rates have seen ups and downs but remained
within the 50,000 to 60,000 range. A notable decline in births is anticipated, dropping to
about 42,000 by 2101. The death rate, in contrast, started around 10,000 in 1901 and
has shown a steady rise. A significant surge in death rates is predicted post-2021,
stabilizing around 60,000 between 2061 and 2081, with a slight decrease by 2101. The
earlier wide gap between births and deaths is expected to narrow significantly, leading
to an unprecedented shift where deaths may surpass births towards the end of the
century.
Answer 2 : The chart delineates the gender-specific allocation of household duties in
Great Britain, revealing a traditional division of labor. Women dedicate significantly more
time to household chores, averaging around four hours daily, which is notably higher
than the less than two and a half hours contributed by men.
Women lead in activities such as cooking, cleaning, childcare, and laundry, devoting
roughly 200 minutes daily—triple the time men allocate to these tasks. Conversely, men
exhibit a preference for outdoor and maintenance work, investing double the time
compared to women in activities like gardening and various house repairs.
Interestingly, men’s highest time investment peaks at nearly 50 minutes on gardening

and pet care, while women allocate about 30 minutes to these tasks. A stark contrast
appears in clothing care: men spend a mere 2 minutes per day on washing, ironing, and
sewing, whereas women spend about 25 minutes.
In essence, the chart illustrates a pronounced disparity in the distribution of household

responsibilities by gender, with women shouldering the bulk of indoor chores and men
tending towards outdoor and maintenance-related tasks.
Answer: The line graph presents an analysis of gold sales in Dubai over the course of
2002, measured in millions of Dirhams. The year opened with sales at around 200
million Dirhams and displayed a rising trend, reaching a crest at 350 million Dirhams by
March. This peak signifies a robust period for the gold market in Dubai. Subsequently, a
decline was observed, with sales dipping to a low of 110 million Dirhams by July,
illustrating a sharp fall in the market. Interestingly, there was a significant rebound in
August, where sales momentarily doubled, only to fall back to the July figures in
September. The remainder of the year saw the sales stabilize at 180 million Dirhams
before a modest uptick in December.
Overall, the graph indicates a volatile year for the gold industry in Dubai, with peaks and
troughs aligning with various economic factors or seasonal trends. The highest sales
occurred in March, while July and September experienced the lowest. The year
concluded with sales figures aligning closely to those at the commencement of the year,
signifying a full-circle journey for the market within the twelve-month period.
The pie chart in question offers a visual representation of people’s perceptions of what
constitutes the most valuable entity in life. This chart is a kaleidoscope of values, sliced
into five distinct categories, each representing a different element deemed as most
precious by the respondents.
Notably, ‘Knowledge’ emerges as the predominant value, claiming a 48% majority of the
chart. This illustrates a significant inclination towards intellectual assets over
materialistic or social standings, with nearly half the participants affirming that
knowledge surpasses all other forms of value. In stark contrast, ‘Power’ appears to be
the least favored, occupying the smallest section, suggesting a minimal number of
individuals regard it as the pinnacle of value.
‘Fame’ treads closely behind ‘Power’, indicating a slightly higher but still limited
endorsement as a valuable asset. Meanwhile, ‘Love’ and ‘Money’ demonstrate a near
equal distribution, capturing 20% and 18% respectively. This balance suggests a
common perception that emotional fulfillment and financial security are nearly equally
significant, yet fall behind the intellectual prowess represented by ‘Knowledge’.
In essence, the chart paints a picture of a society that places the highest worth on
enlightenment and understanding, with ‘Knowledge’ at the vanguard. It indicates a
moderate valuation of emotional and monetary fulfillment, while ‘Power’ and ‘Fame’ are
perceived as lesser in the hierarchy of values. This data provides an insightful snapshot
into the collective mindset, valuing wisdom as the paramount treasure.
Answer 4 : The double bar graph provides insight into the shifting game preferences
among schoolchildren across a six-year span. Volleyball’s popularity peaked in 2016 but
notably dipped by 2019. In contrast, basketball maintained a steady interest level
throughout the years, with minimal fluctuations. The graph indicates that volleyball saw
a dramatic increase in interest in 2016, with a sudden rise in the number of children
playing the game, yet this interest did not sustain and saw a drop in subsequent years.
Basketball, on the other hand, displayed remarkable consistency in popularity, with a

slight increase in 2016, mirroring volleyball’s peak year, before stabilizing. This
consistent preference suggests basketball’s enduring appeal among the children.
In summary, while volleyball experienced more significant highs and lows in popularity,
basketball remained a constant favorite throughout the six years. The data suggests
that despite volleyball’s brief surge in popularity, basketball was the more consistently
chosen sport among the schoolchildren by the end of the six-year period.
Answer 5: The pie chart in question details the monthly expenditure pattern of a family,
highlighting their financial priorities and spending habits. The chart indicates that
groceries constitute the largest expense at 23%, underscoring the family’s emphasis on
home-cooked meals and the importance of nutrition. Education follows close behind at
20%, reflecting the family’s commitment to learning and academic growth.
Clothing and transport are also significant expenses, accounting for 19% and 18%
respectively, which suggests a balance between necessity and personal care.
Meanwhile, 15% of the budget is allocated to assorted items, possibly encompassing
leisure and lifestyle products like stationery and cosmetics. Interestingly, the least
portion of their budget goes towards rent, which may imply a strategic decision to
minimize fixed living costs.
In essence, the family’s budgeting choices show a strong inclination towards essential
spending, with most of their outgoings directed at fundamental needs and
responsibilities. The limited expenditure on miscellaneous items hints at prudent
financial management, with the majority of the budget being conscientiously allocated to
areas that support their sustenance, education, and mobility. This careful allocation
suggests a disciplined approach to budgeting, with discretionary spending kept to a
minimum in favor of essential expenses and long-term investments in education.

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Contents

SECTION A (READING SKILLS)

FIRST FLIGHT- PROSE

CHAPTER 1 – LETTER TO GOD

FOOTSPRINTS WITHOUT FEET

CHAPTER 1- A TRIUMPH OF SURGERY

1. Go through the entire passage thoroughly.

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions.

(v) In order to work smarter, we must have:

(vi) If we want to have a better future, we have to:

(x) The synonym of the word ‘viewpoint’ as given in para 3 is …………

Passage 2- Read the passage given below:

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions.

(iv) Some snake killers have partial immunity to:

(vi) Which one of these animals is NOT a reptile?

(viii) A mongoose cannot kill a cobra. (True/False)

Passage 3- Read the passage given below:

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) (2), (4) and (5)

(ix) In para 6, the writer advises us to have ………. for ourselves.

(x) Find a word in para 4 which means ‘being present secretly’.

Passage 4- Read the passage given below:

(a)Option (1) (b) Option (2)

(v) The phrase “potentially harmful circumstances” refers to

Passage 5- Read the passage given below:

2. Whether it’s Batman saving Gotham city, Superman saving humanity, or

3. So, every time we choose to see a superhero movie, it gives us a nudge to

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following

(ii) According to the writer, how can a common man become a

(v) What are the two meanings of “encounter” as used in para 2 ?

(viii) Write a suitable title for this passage.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

CASE BASED PASSAGE

(ii) “Delhi also needs to be on alert …” What should Delhiites do for

(iii) Officials were conducting a maximum number of tests in places like

(viii) Delhi Metro follows Covid-19 protocols offhandedly. (True/False)

(ix) ‘Mixed locations’ includes the areas living people with……….

(x) What does the term ‘containment zones’ refer to?

Passage 2- Read the passage given below:

1. Man suffers from a distorted complex. He always considers animals as

(iv) It is very disappointing that animals are still:

(v) For what activities do people use horses and oxen?

(vii) Which of these animals are victims of poaching and killing?

(viii) Animals should not be used in circus to earn one’s livelihood.

(ix) ‘Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals’ aims to change the

(x) What does the word ‘indifferent’ in para 3 mean?

Passage 3- Read the passage given below:

Comprehension Passage Reading on Employment Trends and

(iv) In which of the following months was the worst situation of

(v) What does LFPR refer to?

(vi) Who among the following is a member of total labour force?

(viii) “… pushing workforce back into work…” the word ‘workforce’

(ix) The current unemployment recovery rate is a matter of grave

(x) The synonym of the word ‘among’ in para 1 is………. .

Passage 4- Read the passage given below:

Australia’s 2019-2020 Bushfire Season was not Normal

(vii) Choose the option that lists the CORRECT statement.

(xii) Which word in the passage is opposite to the meaning of ‘vague/murky’?

Passage 5- Read the passage given below: