Anatomy Physiology 4

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4. Connective tissue: The connective tissues are a group of tissues structurally

composed of cells, fibers and ground substances and are responsible for maintaining a
functionally integrated body e.g Bone, Cartilage, Tendon, Capsules and Blood etc.
a. Function:
(1) Give support to the body.

(2) Provide tight covering for deeper structures.
(3) Hold bone ends together at joints.
(4) Provides planes along which blood vessels and lymphaties travel to their
destination.
5. Muscle tissue: Muscle is the basic tissue composed of differentiated cells

containing contractile proteins which are specialized to perform the function of movement or
locomotion through the process of contraction and relaxation.
a. Function:
(1) Helps in locomotion and movement of the body.

(2) Help to maintain the temperature of the body.
(3) Help for maintenance of posture.
(4) Influences in the modeling of the bones of the skeleton.
(5) Maintain stability for the joints.
6. Nervous tissue: Nervous tissue is specially designed to receive stimuli from either
inside or out side the body, and when stimulated to carry impulses rapidly to other tissues.
Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells called neurones, and a special supporting network called
neuroglia. A nerve cell consists of a large cell body, to which several short processes, called
dendrites, bring impulses from other cells and tissues. From the cell body there is one long
process called the axon, which carries impulses away from the cell body.
ORGAN
6. Definition: Organs are composed of two or more tissue types that together perform
one or more common functions e.g Liver, Heart, Lungs etc.
SYSTEM
7. Definition: A system consists of a group of organs classified as a unit because of a
common function or set of functions. The body is considered to have 11 major systems. They are
as follows.
a. Skeletal system.
b. Muscular system.
c. Integumental system.
d. Nervous system.
e. Endocrine system.
f. Cardiovascular system.
g. Lymphatic system.
h. Respiratory system.
i. Digestive system.
j. Urinary system and
k. Reproductive system.
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CAVITIES OF HUMAN BODY

1. The cavities of human body and its contents are as follows:
A. The cavities of the Head:
a. The cranium or cranial cavity, containing the brain
b. The orbits or orbital cavity, containing the eyes.
c. The nasal cavities, for the taking in and out of air.
d. The mouth or oral cavity, for the taking in of food.
B. The cavities of the trunk:
a. The thorax or thoracic cavity: It contains-

i) The heart and the large blood vessels leading to and from it.
ii) The lungs and the air passages, which bring the air we breathe to them.
iii) The oesophagus, the passage through which food passes to the stomach.
b. The abdomen or abdominal cavity: It contains-

i) The stomach.
ii) The small intestine.
iii) The large intestine.
iv) The liver.
v) The pancreas.
vi) The spleen.
vii) The kidneys.
viii) The ureters.
c. The pelvis or pelvic cavity: It contains-

i) The bladder, though, as this fills with the urine excreted by the kidneys, it rises
into the abdomen.
ii) Some of the reproductive organs.
(1) The female reproductive organs are-
(a) The two ovaries which produce the ova or egg cells.
(b) The uterine tubes, which convey these egg cells to the uterus.
(c) The uterus, in which the fertilized egg cells develop till the
child is capable of a separate existence.
(d) The vagina, which leads from the uterus to the external skin.
(2) The male reproductive organs are-
(a) The testes, which produce the spermatozoa or male
reproductive cells.
(b) The different ducts, the ducts which convey the male
reproductive fluid in which the sperm are carried to-
(c) The seminal vesicles, in which it is stored.
(f) The ejaculatory ducts lead from these vesicles to the urethra, the
common passage for urine and the male reproductive fluid
which contains the spermatozoa.
These organs lie in the pelvis except for the testes which are
carried in a pouch of skin, known as the scrotum.
iii) The rectum, the last part of the large intestine.
d. The spinal canal, a posterior cavity inside the vertebral column containing the spinal
cord which joins the brain.
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4. Connective tissue: The connective tissues are a group of tissues structurally

(1) Give support to the body.

5. Muscle tissue: Muscle is the basic tissue composed of differentiated cells

(1) Helps in locomotion and movement of the body.

CAVITIES OF HUMAN BODY

B. The cavities of the trunk:

a. The thorax or thoracic cavity: It contains-

b. The abdomen or abdominal cavity: It contains-

c. The pelvis or pelvic cavity: It contains-

iii) The rectum, the last part of the large intestine.

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