Tutorial Week 2 (11 Mar 2024)

• Office: 251.2.64 (Bundoora Campus)

• By A/Prof Shiwei_Zhou
Email: [email protected]
Three methods in this week

1. Moment Area Theorem

2. Double Integration Method
3. Conjugate Beam Method
 Moment Sign Convention

Tips:
1. On the left cutting surface, positive moment is clockwise;
2. On the right cutting surface, positive moment is anticlockwise;
3. The positive moments bend the beam downward, and vice versa.

+ -
 Shear Force Sign Convention

Tips:
1. On the left cutting surface, positive shear force is upward;
2. On the right cutting surface, positive shear force is downward;
3. The positive shear forces rotate the beam clockwise, and vice versa.

+ -
 Axial Force Sign Convention

Tips:
1. On the left cutting surface, positive axial force is leftward;
2. On the right cutting surface, positive axial force is rightward;
3. The positive axial forces tension the beam, and vice versa.

+ -
Sign Conventions: Summary
 The moment-area theorem
The first derivative of the slope function θ (x) is:
dθ M ( x )
= (1)
dx EI
Integration on both side of Eq. (1), we got
M ( x)
θ ∫ dx + C1 (2)
EI
where bending moment M ; slope θ ; Young'smodulus E , Moment of inertia I .
Specially, for the slope θ A at point A with x=x1 , the slope θ B at point B with x=x2
x2 M ( x)
∫
θB − θ A =
x1 EI
dx (3)

Theorem:
The change in slope between any 2 points on the eastic curve equals
the area of the M/EI diagram between them

The first derivative of a function f(x) is commonly written as :

df ( x ) df ( x )
2
df ( x )
., f(x)=x ,
, e.g= n
x; f(x)=x ,
2= nx n −1 ;
dx dx dx
 Moment-area Theorem – Tutorial problem 1

360(106 )mm 4 360(10

= = 6
)(10−3 ) 4 m 4 360(10−6 )m 4
Tips: Using the standard units like m, N, Pascal

x
 Step 1: calculate the reactions (optional, if necessary)

MA 10 kN
∑ Fx =0 ⇒ Ax =0 Ay

∑ Fy =0 ⇒ Ay =10 kN Ax 10m
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ − M A − 10 (10 ) = 0 ⇒ M A = −100 kN .m

Tips:
1. The direction of reactions should follow sign conventions when plotting the FBD;
2. In the equilibrium equations, the positive moment must be anticlockwise, the
upward/rightward force is positive, and vice versa. They are different from the sign
conventions.
 Step 2: derive the bending moment equation

Bends downward
10 kN Mx
MA Ay
∑ F = 0 ⇒ −V ( x) + 10 ⇒ V ( x) = 10 kN
y x
A
∑ M 0
=⇒A M ( x ) − M −AV ( x ) ( )
x =0 x

⇒ M ( x) − ( −100 ) − 10 x =0 V ( x)
⇒ M ( x) =
−100 + 10 x kN .m
Tips:
1. The beam bends upward, thus moment is negative;
2. The free end (e.g. point C) always has a zero moment;
 M x M
θ ∫ dx + C1 ⇒ θ (= x) ∫ dx + C1
EI 0 EI
In this problem, M(x)=-100+10x, thus
x −100 + 10 x  −100 x + 5 x 2
θ ( x) ∫  =
 dx + C1 + C1 ,
0
 EI  EI
x n 1 n +1
(General integration formula, ∫ x dx = x )
0 n +1
at point A, x=0,
= θ ( 0 ) 0,=thus, C1 0
at point B, x=5,
( )
−100 ( 5 ) + 5 52 −100 ( 5 ) + 5 5 2
( )
θB = ( )
103 = ( )
10 3
-0.00521 rad
EI 9
( )
200 10 360 10 ( )
−6

at point C, x=10,
( )
−100 (10 ) + 5 102 − 100 ( )
10 + 5 10 2
( )
θC = 10( )
3
= 10 3
( )
- 0.00694 rad
EI 9
( )
200 10 360 10 −6
( )
 Slope in the diagram

x2 M ( x)
∫
θB − θ A =
x1 EI
dx (3)

θA = 0
− (100 + 50 )( 5 ) / 2
θB =
θ A + area of trapezoid=0+ 10 3
( )
-0.00521 rad
=
( )
9
200 10 360 10 ( −6
)
− (100 )(10 ) / 2
θC =
θ A + area of triangle=0+ (10 ) =
3
- 0.00694 rad
( )
200 109 360 10−6( )
Tips:
1. The fixed support always has a zero slope.
2. The area above the x-axis is positive, and vice versa.
 Double Integration Method
2
d v
EI 2 = M
dx
dv
EIθ EI
= =
dx ∫ Mdx + C 1

∫∫ Mdx
2
EIv
= + C1 x + C2

dv
θ=
dx
deflection v; bending moment M ; slope θ ; Young'smodulus E , Moment of inertia I

Use boundary conditions to determine the constants C1 and C2.

 Problem 2: Double Integration Method

Determine the equations of the elastic curve for the

beam using the x1 and x2 coordinates. Specify the slope
at A and the maximum deflection. EI is constant.

Tips:
1. The moment Eq. changes after the loading point;
2. Only consider the left part own to symmetry.
Step 1: Determine moment equations
V(x2)=0
M(x1)
P
V(x1)=P M(x2)
A
A O
O P a
x2
P x1

∑M = 0 ⇒ − Px2 + P( x2 − a ) + M ( x2 ) =
0
M ( x1 ) = Px1
O

⇒ − Px2 + Px2 − Pa + M ( x2 ) = 0
⇒ M ( x2 ) = Pa
0 ≤ x1 ≤ a a ≤ x2 ≤ L / 2
 Step 2: Double integration

d 2 v( x1 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x1 ) Px1 (1)
dx1
dv( x1 ) Px12
EI
dx1
= ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 2 + C1 (2)

Px12 Px13
EIv( x1 ) = ∫∫ Px1dx + C1 x1 + C2 = ∫
2
1 dx` + C1 x1 + C2 = + C1 x1 + C2 (3)
2 6
d 2 v( x2 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x2 ) Pa (4)
dx2
dv( x2 )
EI
dx2
= ∫ Padx 2` + C3= Pax2 + C3 (5)

Pax22
∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4 = 2 + C3 x2 + C4
2
EIv( x=
2) 2 (6)
Step 2: Use BCs to determine the constants
d 2 v( x1 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x1 ) Px1 (1)
dx1
dv( x1 ) Px12
EI
dx1
= ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 2 + C1 (2)

3
Px
EIv( x1 ) = ∫∫ Px1dx12 + C1 x1 + C2 = 1 + C1 x1 + C2 (3)
6
d 2 v( x2 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x2 ) Pa (4)
dx2
dv( x2 )
EI
dx2
= ∫ Padx2` + C3= Pax2 + C3 (5)

Pax22
EIv( x2 ) = ∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4 =
2
2 + C3 x2 + C4 (6)
2

Boundary
= condition : v 0,=
at point A with x1 0
from Eq.(3),get: C2 = 0 (7)
 Step 2: Use BCs to determine the constants
d 2 v( x1 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x1 ) Px1 (1)
dx1
dv( x1 ) Px12
EI
dx1
= ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 2 + C1 (2)

Px13
EIv( x1 ) = ∫∫ Px1dx + C1 x1 + C2 =
2
1 + C1 x1 + C2 (3)
6
d 2 v( x2 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x2 ) Pa (4)
dx2
dv( x2 )
EI
dx2
= ∫ Padx 2` + C3= Pax2 + C3 (5)

Pax22
EIv( x2 ) = ∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4 =
2
2 + C3 x2 + C4 (6)
2

L
Symmetry condition:dv / dx2 0,=
at the middle point of the beam with x2
2
PaL PaL
from Eq.(5), get: 0 = + C3 ⇒ C3 =
− (8)
2 2
 Step 2: Use BCs to determine the constants
d 2 v( x1 )
EI = M
= ( x1 ) Px1 (1)
dx12
dv( x1 ) Px12
EI
dx1
= ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 2 + C1 (2)

Px13
EIv( x1 ) = ∫∫ Px1dx + C1 x1 + C2 =
2
1 + C1 x1 + C2 (3)
6
d 2 v( x2 )
EI = M
= ( x2 ) Pa (4)
dx22
dv( x2 )
EI
dx2
= ∫ Padx 2` + C3= Pax2 + C3 (5)

Pax22
EIv( x2 ) = ∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4 =
2
2 + C3 x2 + C4 (6)
2

Continuity condition :
( x1 ) v( x2 ), dv( x1 ) /=
v= dx1 dv( x2 ) / dx2 at
= , x2 a
x1 a=
Pa 2 PaL
from Eq.(2) and Eq.(5): + C1 = Pa 2 − (9)
2 2
Pa 2 PaL
finally, get:=
C1 −
2 2
 d 2 v( x1 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x1 ) Px1 (1)
dx1
dv( x1 ) Px12
EI
dx1
= ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 2 + C1 (2)

Px13
EIv( x1 ) = ∫∫ Px1dx + C1 x1 + C2 =
2
1 + C1 x1 + C2 (3)
6
d 2 v( x2 )
EI = 2
M
= ( x2 ) Pa (4)
dx2
dv( x2 )
EI
dx2
= ∫ Padx 2` + C3= Pax2 + C3 (5)

Pax22
EIv( x2 ) = ∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4 =
2
2 + C3 x2 + C4 (6)
2
Continuity condition :
( x1 ) v( x2 ), dv( x1 ) /=
v= dx1 dv( x2 ) / dx2 at
= x1 a= , x2 a
Pa 3 Pa 3 PLa 2
from Eq.(3) and Eq.(6): + C1a = − + C4 (10)
6 2 2
Pa 3  Pa 2 PaL  Pa 3 PLa 2 Pa 3
get : + −  a= − + C4 ⇒ C4 =
6  2 2  2 2 6
Slope at A: x1 = 0, from Eq.(2)
dv( x1 ) Px12
EI
dx1
= ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 2 + C1 (2)

Pa 2 PaL
EIθ A =
C1 = − = −0.5 Pa ( L − a ) < 0
2 2
Maximum deflection occurs at the middle point of beam with x2 = 0.5 L from
Pax22
) ∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4=
EIv( x2 = 2
2 + C3 x2 + C4 (6)
2
we get
Pa ( 0.5 L )
2

EIvmax = + C3 ( 0.5 L ) + C4
2
PaL2 PaL2 Pa 3
= − +
8 4 6
PaL2 Pa 3 Pa
= −
8
+
6
=−
24
(
3L2 − 4a 2 < 0, as L>2a )
 Summary V(x)=0
P
M(x)
M(x)
V(x)=P
P a
x2
d 2 v( x2 )
x1 EI = M
= ( x2 ) Pa (4)
P dx22
dv( x2 )
d 2 v( x1 )
EI = M
= ( x1 ) Px1 (1)
EI
dx2
= ∫ Padx 2` + C3= Pax2 + C3 (5)
dx12
Pax22
dv( x1 ) 2
Px EIv( x2 ) = ∫∫ Padx + C3 x2 + C4 =
2
2 + C3 x2 + C4 (6)
EI = ∫ Px1dx` + C1 = 1
+ C1 (2) 2
dx1 2 Continuity condition :
v=( x1 ) v( x2 ), dv( x1 ) /=
dx1 dv( x2 ) / dx2 at = x1 a=, x2 a
Px13
EIv( x1 ) = ∫∫ Px1dx1 + C1 x1 + C2 =
2
+ C1 x1 + C2 (3) Pa 2 PaL
6 from Eq.(2) and Eq.(5): + C1 = Pa 2 − (9)
Boundary condition
= : v 0,= at x1 0 2 2
2
from Eq.(3),get: C2 = 0 (7) Pa PaL
finally, get:=C1 −
2 2
L
Symmetry condition:d = v / dx2 0,= at x2 Pa 3 Pa 3 PLa 2
2 from Eq.(3) and Eq.(6): + C1a = − + C4 (10)
PaL PaL 6 2 2
from Eq.(5), get: 0 = + C3 ⇒ C3 = − (8) Pa 3  Pa 2 PaL  Pa 3 PLa 2 Pa 3
2 2 get : + −  a =− + C4 ⇒ C4 =
6  2 2  2 2 6
 1. The degree of indeterminacy is 1
2. All members have the same cross section
To avoid complex calculation

Tips:
1. The fixed support always has a zero slope and a zero deflection;
2. The pin support always has a zero deflection;
3. At the symmetrical point, the slope is zero;
4. At the continuity point, the deflection and the slope are the same.
Conjugate-beam Method
Real =
beam V ∫=
wdx M ∫∫ wdx 2
w: Distributed loads

 
M M 2
=
Adjoint beam θ
∫=
EI
dx v ∫∫ EI dx
Assume M/EI as the distributed loads w, we got an adjoint
system, in which:
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the shear force at the corresponding
point in the conjugate beam.
Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point
in the conjugate beam.
Conjugate beam is defined as the imaginary beam with the same
dimensions (length) as that of the original beam but load at any point on the
conjugate beam is equal to the bending moment at that point divided by EI
Conjugate-beam Method

real beam conjugate beam

force ⇔ M / EI
slope ⇔ shear force
deflection ⇔ moment
Conjugate-Beam Method
Conjugate-Beam Method – Tutorial Problem 3

18/(EI)*9/2=81
18/(EI)*3/2=27
 h x 2x
= ⇒h= h
18 / EI 9 EI

∑F y =0
45 1
⇒− + hx − V ( x) =0
EI 2
45 1 2 x h
⇒ V ( x) = − + x
EI 2 EI
The max deflection occurs at V=0
45 1 2 x
V ( x) = − + x= 0⇒ x=6.71 m
EI 2 EI
∑M = 0
45 1 x
⇒ x − hx   + M ( x) =
0
EI 2 3
1 2 45 1 2 x 2 45 x3 − 135 x
⇒ M ( x) = hx − x= x − x=
6 EI 6 EI EI 3EI
Max deflection is equal to M(x) at a point with V(x)=0, x=6.71m
x3 − 135 x 6.713 − 135 ( 6.71) 3
vmax M
= (6.71) = 10
3EI ( ) (
3 ( 200 ) 109 ( 60 ) 10−6)
= -0.01677 m =-16.77 mm
 Practice of Conjugate-Beam Method

Determine the deflection at point D