ANU/P-3/ ICT/ Unit-1

R.N.MANDAL

1.1: EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
The earliest concept of educational technology was linked with simple use of elementary aids
like picture, chart, model, actual objects. With the progress of science & technology there
was electronic revolution and different audio-visual aids like- tape recorder, projector, film,
slides, etc. were used as teaching devices. This is simply the use of materials called
hardware. The second view of educational technology is based on the application of
scientific and psychological principle and techniques behind the use different aids (software).
The modern view of educational technology is the combination of these hard ware and soft
ware approaches in the learning and instruction. According to this view education should be
considered a system in which machine, materials, media, men, methods are interrelated parts
& organized in such a way, so that educational objective can be achieved. In modern age,
scientific methods of psychology are being used in the field of teaching, learning & testing.
Educational technology is the use of technology to improve education. It is sometimes also
known as instructional technology or learning technology. Therefore it is causing
revolutionary changes in the field of education. It has changed the concept of education.
CONCEPT EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Educational technology, often abbreviated as EdTech, refers to the use of technology to

enhance teaching, learning, and educational outcomes. It encompasses a wide range of tools,
resources, and methodologies designed to facilitate learning in various educational settings,
from traditional classrooms to online platforms. Educational technology can include
hardware such as computers, tablets, and interactive whiteboards, as well as software
applications, multimedia resources, and digital platforms like learning management systems
(LMS). The goal of educational technology is to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and
accessibility of education by leveraging technology to support and enhance the teaching and
learning process.
It is defined as an application of scientific knowledge about learning to improve the
effectiveness & efficiency of teaching & learning.
Educational technology is using multimedia technologies or audiovisual aids as a tool to
enhance teaching and learning process.
J.Blamer:-“Educational technology is the application of scientific knowledge about
learning to practical learning situation.”
Mitra – “Educational technology can be conceived as science of techniques & methods by
which education goals can be achieved.”

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S.S. Kulkurni- “Educational technology may be defined as the application of the laws as
well as recent discoveries of science & technology to the process of education”.
Nature & characteristics of E.T:
A review of the above mentioned concepts & definitions of educational technology points
about the following characteristics.

• It is the application of scientific principles to education.

• It lays stress on the development of methods & techniques for effective teaching learning.
• It gives emphasis to the organization learning situation for the effective realization of
goals of education.
• It emphasizes the designing & measuring instruments for testing learning outcomes.
• It facilitates learning by controlling environment, media & methods.
• It involves input, output & process aspects of education.
• It is not confined only to the use of electronic media in education, it includes system
approach also.
• It is an important medium of communication.
• It is not to be taken as synonym to audio-video aids in education.

Therefore, educational technology is a very comprehensive term & is not view in terms of its
parts or processes. It includes instructional technology, teaching technology, programmed
learning, micro teaching, system analysis etc.
OBJECTIVES (NEEDS) OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

The objectives of educational technology can vary depending on the context and the specific
goals of educational institutions or stakeholders. However, some common objectives of
educational technology include:
1. Enhancing Learning Outcomes: Educational technology aims to improve student
learning by providing interactive and engaging learning experiences that cater to diverse
learning styles and needs.
2. Increasing Access to Education: Through online platforms, distance learning tools, and
digital resources, educational technology can extend access to education to learners who
may be geographically distant or have limited access to traditional educational settings.
3. Facilitating Personalized Learning: Educational technology enables educators to tailor
instruction to individual student needs and preferences, allowing for personalized learning
experiences that can better support student success.
4. Promoting Collaboration and Communication: Technology tools such as collaborative
online platforms, video conferencing, and social media can facilitate communication and
collaboration among students and educators, fostering a sense of community and
enhancing learning experiences.

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5. Improving Teacher Efficiency: Educational technology can streamline administrative
tasks, automate grading, and provide teachers with access to resources and tools that
enhance their effectiveness in the classroom.
6. Fostering Digital Literacy: In an increasingly digital world, educational technology
helps develop students' digital literacy skills, including the ability to critically evaluate
information, use digital tools responsibly, and navigate online resources effectively.
7. Supporting Professional Development: Educational technology offers opportunities for
educators to engage in ongoing professional development, access resources and training
materials, and collaborate with peers to improve their teaching practices.
8. Enhancing Accessibility and Inclusivity: Technology can be used to accommodate
diverse learning needs, including those of students with disabilities, by providing
alternative formats, adaptive technologies, and assistive tools.
Overall, the objectives of educational technology center around leveraging technology to
enhance teaching and learning, improve educational outcomes, and promote access, equity,
and inclusion in education.
GROWTH OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

The growth of educational technology has been remarkable in recent decades, driven by
advancements in technology, changes in educational paradigms, and shifts in societal needs.
Some key factors contributing to the growth of educational technology include:
1. Technological Advancements: The rapid development and adoption of digital
technologies have significantly expanded the possibilities for educational innovation.
From the proliferation of computers and the internet to the rise of mobile devices and
cloud computing, advancements in technology have provided new tools and platforms for
teaching, learning, and educational administration.
2. Increased Connectivity: The widespread availability of high-speed internet access has
facilitated connectivity and enabled the creation of online learning environments,
collaborative platforms, and digital communities of practice. This increased connectivity
has made it easier for learners and educators to access educational resources, collaborate
with peers, and engage in remote learning experiences.
3. Changing Pedagogical Approaches: Shifts in educational paradigms towards student-
centered, active learning approaches have fueled the growth of educational technology.
Technologies such as interactive multimedia, simulations, and adaptive learning systems
support these pedagogical approaches by providing engaging, personalized learning
experiences that cater to individual student needs and preferences.
4. Globalization and Access to Information: The globalization of education and the
democratization of information have been facilitated by educational technology. Online
learning platforms, open educational resources (OER), and digital libraries provide access
to educational content and resources from around the world, leveling the playing field and

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 expanding learning opportunities for learners regardless of geographical location or
socioeconomic status.
5. Demand for Lifelong Learning: In today's knowledge-based economy, there is a
growing demand for lifelong learning and continuous skill development. Educational
technology offers flexible, accessible options for ongoing education and professional
development, allowing individuals to acquire new skills, stay relevant in their careers, and
adapt to evolving job market demands.
6. Personalization and Differentiation: Educational technology enables personalized
learning experiences that cater to individual student needs, interests, and learning styles.
Adaptive learning systems, learning analytics, and data-driven instructional tools provide
insights into student progress and performance, allowing educators to tailor instruction
and interventions to meet the diverse needs of learners.
7. Support for Inclusive Education: Educational technology plays a crucial role in
supporting inclusive education by providing accommodations, assistive technologies, and
alternative formats for learners with disabilities or special needs. Digital accessibility
standards and guidelines ensure that educational technology is designed to be usable and
accessible to all learners, regardless of their abilities or disabilities.
Overall, the growth of educational technology reflects its transformative potential to enhance
teaching and learning, improve educational outcomes, and promote access, equity, and
inclusivity in education on a global scale. As technology continues to evolve, so too will the
opportunities and challenges for educational innovation and advancement.
CHALLENGES AND IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Educational technology has had a significant impact on teaching, learning, and the
educational landscape as a whole, but it also presents various challenges. Let's explore both
aspects:

Impact of Educational Technology:

Enhanced Learning Opportunities: Educational technology has expanded access to
learning resources and opportunities, enabling learners to access a wide range of educational
materials, courses, and platforms regardless of geographical location or socioeconomic status.
Personalized Learning: Technology allows for personalized learning experiences tailored to
individual student needs, preferences, and learning styles. Adaptive learning systems,
interactive multimedia, and data-driven instructional tools provide opportunities for
differentiated instruction and improved learning outcomes.
Improved Collaboration and Communication: Educational technology facilitates
collaboration and communication among students, educators, and other stakeholders. Online
platforms, video conferencing tools, and social media enable learners to connect, share ideas,
and work together across distances.

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Efficiency and Productivity: Technology streamlines administrative tasks, automates
grading, and provides educators with access to resources and tools that enhance their
effectiveness in the classroom. Learning management systems (LMS) and educational
software platforms simplify course management and content delivery.
Preparation for the Future: Educational technology equips learners with digital literacy
skills, critical thinking abilities, and problem-solving capabilities necessary for success in a
technology-driven world. It prepares students for future careers by exposing them to digital
tools, online collaboration, and information literacy skills.

Challenges of Educational Technology:

Access and Equity: Despite the potential for expanded access, there are still disparities in
access to technology and internet connectivity, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
This digital divide exacerbates existing inequalities in educational opportunities and
outcomes.
Quality of Online Content: The rapid growth and availability of online content and
resources raises concerns about the quality, accuracy, and reliability of educational materials.
Ensuring the credibility and validity of online content is essential for promoting meaningful
learning experiences and preventing misinformation.
Digital Literacy and Skills Gap: While educational technology fosters digital literacy skills,
there is a growing digital skills gap among learners and educators. Addressing this gap
requires ongoing professional development, training, and support to ensure that all
stakeholders can effectively leverage technology for teaching and learning.
Privacy and Security Concerns: Educational technology raises privacy and security
concerns related to the collection, storage, and use of student data. Protecting sensitive
information and ensuring compliance with data protection regulations are critical
considerations for educational institutions and technology providers.
Pedagogical Integration: Effective integration of technology into teaching and learning
requires careful consideration of pedagogical principles, instructional strategies, and learning
objectives. Educators must receive adequate training and support to effectively integrate
technology into their instructional practices and promote meaningful learning experiences.
Over-reliance on Technology: There is a risk of over-reliance on technology, where
technology becomes a substitute for effective teaching practices rather than a tool to enhance
learning. Balancing the use of technology with traditional teaching methods and maintaining
a focus on pedagogical goals is essential for maximizing the benefits of educational
technology.
Digital Divide and Inequality: The digital divide not only affects access to technology but
also exacerbates existing inequalities in educational opportunities and outcomes. Addressing

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systemic barriers to access and promoting digital equity is crucial for ensuring that all
learners have equitable access to educational technology and resources.
Navigating these challenges requires a collaborative effort involving educators,
policymakers, technology developers, and other stakeholders to address the complex issues
surrounding the use of educational technology and maximize its potential to enhance
teaching, learning, and educational outcomes for all learners.
ADVANTAGES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

1. It makes learning more accessible to a wider range of students including

geographically isolated and physical disabilities.
2. Technology enhances student engagement through interactive learning experiences,
multimedia content, and gamified/ game like activities.
3. Educational technology allows for personalized learning experiences tailored to
individual student needs and preferences.
4. Adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring systems, and personalized learning
platforms adjust instruction and content to match each student's pace, level, and
learning style.
5. Technology facilitates collaboration among students, educators, and experts from
around the world.
6. Online collaboration tools, video conferencing platforms, and social media enable
learners to work together, share ideas, and collaborate on projects regardless of their
location.
7. Learning management systems (LMS) and educational software platforms increase
efficiency and productivity, allowing educators to focus more time on teaching and
interacting with students.
8. Technology supports lifelong learning by providing opportunities for continuous skill
development and professional growth.
9. Online courses, webinars, and digital resources enable individuals to pursue education
and training throughout their lives, staying relevant in their careers and adapting to
new challenges.
10. Educational technology can be cost-effective compared to traditional instructional
methods. It reduces the need for physical resources such as textbooks and paper
materials and eliminates costs associated with commuting or housing for remote
learners.
11. Technology enables real-world application of learning through simulations, virtual
labs, and interactive scenarios. It prepares students for future careers by providing
hands-on experiences and practical skills relevant to their fields of study.

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1.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY-KNOWLEDGE EXPLOSION, RESERVATION
AND RETRIVEAL

Information technology has revolutionized the way knowledge is created, disseminated,

preserved, and retrieved. Here's how it has impacted the knowledge explosion, preservation,
and retrieval:
Knowledge Explosion: Information technology has facilitated the rapid expansion of
knowledge through increased access to information and the ability to generate, store, and
share vast amounts of data. The internet, digital libraries, and online databases provide access
to a wealth of information on virtually any topic, contributing to the exponential growth of
knowledge across disciplines.
Preservation: Information technology enables the preservation of knowledge through digital
storage and archival systems. Digital repositories, cloud storage solutions, and digital
preservation techniques ensure the long-term accessibility and integrity of valuable
information, documents, and cultural artifacts. Digitization projects also help preserve
historical materials by converting analog resources into digital formats.
Retrieval: Information technology enhances the retrieval of knowledge by providing
powerful search and retrieval tools. Search engines, databases, and indexing systems enable
users to quickly locate relevant information from vast repositories of data. Advanced search
algorithms, natural language processing, and machine learning techniques improve the
accuracy and efficiency of information retrieval, helping users find the information they need
more effectively.
1.3: COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Meaning:
The term communication is derived from the Latin word “communis: which means mutual
sharing or give & take. Thus it is a process by which ideas, experiences, information, skills &
attitude are shared by two or more individuals.
Definition: According to D. Berlo- “Communication is a process of interaction of ideas
between communicator & receiver to arrive at a common understanding of mutual benefit.”
Edgar Dales-“Communication can be defines as mutual sharing of thoughts & feelings in
inter-personal moods.”
So communication process is a medium in which we get related to others. Minimum of two
peoples are involved in it. To put it sample communication is the act of passing message
(facts, ideas & feelings) from one person (sender) to the other (Receiver).
It is a two ways process. A sender conveys the message through some medium to a receiver
& vice-versa. The function of the sender is to encode the message & the receiver has to
decode it. Thus communication is

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(i) Passing information
(ii) Exchanging idea
(iii) Sharing of ideas with one another
Elements of communication:
In any communication process the following elements are involved:-
(1) Source: Any process communication begins with source or origin. He may be a
person or an apparatus. The source & sender may decide the types of message media,
method & destination. He transmits his ideas in forms of message; source is called as
encoder. For Example: - In case of classroom teaching, teacher is the source or
encoder. Source may be person or instrument. (Animate or inanimate).
(2) Message: The content of communication is the message. It is the material which has
to be communicated in the form of sender’s knowledge, information, feelings,
viewpoints etc. The source sends this message to the receiver in an organized &
sequential order.
(3) Channel: Whatever the sender wants to send he definitely needs a medium for it.
This can be verbal or non verbal. The message can be conveyed by verbal expression,
gestures spoken or written symbols or the channels are also considered as the carrier
of signals from source to receiver.
(4) Receiver: The receiver is the one which receives information or message at the other
end. He receives the encoded information & understands by decoded process. So the
receiver is also important part of communication process.
(5) Feedback: After receiving the information or decoding, the receiver shows
reaction or response. The decoding message again encoded in the form of reaction
known as feedback. This feedback again comes back to the source.
Only receiving message by the receiver does not completes the communication
process. To what extent the receiver receives & understands the message can be judge
from the feedback.
(6) Barrier: The quality & effectiveness of communication can be affected by middle
factor known as barrier. It is the distracting factors between source & receiver. It is
otherwise known as noise. This noise may lies in the source side like his knowledge,
experiences, interest, attitude, lack of clarity, skill of communication etc. It may lies
in receivers’ side like his interest attention, intellectual ability, past experiences etc.
Some external factors like loud sound, problems in medium, or any environmental
condition may be also affect the communication process.
These elements can be represented by following figure:-
Source

Message Medium

Medium
Receiver
Message
/feedback

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In any communication process all the above elements are inter-related & inter dependent.
That means the effectiveness of successful communication depends in each & every
elements. If anyone elements is lacking or malfunctioning then it will strongly affect the
successful communication. The above picture shows the communication cycle.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Broadly communication may be classified in to three types:
(1) Speaking – listening: In this type of communication, interaction is face to face as
conversion or listening to a lecture or to a radio programme. In this communication
process there are chances, where the listener gets an opportunity to share the feelings of
the source of communication just like eye to eye contact between two individual.
(2) Visualizing-observing: In this type of communication the source & receiver are often
physically separated from each other. Even then the observer is able to feel the underline
ideas conveyed either in a television or in a cinema shows. In visualizing & observing
communication, there are also chances of face to face contact between the source &
receiver as in case or dramatization.
(3) Writing- Reading: In this type of communication the sender & receiver are physically
separated from one another all the time. But they are able to enjoy, appreciate the ideas
& feelings of the source.
More specifically Communication may be of the following types:
1. Oral Communication
It takes place in face to face conversation, group discussions, etc. Spoken words are used
to direct, instruct, and share experiences.
2. Written Communication
Putting in writing includes letters, reports, notes etc. The written words are used to
transmit one’s expectations, likes and dislikes.
3. Vertical Communication
Vertical communication is the one that flows both up and down the organization, usually
along with formal reporting lines.
It consists of two type’s namely upward communication & downward Communication.
Upward Communication: It consists of messages from subordinates to superiors. The
message may be in the form of requests, responses, suggestions, complaints etc.
Downward Communication: It occurs when information flows down the hierarchy from
superiors to subordinates. The message may be in the form of directions, assignments,
performance, feedback etc.

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4. Horizontal Communication: This communication occurs among colleagues and peers
of the same level in an organization.
5. Grapevine Communication
In every organization, there is an informal channel of communication called the
grapevine.
It is quite natural for a group of people working together to be interested in one another
and talk about appointments, promotions, retirements or even domestic affairs.
The grapevine is basically a channel of horizontal communication because workers of
the same status can informally communicate with one another with perfect ease.
6. Object Communication
The most common form of object communication is clothing. Clothes determine one’s
personality traits. A good example of clothing as object communication is the uniform.
Also the body adornments such as wedding rings, bindis as marital status, tatoos, and
brands. Also, anything used a status symbol comes under the category of object
communication
7. Intra-Personal Communication
This can be defined as a process through which one communicates with himself. This
means the communication is within the self and to the self. For example, thinking,
working out a problem, writing diaries, etc.
8. Inter-Personal Communication
Inter-personal communication may be defined as a process of interaction between two
people, generally face- to-face talk. For example, interaction between teacher and
student in the classroom, a telephone conversation, interview etc. The emphasis is on
speech, non-verbal forms of communication.
9. Group Communication
It refers to the process of interaction within groups of people and by groups of people to
others. The groups may be small or large. e.g. A family and committee meeting.
10. Mass Communication
Mass communication takes place when the communication is received by large number
of people. For example, open-air concert for a thousand people, radio, and postal
systems, etc.

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Teaching-Learning as a communication process:
In educational context communication is mainly concerned with personal or human
communication. So for as teaching learning situation is concerned, it is just a communication
between two poles that a teacher & taught. In classroom teaching, teacher transmits a
message which may be received by an individual or group of individual.
In an educational situation the 5 components of communication as stated by Laswell can be
follows:-

• Who says- Teacher, text book, writer, radio, TV programmer (source)

• What- content of lesson or (message)
• In which channel- face to face, speech, picture, films, radios, slides (verbal & non verbal)
• To whom- learner (Receiver)
• With what effect- Reaction of the learner.(feedback)

➢ If we analysis this model, we found that all the above components are involved in the
classroom teaching. In this process the teacher presents certain information, knowledge,
and content in the form of verbal & non-verbal means (symbols, photographs, pictures,
activity).
➢ Only sending this message by the teacher doesn’t make any sense to communication,
unless it is accepted and understood by the learner. To what extend learner received the
message can be judged by the process of evaluation.
➢ The reaction & response produced by the learner is called feedback. This will again come
back to the teacher. This feedback will help the teacher to modify in the process of
communication or teaching. In this ways communication process goes on in a cycle ways.
The following figure represents the communication cycle.

Encoding Decoding

Teacher Channel Message Pupil Pupil

Content
Verbal or non verbal Response
Channel

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 Barriers of communication:
Sometimes the communication process is not successful because of some barriers. They are
physical, linguistics, psychological etc. If we examine some situations of class room
communication, the following are some specific barriers which become obstacles in the way
of communication process:
1. Criticism: Criticism on the part of students to teacher, teacher to student or between the
staff adversely affects the communication. The process of communication should be free
from any type of criticism.
2. Sarcastic remarks by the teacher: Passing sarcastic remarks by teacher against any one
lowers the image of the teacher in the class. Such remarks injure the feelings of the students
and disturb the psychological (calm and quiet) environment of the class.
3. Complicated language used by teacher: Sometimes teacher uses complicated language,
words knowingly to impress the students. This becomes the obstacle in the way of effective
communication.
4. Mental health of teacher and pupil: Mental health of teacher and students is very essential
for effective learning. Sometimes there are number of factors in school, home, society creates
mental ill health which adversely affect communication.
5. Negative attitude of teacher: Negative and destructive attitude of teacher towards
students, staff, school, teaching profession creates obstacle in smooth communication
process.
6. Rigid behaviour of teacher: Rigid and strict behaviour or teacher in class room situation
hinders the smooth functioning of communication process. Only flexible behaviour can
facilitates good communication.
7. External Noise: Some external factors like loud sound, music from road side, noise from
the near class rooms or any form of disturbances may be affect the communication process.
8. Internal noise: This noise may lies in the teacher’s side like his knowledge, experiences,
interest, attitude, lack of clarity of concept, voice, vocabulary and skill of classroom
communication etc. It may lies in receivers’ side like his interest attention, intellectual ability,
past experiences etc.
9. Noise in the class room: Physical accommodation, sitting arrangement, distance from
the board, reflection from the board, echo from the walls, indiscipline class etc, affect
communication.
10. Teaching learning materials: Use of different teaching learning materials (Aids) in
classroom facilitates teaching and learning. So unavailable of these TLM is a barrier for
effective communication.

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Guidelines for better classroom communication:
(Facilitators of communication)
By appropriate communication guidelines the teacher can overcome the barriers to class
room communication. Some of the guidelines are given below:-
1. In order to overcome the distrust (lack of knowledge, skill, personality create distrust
among students), teacher should create trust in mind of the learners. To do so he must
developed a good rapport with them.
2. To overcome individual difference, the message should be explained with examples
illustration & if possible with suitable diagrams, so that it can be understood by learners.
3. Similarly to overcome language problem, the meaning of technical terms should be
explained by the teacher. He should used simple, direct & natural language.
4. The best approach to overcome distracting stimuli is by eliminating them from the
classroom. (Further a teacher can solve this to a great extent by making an intelligent use
of nonverbal skills.)
5. The message to be transmitted must be clearly defined in terms of small, well organized,
classified bits.
6. A logical & sequential organization of message must be done in order to enable the
learners to respond in a desired manner. It must be on the basis of individual speed &
capacity of learning.
7. Teacher should believe more in using written communication to make learning real &
meaningful. Because various concept can be better understood when they (pupils) write
in note books.
8. Feedback ensures that, the message has reached the receiver. It provides learning
opportunity to the sender & receiver. Positive and negative feedback may be used. When
a learner does something commendable useful acknowledgement (nod, smile etc) is
made.
9. The learners can’t listen or read with understanding unless they concentrate. So
motivation on the part of learner will increase the quality of learning & they will
certainly feel encouragement for this effort.
10. Teaching technology should be used in classroom to make communication effective.
11. Teaching learning should be a two way process. The learner should be active in the
communication process. The interaction between teacher & students will make teaching
effective. So teacher should encourage pupils participation & for their responses.

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1.4: MEANING OF TEACHING AIDS
Audio Visual Aids are also called instructional material. Audio literally means “hearing” and
“visual” means that which is found by seeing. So all such aids, which endeavor to make the
knowledge clear to us through our sense are called “Audio Visual Aids” or Instructional
Material. All these learning material make the learning situations as real as possible and give
us firsthand knowledge through the organs of hearing and seeing. Therefore, any device
which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete and effective, more
realistic and dynamic can be considered audio visual material.
We learn through our sense organs. Senses are the ways of knowledge. All the sense organs
help us in understanding the environment. Most of the knowledge, which we acquire from the
school, comes through our ears and eyes.
Definitions:
Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning
experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and
reinforce learning.
Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas
between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are
also termed as multi sensory materials.
Types of Teaching Aids:
As we all know that today's age is the age of science and technology. The teaching learning
programmes have also been affected by it. The process of teaching - learning depends upon
the different type of equipment available in the classroom. There are many aids available
these days. We may classify these aids as follows:

• Visual Aids.
• Audio aids
• Audio visual aids
1. Visual aids: The aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example :-
actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards, flannel board, bulletin board,
chalkboard, overhead projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the
commonest ones.
2. Audio aids: The aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio aids. For
example: - radio, tape recorder, gramophone etc.
Audio visual aids: The aids which involve the sense of vision as well as hearing are called Audio-
Visual aids. For example: - television, film projector, film strips etc.

Characteristics of good teaching aids:

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Teaching aids should be-

Meaningful and purposeful

Motivates the learners
Accurate in every aspect
Simple and cheap
Improvised
Large in size
Up-to-date
Easily portable
Principles for selection of Teaching Aids
The selection of suitable teaching aids is very important for the for the success of the learning
process .Unsuitable selection can result in more harm than good, because it can cause
confusion in the minds of the students being unrelated.
A teacher should keep in view the following principles while selection suitable teaching aids:
1. Principle of selection: The selected teaching aids should have the basic traits. It should be
definitely important from educational viewpoints. It should be interesting and should be able
to motivate students for learning. It should encourage the achievement of instructional
objectives.
2. Principle of Preparation: A teacher should devote himself and make students ready to the
teaching aids psychologically. He himself should know about the nature of the selected
teaching aids. Before demonstrating the class, he himself should inspect the teaching aids in
all its respect.
3. Principle of Proper Presentation: He should ensure that both subject matter and teaching
aids are properly coordinated and related. Teaching aids should be used as supplementary
aids. A teacher should be fully proficient in its use.
4. Principle of Control: The teaching aids should be under the control of the teacher during
the entire period. No such situation should be allowed in which a teacher is not able to control
and use the teaching and properly.
Need of Teaching Aids
1. Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of teaching aids helps to retain
more concepts permanently.
2. Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different teaching
aids.
3. Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear taste and smell
properly.
4. Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.

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5. The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the students.
6. Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students.
7. Teaching aids helps the teacher to get sometime and make learning permanent.
8. Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students.
Importance of Teaching aids are as follows:-
1. Motivation
2. Clarification
3. Discouragement of Cramming
4. Increase the Vocabulary
5. Saves Time and Money
6. Classroom Live and active
7. Avoids Dullness
8. Direct Experience
Advantages: it-
1. Helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
2. helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.
3. Arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
4. is helpful in new learning.
5 help in saving energy and time of both the teachers and students.
6. Provides near realistic experience.
7. Can meet individual demands.
8. is useful in for education of masses.
1.5 ICT IN EDUCATION:
Meaning and Definition:
ICT means Information Communication Technology. It has three parts Information,
Communication and Technology. Information is the processed form of raw data, providing
meaningful insights or knowledge. Communication is the process of disseminating
information and knowledge among individuals or groups. Technology means the medium or
tools utilized for processing and spreading information. Thus, ICT encompasses various
technologies such as computers, satellites, mobile phones, and the internet. It involves
electronic processes of collecting, editing, storing, distributing, and presenting information.
Moreover, ICT facilitates global interaction, enabling individuals to exchange ideas,
information, messages, and coordinate activities through diverse technological means.
This ICT has now a great importance in the field of education to provide learning and literacy
or education to large number of population in distance mode. Therefore, in educational field,

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ICT refers to providing learning to students in classroom by using different technological
devices.
Characteristics of ICT:
1. It deals with information and knowledge.
2. It deals with transmission of information through IT.
3. It is created with technologies for creating, collecting, retrieving, classifying
information.
4. Evolving new technologies to collect and utilize information and knowledge.
5. It is related with the process of communication.
6. It is used to communicate learning and information in distance mode.
7. It is a self directed and self motivated system.
Need and importance of ICT in education:
The needs and importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in
education are significant and multifaceted; contributing to enhanced learning outcomes,
improved access to education, and the development of essential skills for the digital age. Here
are some key points highlighting the needs and importance of ICT in education:
1. Access to Learning Resources: ICT provides access to a vast array of educational
resources, including digital textbooks, online courses, multimedia presentations, and
interactive learning materials. This helps overcome limitations of traditional print-based
resources and ensures equitable access to quality education for all students, regardless of
their geographical location or socioeconomic background.
2. Enhanced Teaching and Learning: ICT enhances teaching and learning by providing
interactive and engaging learning experiences. Educational software, multimedia
presentations, simulations, and educational games make learning more enjoyable,
effective, and relevant to students' interests and learning styles.
3. Personalized Learning: ICT enables personalized learning experiences tailored to
individual student needs, preferences, and abilities. Adaptive learning systems, intelligent
tutoring systems, and online assessments provide customized instruction and feedback,
allowing students to progress at their own pace and focus on areas where they need
additional support.
4. 21st Century Skills Development: ICT equips students with essential 21st-century skills
such as digital literacy, critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, and
collaboration. Using digital tools and online platforms, students learn to navigate
information, evaluate sources, communicate effectively, and collaborate with peers,
preparing them for success in the digital age.
5. Teacher Professional Development: ICT supports teacher professional development by
providing access to online courses, webinars, and professional learning communities.
Teachers can enhance their pedagogical skills, learn new instructional strategies, and stay

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 updated on the latest educational trends and technologies, improving their effectiveness in
the classroom.
6. Global Collaboration and Cultural Exchange: ICT facilitates global collaboration and
cultural exchange among students and educators from different parts of the world.
Through video conferencing, online forums, and collaborative projects, students can
connect with peers from diverse backgrounds, share ideas, and work together on cross-
cultural initiatives, fostering intercultural understanding and global citizenship.
7. Administrative Efficiency: ICT streamlines administrative tasks such as student
enrollment, attendance tracking, grading, and course management. Learning management
systems (LMS) and educational software platforms automate routine administrative
processes, allowing educators to focus more time and energy on teaching and learning
activities.
8. Inclusive Education: ICT promotes inclusive education by providing accommodations,
assistive technologies, and alternative formats for students with disabilities or special
needs. Digital accessibility standards ensure that educational technology is designed to be
usable and accessible to all learners, promoting equity and inclusivity in education.

✓ Covering large number of population for imparting education,

✓ Providing opportunities for education to al learners.
✓ Development of new strategies to cover geographically dispersed population.
✓ Flexibility in approach for making access to education.
✓ Make education cost effective for every learner.
✓ Facilitate lifelong education for every citizen.
✓ Enhancing quality in education with use of multiple technologies.
Scope of ICT:
The scope of ICT in the field of education is very vast. it can be discussed under following
headings;
1. Teaching
2. Publication
3. Admission
4. Evaluation
5. Administration
6. Research.
1. Teaching: The use of ICT in teaching learning process can enhance learning. It will
help to provide quality education to students. Different technological devices are used in
classroom to provide learning. The use of different audio visual aids, computer, and
projectors can make teaching effective and stimulating. The student can also learn on his
own ways by using computerized programme. Computer assisted instruction or teaching
machine has great use in teaching learning process.

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2. Publication: ICT are used to publish various news, articles, proposals, reports, results
etc. It helps to communicate information to large number of people. Different articles
can be prepared through the use of computers. The books, magazines, news paper are
published with the help of computer.
3. Admission: Admission into various courses in different institutions can be done through
online. The students can get information regarding criteria, eligibility for admission in to
new course. They can also get information about various jobs in various sectors. They
can apply for jobs in online mode.
4. Evaluation: ICT has great use in the field of evaluation. The evaluation of pupils
achievement, curriculum, school programme, development of test questions etc are done
by using ICT /computer. Various data or information is analysed and interrelated by
using different application software in computer. The evaluation of different competitive
examination scores can be done through computer.
5. Administration : For smooth and functioning of school practices, the technology has
also a great use. Different data regarding pupil’s achievement, attendance, admission
record, management, resources, personal information, official information/ record, list of
activities and other details are stored in computer. This help to access information
instantly. The data are systematically stored and helps for better administration of school
functioning.
6. Research: The ICT has a use in research purpose. Different research data, proposals,
theses, are available in internet. The detailed review reports of all researches are
available in internet. For any new research, those reviews can be referred. Different
application software like SPSS (statistical package for social science) are available and
helpful for data analysis. For publication of research report computer is helpful. The new
innovations of researches can be uploaded in internet/ computer for universal access or
references.
Limitation of ICT: Although ICT has number of implication in the process of education,
still it is not free from limitations or challenges in school practices. Those limitations are
confined to certain factors like resources, infrastructure, manpower, trained personnel
etc.
1. Proper infrastructure is not available in all schools.
2. Resources are not sufficient for large school population
3. Technically trained personnel are not available to handle ICT.
4. Power supply especially in rural and remote areas in not available for requirement and
during school timing.
5. Head of the institutions are lacking proper attitude and innovative ideas to make ICT
effective.
6. Lack of attitude of people to adopt new technologies in respective fields.
7. Lack of sufficient fund by Govt. to facilitate ICT in schools.

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