This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D1657 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)

Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 9.2

Standard Test Method for

Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by
Pressure Hydrometer1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope and results reported as required by Section 11 prior to use in a

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket
or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume
petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding determination).
101.325 kPa (14.696 psi). 1.6 Annex A1 contains a procedure for verifying or certify-
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for mate- ing the equipment for this test method.
rials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at 1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type US Customary values shown in adjacent parentheses are for
of equipment. Higher pressures can apply to other equipment information only and may not be exactly equivalent. Both SI
designs. and customary units have been rounded so that they may not be
1.3 The initial pressure hydrometer readings obtained are exactly equivalent.
uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measure- 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ments. Readings are measured on a hydrometer at either the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and readings are corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and to the reference temperature by means of calculations and 1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
TP-27), as applicable. Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.4 Values determined as density or relative density can be mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
converted to equivalent values in the other units or alternative Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
reference temperatures by means of Interconversion Proce-
dures API MPMS Chapter 11.5, or Adjunct to D1250 Guide for 2. Referenced Documents
Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable. D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
1.5 The calculations required in Section 11 shall be applied D1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
to the initial pressure hydrometer reading with observations Gases, Manual Method
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on ucts by Hydrometer Method (API MPMS Chapter 9.1)
Petroleum Measurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
/COMQ, the joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for
Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API). This test method has been approved by the
sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance
2
with established procedures. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1657 – 12. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1657-12R17. the ASTM website.

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 D1657 − 12 (2017)
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers pressure cylinder is filled to a level at which the enclosed
2.2 API Standards:3 hydrometer floats freely, and the cylinder is then placed in a
MPMS Chapter 9.1 Test Method for Density, Relative constant-temperature bath (if needed). When the temperature
Density, and API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid has reached equilibrium, the hydrometer reading and the
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method (ASTM Test temperature of the sample are read. The observed hydrometer
Method D1298) reading is corrected for the meniscus effect, alternate calibra-
MPMS Chapter 11.1 Temperature and Pressure Volume Cor- tion temperature effects and reduced to the reference tempera-
rection Factors for Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Prod- ture by means of the volume correction factors or tables as
ucts and Lubricating Oils (Adjunct to ASTM D1250) applicable by use of the appropriate Adjunct to D1250 Guide
MPMS Chapter 11.2.2 Compressibility Factors for Hydro- for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1)
carbons: 0.350-0.0637 Relative Density (60°F/60°F) and or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable, and
-50°F to 140°F Metering Temperature observed temperature from the thermometer.
MPMS Chapter 11.2.2M Compressibility Factors for Hydro-
carbons: 350-637 Kilograms per Cubic Meter Density 5. Significance and Use
15°C and -46°C to 60°C Metering Temperatures 5.1 The density or relative density of light hydrocarbons and
MPMSChapter 11.2.4 Temperature Correction for the Vol- liquefied petroleum gases is used in custody transfer quantity
ume of NGL and LPG Tables 23E, 24E, 53E, 54E, 59E calculations or to satisfy transportation, storage, and regulatory
and 60E (joint standard with GPA TP-27) requirements.
MPMS Chapter 11.5 Density/Weight/Volume Intraconver-
sion 6. Apparatus
2.3 GPA Standards:4
6.1 Hydrometers, graduated in density with a range from
GPA Technical Publication TP-27 Temperature Correction
500 kg ⁄m3 to 650 kg ⁄m3, or in relative density with a range
for the Volume of NGL and LPG, Tables 23E, 24E, 53E,
from 0.500 to 0.650, and conforming to the dimensions in
54E, 59E and 60E (joint standard with API MPMS
Specification E100.
Chapter 11.2.4)
6.1.1 Thermohydrometers, for field applications, thermohy-
2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
drometers may be more convenient than hydrometers with
Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
separate thermometers. They shall conform to Specification
(API MPMS Chapter 11.1)5
E100, Thermohydrometer Nos. 101H or 310H.
3. Terminology 6.1.1.1 Thermohydrometers shall be of suitable range and
have dimensions to float freely within the pressure hydrometer
3.1 Definitions:
cylinder with clearances of 5 mm at the wall and 25 mm at the
3.1.1 density, n—the mass of liquid per unit volume at 15 °C
top and bottom.
and its saturation pressure with the standard unit of measure-
6.1.1.2 The test report shall state that a thermohydrometer
ment being kilograms per cubic metre.
was used.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Other reference temperatures, such as
6.1.1.3 The user should ascertain that the instruments used
20 °C may be used for some products or in some locations.
for this procedure conform to the requirements set out above
Less preferred units of measurement; for example, kg/L or
with respect to materials, dimensions, and scale errors. In cases
g/mL, are still in use.
where the instrument is provided with a calibration certificate
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity), n—the ratio of the issued by a recognized standardizing body, the instrument is
mass of a given volume of liquid at a specific temperature to classed as certified and the appropriate corrections for the
the mass of an equal volume of pure water at the same or meniscus effect, the thermal glass expansion effect, and alter-
different temperature. Both reference temperatures shall be native calibration temperature effects shall be applied to the
explicitly stated. observed readings prior to corrections. Instruments that satisfy
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Common reference temperatures in- the requirements of this test method, but are not provided with
clude 60/60 °F, 20 ⁄20 °C, 20/4 °C. The historic deprecated a recognized calibration certificate, are classed as uncertified
term “specific gravity” may still be found. and the appropriate corrections for the meniscus effect, the
3.1.3 thermohydrometer, n—a glass hydrometer with a self- thermal glass expansion effect, and alternative calibration
contained mercury thermometer. temperature effects shall be applied to the observed readings
prior to corrections.
4. Summary of Test Method
6.2 Hydrometer Cylinder, constructed of transparent plastic;
4.1 The apparatus is purged with a portion of the sample for example, poly(methyl methacrylate) or equivalent material,
before filling with the portion to be used for testing. The conforming to the design and recommended dimensions given
in Fig. 1. The cylinder shall be of such dimensions that the
3
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, hydrometer shall float freely within it. The ends shall be tightly
Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
4
sealed with neoprene gaskets and metal end plates as shown in
Available from Gas Processors Association (GPA), 6526 E. 60th St., Tulsa, OK
Fig. 1. (Warning—A protective shield shall be placed around
74145, http://www.gpaglobal.org.
5
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. the cylinder. Replace any cylinders that show signs of fogging,
ADJD1250. Original adjunct produced in 1983. crazing, cracking, or etching.)
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 D1657 − 12 (2017)

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FIG. 1 Pressure Hydrometer Cylinder

NOTE 1—Certain compounds attack plastics and cloud the inner surface however, to clean the cylinder thoroughly after each determination.
of the cylinder, making it difficult or impossible to read the hydrometer. Ketones and alcohols should not be used for cleaning as they attack and
Tests showed no attack by ethane, ethene (ethylene), propane, propylene, weaken plastics while aromatics also tend to attack the surface of plastics
butane, methylpropane (isobutane), butenes (normal butylenes), methyl- and should similarly not be used. A light aliphatic hydrocarbon is
propene (isobutylene), pentane, and methylbutane (isopentane), and no recommended for cleaning. (Warning—Extremely flammable. Harmful if
attack is expected from butadiene and acetaldehyde. Users are cautioned, inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire.)

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 D1657 − 12 (2017)
6.2.1 The liquid inlet valve and the liquid outlet valve shall pressure in the cylinder be allowed to rise above a gage
be tightly connected to a base plate that shall be bored to give pressure of 1.4 MPa (200 psi).
both valves a common inlet to the cylinder. The vapor vent 8.1.3 When the cylinder has been filled, close the inlet valve
valve shall be similarly connected to the top plate, which shall and open the outlet and vent valves, permitting the contents of
be bored to provide a vapor outlet from the pressure cylinder. the cylinder to be withdrawn completely and the pressure
All valves shall be 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) or equivalent needle valves. inside the cylinder to be returned to atmospheric pressure.
6.2.2 The cylinder shall not be operated at a gage pressure 8.1.4 Close the outlet and vent valves and open the inlet
greater than 1.4 MPa (200 psi). A hydrostatic test at 2.8 MPa valve, filling the cylinder to a level at which the enclosed
(400 psi) shall be carried out at intervals no greater than hydrometer floats freely. If it is necessary to accomplish this
12 months. filling by venting vapor through the vent valve, repeat the
purging to cool the cylinder sufficiently to permit its being
NOTE 2—For Safety—The cylinder should be equipped with appropri-
ate safety devices to prevent over-pressure. Consideration should be given filled without venting.
to pressure testing the cylinder at 1.25 to 1.5 times its normal maximum 8.1.5 With all valves closed, examine the apparatus for
operating pressure on a periodic basis, not to exceed two years. leaks. If leaks are detected, discard the sample, reduce the
6.3 Thermometers, conforming to ASTM 12C or 12F in pressure to atmospheric and repair the leaks. Repeat the
Specification E1. The thermometer shall be held firmly inside sampling procedure.
the hydrometer cylinder by a clip in such a manner that it does 9. Verification of Apparatus
not interfere with the free movement of the hydrometer.
9.1 Carefully clean and dry the hydrometer and the inside
6.4 Constant-Temperature Bath, of dimensions such that it wall of the pressure cylinder.
can accommodate the hydrometer cylinder with the test portion
fully immersed below the test portion liquid surface, and a 9.2 Insert the hydrometer in the pressure cylinder and attach
temperature control system capable of maintaining the bath the thermometer and cover plate. Connect the source of supply
temperature within 0.25 °C of the test temperature throughout of the reference liquid to the inlet valve and ascertain that the
the duration of the test. connections are free of leaks. Fill the hydrometer with one of
the reference fluids (see Section 7) by the procedure given in
7. Reference Liquids 8.1.2 – 8.1.5.
7.1 The following reference liquids are required for stan- 9.3 Disconnect the hydrometer cylinder from the source of
dardization of the hydrometer: supply of liquid and place it in the constant-temperature bath
7.1.1 Propane, pure grade, having a nominal density of maintained within 0.2 °C of the test temperature until thermal
507.6 kg ⁄m3 at 15 °C or a relative density 60/60 °F of 0.50699. equilibrium has been obtained. To accelerate thermal
(Warning—Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors adjustment, occasionally remove the hydrometer cylinder from
may cause flash fire.) The density of the reference liquid used the constant-temperature bath, tilt to a horizontal position, rock
shall be known. gently a few times to ensure mixing, and replace in the
constant-temperature bath. Exercise care to prevent damage to
7.1.2 Butane, pure grade, having a nominal density of
the hydrometer and thermometer.
584.1 kg ⁄m3 at 15 °C or a relative density 60/60 °F of 0.5840.
(Warning—Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors 9.4 When the hydrometer cylinder and thermometer have
may cause flash fire.) The density of the reference liquid used reached equilibrium, as shown by the thermometer inside the
shall be known. cylinder, remove the cylinder from the constant-temperature
bath, stand it on a firm level surface, and while the hydrometer
8. Sampling is floating freely, take the hydrometer reading promptly as
described in 9.4.1 and 9.4.2.
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples of liquid hydrocar- 9.4.1 Observe a point slightly below the plane of the liquid
bons shall be obtained by the procedures described in Practice surface and then raise the line of vision until this surface, seen
D1265. The procedure for sampling for verification of the as an ellipse, becomes a straight line. Record the point where
apparatus and for subsequent testing is described as follows. this line cuts the hydrometer scale, estimating to the nearest
8.1.1 Connect the source of supply of the liquid to be tested one fifth of a scale division the observed hydrometer reading.
to the inlet valve by suitable fittings so that a representative A white card held behind the cylinder just below the liquid
sample can be introduced into the cylinder. Ascertain that these level will improve the visibility of the surface.
connections are free of leaks. Open the outlet and vent valves 9.4.2 Read and record the temperature of the liquid to the
and purge the sampling connections by opening the inlet valve nearest 0.2 °C, immediately before and after reading the
slightly, permitting the product to flow through the outlet valve hydrometer. If the temperature differs by more than 0.4 °C,
at the bottom of the cylinder and the vent valve at the top of the replace the hydrometer cylinder in the bath to restore equilib-
cylinder.
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rium and repeat the readings.

8.1.2 When the connections have been purged, close the
outlet and vent valves and open the inlet valve, permitting the 9.5 Repeat the verification with a second portion of the
liquid to enter the cylinder until it is full. If necessary, the vent same reference fluid.
valve may be opened slightly to permit complete filling of the 9.6 If the temperatures measured in 9.4.2 are within 0.2 °C
cylinder after which it shall be closed. At no time shall the of the reference temperature and the two determinations are

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 D1657 − 12 (2017)
within 0.7 kg ⁄m3 or 0.0007 relative density, average the two 11.3.1 The test report shall contain at least the following
determinations. If the temperatures are not within 0.2 °C of the information:
reference temperature, correct the observed hydrometer read- 11.3.1.1 A reference to this standard.
ings to the reference temperature by use of the appropriate 11.3.1.2 The type and complete identification of the product
table from Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measure- tested.
ment Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.3.1.3 The result of the test.
11.2.4 (GPA TP-27). Repeat the verification with two addi- 11.3.1.4 The date of the test.
tional determinations. 11.3.1.5 Any deviations from the test method.
9.7 Compare the average results with the known density of 11.3.1.6 State whether a thermohydrometer was used.
the reference fluids used (see 9.2). 11.4 The reporting values have no precision or bias deter-
9.7.1 If the results are within 0.2 kg ⁄m3 (0.0002 relative mination. It is up to the user to determine whether this test
density), accept the hydrometer scale as suitable for direct method provides results of sufficient accuracy for the intended
reading. purpose.
9.7.2 If the difference is between 0.2 kg ⁄m3 and 1.0 kg ⁄m3 11.5 Certified hydrometers from a recognized standardizing
(0.0002 and 0.001 relative density) from the known value, body, such as NIST, report the output density as ‘Density in
apply this correction to readings obtained on test portions of Vacuo.’
samples.
9.7.3 If the readings differ more than 1.0 kg ⁄m3 (0.001 12. Precision and Bias
relative density) from the known value, replace the hydrometer.
12.1 Precision—The precision of this test method as deter-
9.8 After each determination, empty the cylinder and vent to mined by statistical examination of interlaboratory test results
reduce the pressure to atmospheric in a safe place. Highly is as follows:
volatile liquids and liquefied petroleum gases shall not be left 12.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between two test
in the apparatus because, at high ambient temperatures, they results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
might generate sufficient pressure to burst the cylinder. under constant operating conditions on identical test material
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
10. Procedure the test method, exceed the following value only one case in
10.1 Purge and empty the apparatus and draw a sample of twenty.
the product to be tested as in Section 8. Repeatability 5 1 kg/m 3
10.2 Carry out the procedures and take the reading as 12.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
described in Section 9. After each determination, empty the and independent results obtained by different operators work-
cylinder and vent to reduce the pressure to atmospheric in a ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
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safe place. the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
NOTE 3—For measurements in the field, this method may be used at
ambient temperatures, with the realization that the accuracy is decreased.
method, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty.
(Warning—If so used, the cylinder must be vented and the test discarded Reproducibility 5 3 kg/m 3
if the pressure rises above a gauge pressure of 1.4 MPa (200 psi).) NOTE 5—The precision of this test method has only been determined in
NOTE 4—ASTM Test Method D1298 (API MPMS Chapter 9.1) can the units of density.
provide additional assistance in how to perform these tests NOTE 6—No precision data are available for thermohydrometers.
12.2 Bias—Bias for this test method has not been deter-
11. Calculation and Report mined. However, to determine that the bias is within acceptable
11.1 Apply hydrometer corrections, if any, to the observed limits, verification of the hydrometer and thermometer using
readings and report the corrected reading to the nearest standards traceable to international standards shall occur before
0.5 kg ⁄m3 or 0.0005 relative density. the thermohydrometer or hydrometer and thermometer are
11.2 If the determinations were not carried out within 0.2 °C placed into service. Periodic re-verification may be required.
of the reference temperature, correct the results by use of the 12.3 The repeatability and reproducibility values provided
appropriate Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measure- are not based on any interlaboratory round robin results. They
ment Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter should be considered historical numbers, the source of which
11.2.4 (GPA TP-27). cannot be verified by either ASTM or API and have been in this
11.2.1 When a density-scaled hydrometer was used, use standard prior to the current slate of Light Hydrocarbons
Table 53E for densities up to 635 kg ⁄m3 to obtain density at including liquefied petroleum gases (LPG). These values do
15 °C. not apply to the current calculation procedures, and it is up to
11.2.2 When a relative density hydrometer was used, use the user to determine whether this test method provides results
Table 23E for relative densities up to 0.655 to obtain relative of sufficient accuracy for the intended purpose.
density at 60 °F.
11.3 Report the final result as density to the nearest 13. Keywords
0.5 kg ⁄m3 at 15 °C or as relative density to the nearest 0.0005 13.1 density; hydrocarbons; hydrometer; petroleum prod-
and specify the reference temperature. ucts; pressure hydrometer; relative density

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 D1657 − 12 (2017)

ANNEX

A1. APPARATUS

(Mandatory Information)

A1.1 Apparatus Verification and Certification A1.1.1.2 Hydrometers shall be certified or verified at inter-
A1.1.1 Hydrometers, shall either be certified or verified. vals of no more than 24 months.
Verification shall be either by comparison with a certified A1.1.2 Thermometers, shall be verified at intervals of no
hydrometer (see 6.1.1) or by the use of a certified reference more than six months for conformance with specifications.
material (CRM) specific to the reference temperature used. Either comparison with a referenced temperature measurement
A1.1.1.1 The hydrometer scale shall be correctly located system traceable to an international standard, or a determina-
within the hydrometer stem by reference to the datum mark. If tion of ice point, is suitable.
the scale has moved, reject the hydrometer.

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in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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