Electrical Machines I
Electrical Machines I
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Electrical Machines I
CHAPTER I
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND MAGNETIC MATERIAL
1. Mention the types of electrical machines.
There are three basic rotating machines types, namely
a. The dc machines
b. the poly phase synchronous machine (ac), and
c. Poly and single phase induction machine (ac)and a stationary machine,
namely Transformer
2. State Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit.
It states that the magneto motive force across the magnetic element is equal to
the product of the magnetic flux through the magnetic element and the reluctance of
the magnetic material. It is given by
MMF = Flux X Reluctance
3. Define leakage flux
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The flux setup in the air paths around the magnetic material is known as
leakage flux.
6. What is fringing?
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In the air gap the magnetic flux fringes out into neighboring air paths due to the
reluctance of air gap which causes a non uniform flux density in the air gap of a
machine. This effect is called fringing effect.
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magnetic core to the gross cross sectional area of the magnetic core. Due to lamination
net cross sectional are will be always less than gross cross sectional area. Therefore the
value of stacking factor is always less than unity.
9. What is magnetostriction?
When ferromagnetic materials are subjected to magnetizing mmf, these may
undergo small changes in dimension; this phenomenon is known as magnetostriction.
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UNIT II
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TRANSFORMERS
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1. Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers.
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In core type , the windings surround the core considerably and in shell type the
core surround the winding.
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3. Give the emf equation of a transformer and define each term (April –99)
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4. Does the transformer draw any current when secondary is open ? Why ?
Yes,it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to magnetise
the core and to supply iron and copper losses on no load . There will not be any current in
the secondary since secondary is open.
If x is the ratio of actual load to full load then copper loss = x2(full load copper
loss).Here Wc = (0.5)2 x 1600 = 400 watts
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(v)In control equipment for single phase and 3 phase elective locomotives.
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10. What are the applications of step-up and step-down transformers?
Step-up transformers are used in generating stations. Normally the generated
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voltage will be either 11 kV or 22 kV. This voltage is stepped up to 110 kV or 220 kV or
400 kV and transmitted through transmission lines. (In short it may be called as sending
end). Step-down transformers are used in receiving stations. The voltage are again stepped
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receiving end). Further these 11 kV or 22kV are stepped down to 3 phase 400 V by means
of a distribution transformer and made available at consumer premises. The transformers
used at generating stations and receiving stations are called power transformers.
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Mention the difference between “CORE” and “SHELL” type transformers.
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Or
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12. Explain on the material used for core construction. (Oct 02)
The core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide
a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air gap included. The steel used is of high
silicon content sometimes heat-treated to produce a high permeability and a low hysteresis
loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss is minimized by laminating
the core, the laminations being insulated from each other by light coat of core-plate vanish
or by an oxide layer on the surface .the thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm for a
frequency of 59 Hz and 0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz.
14. How does change in frequency affect the operation of a given transformer?
With a change in frequency, iron loss, copper loss, regulation, efficiency and heating
varies and thereby the Operation of the transformer is affected
15. What is the angle by which no-load current will lag the ideal applied voltage?
In an ideal transformer, there are no copper loss and no core loss,(i.e. loss free
core).The no load current is only magnetizing current. Therefore the no-load current lags
behind by an angle of 90°. However the windings possess resistance and leakage reactance
and therefore the no-load current lags the applied voltage slightly less than 90°.
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17. Why are breathers used in transformers?
Breathers are used to entrap the atmospheric moisture and thereby not allowing it
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to pass on to the transformer oil. Also to permit the oil inside the tank to expand and
contract as its temperature increases and decreases. Also to avoid sledging of oil i.e.
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decomposition of oil. Addition of 8 parts of water in 1000000 reduces the insulations
quantity of oil. Normally silica gel is filled in the breather having pink colour. This colour
will be changed to white due to continuous use, which is an indication of bad silica gel, it
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name) are used. They are noninflammable; under an electric arc do not decompose to
produce inflammable gases. PYROCOLOR oil possesses high dielectric strength. Hence it
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can be said that transformer oil provides, (i) good insulation and (ii) cooling.
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19. A 1100/400 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has 100 turns on the secondary
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21. How will you transfer the quantities from one circuit to another circuit in a
transformer?
1.Secondary to primary 2.Primary to secondary
Symbol Value Symbol Value
V2 V2/k VL kV1
I 2 kI2 IL I1 /k
R2 R2/k2 RL k2R1
X2 X2/k2 XL’ k2X1
ZL ZL/k2
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24. What is the purpose of providing ‘taps’ in transformer and where these are provided?
In order to attain the required voltage, ‘taps’ are provided. Normally it will be
provided at low voltage sides
25. Give the method of reducing iron loss in a Transformer (Oct –98)
The iron losses are minimized by using high-grade core material like silicon steel
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having very low hysteresis loop and by manufacturing the core in the form of laminations.
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26. State the condition for maximum efficiency (Oct – 97)
Copper losses = Iron lossess
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UNIT III
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ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND CONCEPT IN
ROTATING MACHINES
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electrical signal. Such transducers requires two or more excitation called as multiply
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35. Draw the graphical relation between field energy and coenergy
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winding is less. So less copper is required. Hence economical.
(ii) Short pitching eliminated high frequency harmonics which distort the
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sinusoidal nature of emf. Hence waveform of an induced emf is motre sinusoidal due to
short pitching.
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(iii) As high frequency harmonics get eliminated, eddy current and hysteresis losses
which depend on frequency also get minimized. This increases the efficiency.
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41. Explain the following terms with respect to rotating electrical machines.
a) Pole pitch
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b) Chording angle.
Pole pitch: The distance between the centres of two adjacent poles is called pole
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pitch.One pole pitch is equal to 180 electrical degrees. It is also defined as the number of
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is called prime mover.
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48. Give the materials used in machine manufacturing
Three materials are used in machine manufacturing.
(i)steel – to conduct magnetic flux
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(ii)copper – to conduct electric current
(iii)Insulation
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49. How will you change the direction of rotation of a d.c motor?
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Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through the
armature conductors is to be reserved.
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North and South pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The
direction of the emf induced in the conductors . The direction of the emf induced is in the
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direction opposite to the current .As this emf always opposes the flow of current in motor
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51. Under what condition the mechanical power developed in a dc motor will be
maximum?
Condition for mechanical power developed to be maximum is
Eb = Ua /2
or I a= Ua / 2Ra
52. What is the function of a no-voltage release coil provided in a dc motor starter?
As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR coil
produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in the ON
position against spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a
prescribed value the electromagnet may not have enough force and the handle will come
back to OFF position due to spring force automatically. Thus a no-voltage or under
voltage protections given to the motor.
53. Name the two types of automatic starters used for dc motors.
Back emf type starter
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55. List the different methods of speed control employed for dc series motor(APR’04,AU)
Field diverter method
Regrouping of field coild\s
Tapped field control
Armature resistance control
Armature voltage control for single motor
Series parallel control for multiple identical motors
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(i) Dynamic braking
(ii) Regenerating braking
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(iii) Counter current braking or plugging
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58. Under what circumstances does a dc shunt generator fail to build up?
Absence of residual flux.
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Shunt filed circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field
Resistance
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Load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.
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UNIT V
DC MOTOR
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67. What type of DC motors are suitable for various torque operations?
1. DC series motor
2. DC cumulatively compound motor
24. Define speed regulation.
% Speed regulation= NL speed- FL speed x 100
FL speed
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68. What are the performance curves?
Output Vs torque
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Output Vs current
Output Vs speed
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Output Vs efficiency
The polarity of the interpoles must be that of the next main pole along the direction
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The high contact resistance carbon brushes help the current in the coil undergoing
commutation to attain its full value in the reverse direction at the end of commutation. The
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carbon brushes also lubricate and give less wear and tear on commutator surface.
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Linear commutation
Sinusoidal commutation
Unit III: a. D.C. Motors : D.C. Motors | Introduction | Principle of Operation of a D.C. Motor
| Direction of Rotation of Motor | Significance of Back E.M.F. | Power Equation of a D.C. Motor |
Torque Equation of a D.C. Motor | Types of D.C. Motors | D.C. Shunt Motor | D.C. Series Motor |
D.C. Compound Motor | Torque and Speed Equations | D.C. Motor Characteristics |
Characteristics of D.C. Shunt Motor | Characteristics of D.C. Series Motor | Characteristics of
D.C. Compound Motor | Applications of D.C. Motors | Necessity of Starter | D.C. Series Motor
Starter | Factors Affecting the Speed of a D.C. Motor | Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motor |
Speed Control of D.C. Series Motor | Ward-Leonard System of Speed Control | Two Marks
Questions with Answers
Unit III: b.Testing of D.C. Machines : Testing of D.C. Machines | Introduction | Losses in a
D.C. Machine | Efficiencies of a D.C. Machine | Testing of D.C. Motors | Swinburne's Test or No
Load Test | Brake Test | Retardation Test or Running Down Test | Hopkinson's Test | Field Test
| Separation of Core Losses | Two Marks Questions with Answers
Unit IV: Single Phase Transformer : Single Phase Transformer | Introduction | Principle of
Working | Parts of Transformer | Construction of Single Phase Transformers | E.M.F. Equation
of a Transformer | Ideal Transformer on No Load | Practical Transformer on No Load |
Transformer on Load (M.M.F. Balancing on Load) | Effect of Winding Resistances | Effect of
Leakage Reactances | Equivalent Impedance | Phasor Diagrams for Transformer on Load |
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer | Voltage Regulation of Transformer | Losses in a
Transformer | Efficiency of a Transformer | Polarity Test | Open Circuit and Short Circuit
Tests | Sumpner's Test (Back to Back Test) | All Day Efficiency of a Transformer | Separation
of Core Losses | Parallel Operation of Transformers | Conditions for Satisfactory Parallel for
Operation | Parallel Operation of Two Ideal abrupse Transformers | Parallel Operation of
Transformers with Equal Voltage Ratios | Parallel Operation of Transformers with Unequal
Voltage Ratios | Current Inrush Phenomenon ( Switching Transients ) | Applications of Single
Phase Transformers | Two Marks Questions and Answers
Unit V: Autotransformer and Three Phase Transformer : Autotransformer and Three Phase
Transformer | Autotransformer | Introduction to Three Phase Transformer | Construction of
Three Phase Transformer | Three Phase Transformer Connections | Voltage and Current
Relationships for Different Types of Connections | Conversion from Three Phase to Two Phase
(Scott Connection) | Two Marks Questions with Answers
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