Vidyasankul Foundation’s

SANSKRUTI JUNIOR COLLEGE

Maharashtra HSC Board
Nagzari, Boisar

SUBJECT-CHEMISTRY
SUBJECT CODE-55
Std. XI (Theory)
Unit 2: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry.

1 Prepared By-Mr.Sudhir Kini

 Unit 1: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
Q-1) Define: Analytical chemistry.

Ans: The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of separation, identification, qualitative
and quantitative determination of the natural and synthetic substances, is called analytical
chemistry.

Q.2) Explain the importance and scope of analytical chemistry.

Ans: i. Chemical analysis is one of the most important methods of monitoring the composition of
raw materials, intermediates and finished products, and also the composition of air in streets and
premises of industrial plants.

ii. In agriculture, chemical analysis is used to determine the composition of soils and fertilizers.

iii. In medicine, it is used to determine the composition of medicinal preparations.

iv. Analytical chemistry has applications in forensic science, engineering and industry.

v. Industrial process as a whole and the production of new kinds of materials are closely
associated with analytical chemistry

Q-3) States types of analysis.

Ans-i) Qualitative analysis ii) Quantitative Analysis

Q-4) What is basic difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis?

Ans- Qualitative analysis- detection of presence or absence of an chemical constituent.

Quantitative Analysis-Determination of amount of that constituent.

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Q.5) What is semi-microanalysis?

Ans: i. when the amount of a solid or liquid sample taken for analysis is a few grams, the analysis
is called semi microanalysis.

ii. It is of two types: qualitative and quantitative analysis

Q-6)What does classical qualitative analysis method include?

Ans: Classical qualitative analysis method includes separation and identification of compounds.

i. Separations may be done by methods such as precipitation, extraction and distillation.

ii. ii. Identification may be based on differences in colour, odour, melting point, boiling point,
and reactivity.

Q.7) Name two methods of classical quantitative analysis.

Ans: i. Volumetric analysis (Titrimetric analysis)

ii. Gravimetric analysis (i.e., decomposition, precipitation)

Q.8) What is the difference between dry method and wet method of qualitative analysis?

Ans: In dry method, the sample under test is not dissolved and in wet method, the sample under
test is first dissolved and then analyzed to determine its composition

Q-9)Explain: Qualitative analysis of organic compounds

Ans:

i. The majority of organic compounds are composed of a relatively small number of elements.

ii.The most important ones are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, halogen, phosphorus.

iii. Elementary qualitative analysis is concerned with the detection of the presence of these
elements.

iv. The identification of an organic compound involves tests such as detection of functional group,
determination of melting/boiling points, etc.

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 Q.10) What does qualitative analysis of inorganic compounds involve?

Ans: The qualitative analysis of simple inorganic compounds involves detection and confirmation
of cationic and anionic species (basic and acidic radical) in them.

Q.11) Why are scientific notations (exponential notations) used?

Ans: A chemist has to deal with numbers as large as 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 for the
molecules of 2 g of hydrogen gas or as small as 0.00000000000000000000000166 g. that is, mass
of a H atom.

To avoid the writing of so many zeros in mathematical operations, scientific notations i.e.
exponential notations are used.

Q.12) How are numbers expressed in scientific notations (exponential notations)?

In scientific notations, numbers are expressed in the form of “ N  10n”, where ‘n’ is an
exponent with positive or negative values and N can have a value between 1 to 10.
e.g
i.The number, 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 is expressed as 6.022  1023.
ii.The mass of a H atom, 0.00000000000000000000000166 g is expressed as 1.66 10–24 g.
iii.The number 123.546 is written as 1.23546  102.
iv.The number 0.00015 is written as 1.5  10–4.

Q.13) Express the following quantities in exponential terms.

i.0.0003498 ii.235.4678 iii.70000.0 iv.1569.00

i 0.0003498 = 3.498  10–4 ii 235.4678 = 2.354678 102

iii. 70000.0 = 7.00000  104 iv. 1569.00 = 1.56900  103

Q-14)Define following

a) Accuracy
Ans-Accuracy measured how much we are closer to true value.

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b) Precision- To minimize error multiple readings we are taking by repeating same experiment.
Precision-Closeness of multiple readings of same quantity.
Reproducibility of experiment)

Scale Set 1 Set-2 Set-3 Remark

Mahesh 8cm 7cm 6cm Low précised

Rupesh 9cm 9.5cm 9.8cm More précised

Chinmay 9.9cm 9.8cm 9.9cm Highly précised

c) Least Count-The smallest value that can be measured by equipment.

d) Analyte- It is sample under analysis.

e) Method-It is technique used to analyses the sample.

f) Concentration- It is amount of constituent/component present in given unknown sample.

g)Slandered Sample- These are samples in which concentration constituent of is exactly known.

h) Calibration- It is process of checking accuracy of instrument before use for analysis.

i) Sample Matrix- Unwanted impurities associated with Analyte known as Sample Matrix.

j) Masking Agent- It is reagent which react with impurities material which create interference in
analysis.

k) Stichometric Coefficient- To balanced the chemical reaction coefficient/Number used are

called as Stichometric Coefficient.

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 aA + bB → cC + dD.

Where- a and b are Stichometric Coefficient for reactant A and B

c and d are Stichometric Coefficient for product C and D

l) Limiting Reagent- These are reactant/Reagents which gets consumed completely in chemical
reaction and stop/limit the product formation are called as Limiting Reagent.

m)Excess Reagent- These are reactant/Reagents which available in sufficient quantity in

chemical reaction are called as Excess Reagent

Q-14)Find out the molar masses of the following compounds:

i. Copper sulphate crystal (CuSO4.5H2O)

ii. Sodium carbonate, decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O)
iii. Mohr’s salt [FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O]
(At. mass: Cu = 63.5; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1; Na = 23; C = 12; Fe = 56; N = 14)

Solution:
Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O
= (1 × At. mass Cu) + (1 × At. mass S) + (9 × At. mass O) + (10 × At. mass H)
= (1 × 63.5) + (1 × 32) + (9 × 16) + (10 × 1)
= 63.5 + 32 + 144 + 10
= 249.5 g mol–1
i. Molar mass of Na2CO3.10H2O
= (2 × At. mass Na) + (1 × At. mass C) + (13 × At. mass O) + (20 × At. mass H)
= (2 × 23) + (1 × 12) + (13 × 16) + (20 × 1)
= 46 + 12 + 208 + 20
= 286 g mol–1
ii. Molar mass of FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
= (1 × At. mass Fe) + (2 × At. mass S) + (2 × At. mass N) + (14 × At. mass O) + (20 × At. mass H)
= (1 × 56) + (2 × 32) + (2 × 14) + (14 × 16) + (20 × 1)
= 56 + 64 + 28 + 224 + 20
= 392 g mol–1

Ans: i. Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 249.5 g mol–1

ii. Molar mass of Na2CO3.10H2O = 286 g mol–1
iii. Molar mass of FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O = 392 g mol–1

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7 Prepared By-Mr.Sudhir Kini