Application of Computer in Law

Unit 1 - Element of Computer Processing System, Hardware CPU, Storage Device & Media VDU, I/O 128 |
P a g e Device, Disk concepts- formatting, booting, Partitioning, DAT, Directory, Data Communication
Equipment. Software, System Software, Application Software, DBMS, RDBMS< And ERP package –

1. Computer Processing System:

• Definition: The computer processing system encompasses all the
components and processes involved in executing instructions and
performing tasks on a computer.
• Hardware CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the brain of the
computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing
calculations.
• Storage Device & Media: Storage devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) and
solid-state drives (SSDs) store data permanently or temporarily. Media, such
as CDs, DVDs, and USB flash drives, facilitate data storage and transfer.
• VDU (Visual Display Unit): Also known as a monitor, the VDU displays
output from the computer, allowing users to interact with the system
visually.
• I/O (Input/Output) Device: Input devices like keyboards and mice allow
users to input data into the computer, while output devices like printers and
speakers produce results.
• Disk Concepts: This includes formatting (preparing a storage device for data
storage), booting (the process of starting a computer), partitioning (dividing
a storage device into separate sections), and data access techniques (such as
Direct Access Transport or DAT).
2. Software:
• Definition: Software refers to the programs and instructions that tell a
computer what to do.
• System Software: This includes operating systems like Windows, macOS,
and Linux, which manage hardware resources and provide essential services
to users and other software.
• Application Software: Applications are programs designed to perform
specific tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheet calculations, or graphic
design.
• DBMS (Database Management System): DBMS software organizes and
manages data in databases, allowing users to store, retrieve, update, and
manipulate data efficiently.
• RDBMS (Relational Database Management System): RDBMS is a type of
DBMS that organizes data into tables with rows and columns, facilitating
relationships and data integrity.
 • ERP Package (Enterprise Resource Planning): ERP software integrates
various business processes and functions, such as finance, HR, inventory
management, and customer relationship management, into a single system.

Each component of the computer processing system plays a crucial role in the overall
functioning of a computer. From hardware components like the CPU and storage devices to
software systems like operating systems and application software, every element
contributes to the computer's ability to process data, perform tasks, and interact with users
effectively. Understanding these components and their interactions is essential for efficient
computer use and system management.

UNIT – II: Operating System: Concept as A Resource Manager and Cordinator of Processor, Device and
Memory, Concept of Priortes, Protection and Parallelism, Command Interpreter, Typical Command of
DOS & Unix GUI Windows.

1. Operating System:
• Definition: An operating system (OS) is a software program that acts as an
intermediary between computer hardware and user applications. It manages
computer hardware resources and provides services to applications,
facilitating efficient and orderly operation of the computer system.
• Resource Manager and Coordinator:
• The OS manages various system resources, including the CPU,
memory, storage devices, and input/output devices.
• It allocates resources to different processes, ensuring fair and efficient
utilization of hardware resources.
• The OS also coordinates communication between different
components of the system, ensuring smooth operation.
2. Concept of Priorities, Protection, and Parallelism:
• Priorities: The OS assigns priorities to processes based on factors such as
importance, time-sensitivity, and resource requirements. Higher-priority
processes are given precedence in resource allocation, ensuring that critical
tasks are completed in a timely manner.
• Protection: The OS enforces protection mechanisms to prevent
unauthorized access to system resources and ensure data integrity. It
controls access rights and permissions, safeguarding against accidental or
malicious interference.
• Parallelism: Modern operating systems support parallel processing,
allowing multiple tasks to execute simultaneously on multicore processors.
The OS manages parallel execution efficiently, optimizing resource utilization
and maximizing system performance.
3. Command Interpreter:
• Definition: A command interpreter, or shell, is a program that interprets
user commands and executes them on behalf of the user. It serves as the
 interface between the user and the operating system, facilitating interaction
through command-line interfaces (CLI) or graphical user interfaces (GUI).
• Typical Commands of DOS & Unix:
• DOS (Disk Operating System): Typical commands include DIR (list
directory contents), CD (change directory), COPY (copy files), DEL
(delete files), and FORMAT (format storage devices).
• Unix: Unix commands are more powerful and versatile, including
commands like LS (list directory contents), CD (change directory), CP
(copy files), RM (remove/delete files), MKDIR (create directory), and
CAT (display file contents).
4. GUI (Graphical User Interface) Windows:
• Definition: GUI is a visual interface that allows users to interact with
computers using graphical elements such as windows, icons, menus, and
buttons.
• Windows Operating System: Windows OS provides a user-friendly GUI
environment, allowing users to perform tasks using mouse clicks and
keyboard inputs.
• Features: Windows GUI features include a desktop with icons representing
files and applications, taskbar for managing open windows and programs,
Start menu for accessing applications and settings, and Control Panel for
system configuration.

Operating systems play a fundamental role in computer systems by managing resources,

providing services, and facilitating user interaction. Understanding the concepts of
resource management, priorities, protection, and parallelism, as well as command
interpretation and graphical interfaces, is essential for effective utilization and
management of operating systems.

UNIT – III: Computer and Communication: Single User, Multi-user, Workstation, Client Server System,
computer Network, Network Protocols, LAN, MAN.
1. Computer and Communication:
• Single User: A single-user computer system is designed for use by one
person at a time. Examples include personal computers (PCs), laptops, and
smartphones. In single-user systems, all hardware and software resources
are dedicated to serving the needs of the individual user.
• Multi-user: A multi-user computer system allows multiple users to access
and use the system simultaneously. Examples include mainframe computers,
servers, and cloud computing platforms. Multi-user systems support
concurrent access to resources and facilitate collaboration among users.
• Workstation: A workstation is a high-performance computer designed for
technical or scientific applications, such as engineering, design, and
multimedia production. Workstations typically feature advanced hardware
configurations, including powerful processors, high-capacity storage, and
professional-grade graphics.
 • Client-Server System: In a client-server system, multiple clients (user
devices) communicate with a central server to access resources and services.
The server manages resources, such as databases, files, and applications,
while clients request and consume these resources. Client-server
architecture enables scalable, distributed computing and facilitates
centralized management and administration.
• Computer Network: A computer network is a collection of interconnected
computers and devices that communicate and share resources. Networks
enable data exchange, collaboration, and resource sharing among users and
devices. Examples of networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area
networks (WANs), and the Internet.
• Network Protocols: Network protocols are rules and conventions that
govern communication between devices on a network. Protocols define
standards for data transmission, error detection and correction, addressing,
routing, and security. Common network protocols include TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
• LAN (Local Area Network): A LAN is a network that spans a small
geographic area, such as a single building, office, or campus. LANs connect
computers, devices, and peripherals within a limited area, allowing for
efficient data exchange and resource sharing. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are
common technologies used in LANs.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A MAN is a network that covers a
larger geographic area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. MANs typically
connect multiple LANs within a city or metropolitan area, providing high-
speed connectivity and facilitating communication between distributed
locations. MANs often use fiber optic cables or wireless technologies for data
transmission.

Understanding the concepts of computer and communication systems, including single-

user and multi-user environments, workstation technology, client-server architecture,
computer networks, and network protocols, is essential for designing, deploying, and
managing modern computing environments. These concepts form the foundation for
building scalable, reliable, and efficient systems that meet the diverse needs of users and
organizations.