CHAPTER 01

OVERVIEW OF AI

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 AI stands for Artificial Intelligence.
 It refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-
making, and natural language processing.
 AI systems use algorithms and statistical models to analyse data, learn from patterns,
and make predictions or decisions based on that learning.
 There are various subfields of AI, including machine learning, deep learning, natural
language processing, robotics, and computer vision. AI has applications in a wide
range of industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment.
DEFINITION
It is a branch of computer science by which intelligent machines is created which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
or
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science
and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs”.
 or
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power."
Example:
Google Searching Process – how Google able to search accurate results.
Social Media Newsfeed - how Social Media feed always gives you content based on
your interest.

PHILOSOPHY OF AI:
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to
wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?” Thus, the development of AI
started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard
high in humans.The philosophy of AI is concerned with understanding the nature of
intelligence, consciousness, and ethics in relation to artificial intelligence. Some of the main
philosophical questions in AI include:
  Can machines truly exhibit intelligent behaviour?
 What is the relationship between human and artificial intelligence?
 Can machines have consciousness or be self-aware?
 What ethical considerations arise when creating and using AI systems?
One major philosophical debate in AI is the concept of "strong" versus "weak" AI. Strong AI
refers to the idea that machines can have true consciousness and experience the world in a
similar way to humans. Weak AI, on the other hand, sees AI as simply a tool or system for
performing tasks without true consciousness or self-awareness.
Another area of concern in the philosophy of AI is the impact of AI on society and ethical
considerations. For example, questions arise about the responsibility for the actions of AI
systems and the potential for AI to exacerbate social inequalities or pose a threat to human
safety. Overall, the philosophy of AI seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the nature of
intelligence and the implications of creating intelligent machines.

GOALS OF AI:
The goals of AI include developing systems that can perform tasks that normally require
human intelligence, such as:

 Automation: Automating routine and repetitive tasks to improve efficiency and

productivity in various industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and finance.

 Prediction: Developing AI systems that can analyze data and make predictions or
decisions based on that data. This is used in fields such as finance, marketing, and
healthcare to identify trends and patterns and make more informed decisions.

 Recognition: Developing AI systems that can recognize and interpret natural

language, images, and speech. This is used in applications such as virtual assistants,
image recognition, and speech recognition.

 Understanding: Developing AI systems that can understand and reason based on

complex data and relationships. This is used in fields such as finance, healthcare, and
cyber security to identify and mitigate risks and threats.

 Creativity: Developing AI systems that can create new solutions, designs, or artwork.
This is used in applications such as product design, music composition, and visual art.

 To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that

understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
Overall, the goal of AI is to create systems that can improve efficiency, accuracy, and
productivity across various industries while reducing human error and labor costs. It also
aims to advance our understanding of the nature of intelligence and consciousness.
ELEMENTS OF AI:

The elements of AI include various technologies, techniques, and methodologies that are used
to develop intelligent systems. Here are some of the key elements of AI:

 Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of AI that involves developing

algorithms that can learn from data and make predictions or decisions based on that
learning.

 Neural Networks: Neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm that are
modeled after the structure of the human brain. They are used for tasks such as image
recognition, natural language processing, and decision-making.

 Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves using
neural networks with multiple layers to perform more complex tasks. It is used in
applications such as image and speech recognition.

 Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is a branch of AI that focuses on

developing systems that can understand and interpret human language. It is used in
applications such as virtual assistants and chatbots.

 Robotics: Robotics involves the development of intelligent machines that can

perform tasks autonomously or with minimal human intervention. It is used in
industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation.

 Computer Vision: Computer vision involves developing systems that can interpret
and understand visual data, such as images and videos. It is used in applications such
as self-driving cars, surveillance systems, and medical imaging.

 Knowledge Representation: Knowledge representation involves developing systems

that can represent and reason about complex knowledge and relationships. It is used in
fields such as expert systems and decision support systems.

Overall, these elements of AI are used to develop intelligent systems that can perform tasks
traditionally requiring human intelligence.

PROGRAMMING A COMPUTER WITH AND WITHOUT AI:

Programming a computer with AI and without AI involve different approaches and

techniques. Here are some differences between the two:

Programming without AI:

 It involves writing explicit instructions in a programming language that tell the

computer what to do step-by-step.
  The programmer needs to have a clear understanding of the problem, the data, and the
desired output.
 The program is limited to the rules and logic that the programmer has provided.

 The program does not have the ability to learn from data or adapt to new situations.

Programming with AI:

 It involves developing algorithms that can learn from data and make predictions or
decisions based on that learning.

 The programmer needs to choose the appropriate algorithm and provide training data
to the system.

 The program has the ability to learn and improve its performance over time as it is
exposed to more data.

 The program can adapt to new situations and handle complex, uncertain, and dynamic
environments.

Overall, programming with AI involves more advanced and sophisticated techniques than
programming without AI. It requires a different set of skills and expertise, such as machine
learning, data analysis, and statistics. However, it also offers more flexibility, accuracy, and
efficiency in solving complex problems.

Difference between programming with AI and programming without AI:

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can
A computer program with AI can answer
answer the specific questions it is meant to
the generic questions it is meant to solve.
solve.
Can modify even a minute piece of
Modification in the program leads to
information of program without affecting
change in its structure.
its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It may
Quick and Easy program modification.
lead to affecting the program adversely.

AI TECHNIQUES:
AI techniques refer to the different methods and approaches used to create intelligent
systems. Here are some of the main AI techniques:

1. Machine Learning: Machine learning involves developing algorithms that can learn
from data and improve their performance over time. It can be supervised (learning
from labeled data), unsupervised (learning from unlabeled data), or reinforcement
(learning through trial-and-error).

2. Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves training
neural networks with multiple layers to perform complex tasks such as image and
speech recognition.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP involves developing algorithms that can
understand and generate human language. It includes tasks such as text classification,
sentiment analysis, and machine translation.

4. Computer Vision: Computer vision involves developing algorithms that can interpret
and analyze visual data such as images and videos. It includes tasks such as object
detection, image segmentation, and face recognition.

5. Robotics: Robotics involves developing intelligent machines that can interact with
the physical world. It includes tasks such as motion planning, control, and perception.

6. Expert Systems: Expert systems are AI systems that mimic the decision-making
capabilities of human experts in a particular domain. They use rule-based systems and
knowledge representation techniques to solve problems and make decisions.

7. Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement learning involves training an AI system to

learn by receiving feedback in the form of rewards or punishments based on its
actions. It is used in applications such as game playing and robotics.

HISTORY OF AI:

 In 1950, Alan Turing devised the Turing test. If a machine could carry on a
conversation that was indistinguishable from a conversation with a human being, then
it was reasonable to say that the machine was thinking.
 1956 to 1974 is called as the golden era for AI. The Wabot project in 1967 built a
robot that could measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors,
artificial eyes, and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with
a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth.
 In the 1980s a form of AI program called Expert Systems was adopted by
corporations around the world and knowledge became the focus of mainstream AI
research.
 A new paradigm called Intelligent Agents became widely accepted during the 1990s.
It is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chances of success.
  In the first decades of the 21st century, access to large amounts of data, faster
computers, and advanced machine learning techniques was successfully applied to
many problems throughout the economy.
 In 2000, Professor Cynthia Breazeal developed Kismet, a robot that could recognize
and simulate emotions with its face. It was structured like a human face with eyes,
lips, eyelids, and eyebrows.
 In 2009, Google secretly developed a driverless car.
 In 2014, it passed Nevada’s self-driving test.

INTELLIGENT SYSTEM:

An intelligent system is a software program or machine that uses artificial intelligence (AI)
techniques to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence to accomplish. These
systems are designed to learn, reason, and make decisions based on data and input from their
environment.

Intelligent systems can be used in a wide range of applications, including image and speech
recognition, natural language processing, decision-making, robotics, and many others. They
are often built using machine learning algorithms, which enable them to improve their
performance over time by learning from their own experiences.

One of the key advantages of intelligent systems is their ability to process vast amounts of
data quickly and accurately, making them ideal for tasks such as data analysis, pattern
recognition, and prediction. They can also operate autonomously, reducing the need for
human intervention and increasing efficiency in many areas.

TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE:

There are several different types of intelligence that have been identified by psychologists
and researchers. Some of the most commonly recognized types of intelligence are:

1. Linguistic intelligence: This is the ability to use language effectively, both verbally
and in writing. People with high linguistic intelligence are typically skilled at
communicating, writing, and reading.

2. Logical-mathematical intelligence: This is the ability to reason, think logically, and

solve problems. People with high logical-mathematical intelligence are typically good
at math, science, and analytical thinking.

3. Spatial intelligence: This is the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in three-
dimensional space. People with high spatial intelligence are typically good at things
like architecture, engineering, and art.

4. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: This is the ability to control and coordinate bodily

movements and handle objects skillfully. People with high bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence are typically good at things like sports, dance, and surgery.
 5. Musical intelligence: This is the ability to recognize and create patterns in music.
People with high musical intelligence are typically good at things like playing
instruments, composing music, and singing.

6. Interpersonal intelligence: This is the ability to understand and interact effectively

with other people. People with high interpersonal intelligence are typically good at
things like counseling, teaching, and social work.

7. Intrapersonal intelligence: This is the ability to understand oneself and one's own
emotions, motivations, and thoughts. People with high intrapersonal intelligence are
typically good at things like counseling, psychology, and writing.

8. Naturalistic intelligence: This is the ability to recognize and understand patterns in

nature. People with high naturalistic intelligence are typically good at things like
biology, botany, and ecology.

HUMAN INTELLIGENCE VERSUS MACHINE INTELLIGENCE:

Human intelligence and machine intelligence are two different types of intelligence with
distinct characteristics and capabilities. Here are some of the key differences:

 Creativity and Originality: Human intelligence has the ability to think creatively
and generate original ideas, whereas machine intelligence is based on pre-
programmed algorithms and lacks the ability to think beyond what it has been taught.

 Emotional Intelligence: Human intelligence includes emotional intelligence, which

involves the ability to perceive and understand emotions in oneself and others,
whereas machines lack the capacity to experience emotions or understand them in a
meaningful way.

 Learning and Adaptability: Human intelligence has the ability to learn and adapt to
new situations and contexts, whereas machine intelligence requires specific training
and programming to perform tasks effectively.

 Contextual Understanding: Human intelligence has the ability to understand the

context and nuances of a situation, whereas machine intelligence relies on data and
algorithms to make decisions without the same level of contextual understanding.

 Intuition: Human intelligence has the ability to use intuition or gut feeling to make
decisions, whereas machine intelligence is based on data analysis and decision-
making algorithms.

Overall, human intelligence is more flexible, adaptable, and capable of creative and original
thought, whereas machine intelligence is based on data and algorithms and lacks the ability to
think creatively or understand the nuances of human experience. However, machine
intelligence has the advantage of being able to process vast amounts of data quickly and
accurately, making it useful in a wide range of applications.