Korean Design Standard

KDS 14 20 10

KDS 14 20 10 : 2022

Structural Concrete
Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles

Analysis and Design

Principles
Enacted on Nov. 30, 2022
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 Table of Contents

1. General ··········································································································································· 1
1.1 Objective ································································································································ 1
1.2 Scope ···································································································································· 1
1.3 Reference Codes ·················································································································· 1
1.4 Definitions ···························································································································· 1
1.5 Notation ·································································································································· 1
2. Investigation and Planning ·········································································································· 3
3. Material ·········································································································································· 3
4. Design ············································································································································ 3
4.1 Loads and External Forces ·································································································· 3
4.2 Strength ·································································································································· 3
4.3 Structural Analysis ················································································································ 5

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

1. General
1.1 Objective
(1) This Code specifies principles and the minimum requirements regarding the analysis and
design of concrete structures.

1.2 Scope
(1) Members of reinforced concrete structures shall be designed to have required strength in
accordance with provisions of this Code, using load factors specified in 4.2.2 and strength
reduction factors specified in 4.3.3
(2) Design provisions of this Code are based on the principle that structures shall be designed
to resist all applicable load combinations.
(3) Lateral force resisting system of a structure shall be adequately designed to resist wind
and earthquake loads.

1.3 Reference Codes

1.4 Definitions
(1) It conforms to KDS 14 20 01(1.4).

1.5 Notation
∙  : Gross area of concrete section, mm2
∙ : Web width of member, plus effective length of protruding flange, mm
∙  : Web width of member having flanges, mm
∙ : Dead loads, or the related sectional forces
∙ : Effective depth of a section, mm
∙ ′ : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of compression
reinforcement, mm
∙ : Earthquake loads, or the related sectional forces
∙  : Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
∙   : Initial tangent modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
∙   : Modulus of elasticity of tendon, MPa
∙  : Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa
∙   : Modulus of elasticity of shaped steel section, MPa
∙ : Loads or related sectional forces due to weight and pressures of fluids with known
densities and controllable heights,
∙   : Specified compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestressing, MPa
∙   : Specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

∙   : Average compressive strength of concrete at 28 days after curing, MPa

∙   : Effective stress of tendon due to effective prestress forces, MPa
∙   : Splitting tensile strength of concrete, MPa
∙  : Specified yield strength of reinforcement, MPa
∙  : Lateral loads due to lateral pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or
related sectional forces
∙  : Vertical loads due to self weight of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related
sectional forces
∙ : Overall thickness of member, mm
∙ : Loads due to impact, or related sectional forces
∙  : Clear span length of a member, mm
∙ : Live loads, or related sectional forces
∙  : Roof live load, or related sectional forces
∙  : Density of concrete, kg/m3
∙  : Nominal axial strength at the balanced condition
∙  : Nominal axial strength under a given eccentricity
∙ : Rain load, or related sectional forces
∙ : Snow load, or related sectional forces
∙ : Sectional forces due to temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement
∙  : Thickness of flange, mm
∙ : Required strength to resist factored loads or related sectional forces
∙  : Nominal shear strength of concrete
∙  : Factored distributed load
∙ : Wind load, or related sectional forces
∙ : Modification factor for light weight concrete
∙  : Modification factor for vertical load
∙  : Factor related the location of neutral axis in cross section depending on concrete
compressive strength. Refer to KDS 14 20 20(4.1.1(7)③
∙  : Net tensile strain in extreme layer of tension steel at nominal axial strength. Strains
due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature are excluded
∙  : Specified yield strain of reinforcing bars
∙ : Strength reduction factor
∙ : Ratio of tensile reinforcement area
∙ ′ : Ratio of compressive reinforcement area
∙  : Ratio of tensile reinforcement area at the balanced strain condition

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

2. Investigation and Planning

Not applicable.

3. Material
(1) It conforms to KDS 14 20 01(3).

4. Design
4.1 Loads and External Forces
4.1.1 Applicable loads
(1) In design of structures, various applicable loads or effects of external actions during and after
construction, such as prestressing, construction loads, vibration, impact, shrinkage, creep,
temperature changes, elastic contraction, uneven settlement of supports, in addition to live load,
dead load, wind load, earthquake load, snow load, soil load and fluid load shall be considered.

4.1.2 Calculation of load

(1) In design of structures, all applicable loads and external forces shall be determined in
accordance with the relevant codes.

4.2 Strength
4.2.1 General
(1) Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strengths at all cross
sections not less than the required strengths calculated from loads and load combinations
in this Code.
(2) Structural members shall satisfy all requirements of this Code to secure adequate
performance under service loads.

4.2.2 Required strength

(1) In design of reinforced concrete structures, the maximum required strength for the design
shall be satisfied considering all load combinations with load factors shown below:

       (4.2-1)

                             (4.2-2)

                 (4.2-3)

               (4.2-4)

                     (4.2-5)

                             (4.2-6)

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                (4.2-7)

                 (4.2-8)

where,  is a correction coefficient for the vertical load,   .    for  ≤  

and       ≥  for     .

(2) The load factor of live load  in Eq. (4.2-3), (4.2-4), and (4.2-5) shall be permitted to
be reduced to 0.5 except for garages, public assembly place, and all areas where  is not
less than  kN/m2
(3) If structures are affected by impact, live load  shall be replaced by (    ) including
impact effects (  ).
(4) Uneven settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion magnitude of expansive concrete, and
temperature change shall be calculated to account for the actual circumstances of structure.
(5) In the design of post-tensioned anchorage zone, a load factor of 1.2 shall be used for the
maximum prestressing steel jacking force.

4.2.3 Design strength

(1) Design strength of flexural moment, axial force, shear force, and torsional moment in a
member or connection shall be the nominal strength calculated from the provisions and
assumptions of this Code, multiplied by the strength reduction factors  in (2).
(2) Strength reduction factor  shall be given as follows:
① Tension-controlled sections as defined in KDS 14 20 20(4.1.2(4)) 0.85
② Compression-controlled sections as defined in KDS 14 20 20(4.1.2(3))
(a) Concrete members reinforced with spiral reinforcement 0.70
(b) Other concrete members 0.65
(c) In the calculation of nominal strength, when the net tensile strain of reinforcing steel in
the extreme layer of tension steel, , is between the limits for compression-controlled and
tension-controlled sections,  shall be linearly increased from the value for
compression-controlled sections to 0.85 as   increases from the compression-controlled
strain limit to the tension-controlled strain limit
③ Shear and torsional moment 0.75
④ Bearing on concrete (excluding post-tensioned anchorage zones and strut-and-tie models)0.65
⑤ Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85
⑥ In strut-and-tie models:
(a) strut, nodal zones, and bearing areas 0.75
(b) ties 0.85
⑦ Flexural sections in pretensioned members where the strand embedment length is

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

shorter than the required development length:

(a) From the member end to the transfer length end 0.75
(b) Between the transfer length end to the development length end,  shall be
permitted to be linearly increased from 0.75 to 0.85. If bonding of a strand does
not extend to the end of the member, the strand embedment shall be assumed to
begin at the end of the debonded length
⑧ Flexural moment, compression force, shear force, bearing of unreinforced concrete 0.55

4.2.4 Design strength for reinforcing steel

The specified design yield strength of reinforcing steel   shall not exceed 600 MPa, except
for prestressing steel.

4.3 Structural Analysis

4.3.1 Methods of analysis
(1) All members in frames or continuous structures shall be designed for the maximum sectional
force determined by the theory of elasticity, except for the modification according to 4.3.2.
Simplified assumptions in 4.3.4 through 4.3.7 shall be permitted in design.
(2) Except for prestressed concrete structures, approximate analysis defined in (3) and (4) shall be
permitted for buildings having typical structural shapes, spans, and story heights.
(3) Approximate analysis defined in (4) shall be permitted for continuous beams or one-way
slabs, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
① The structure has two or more spans;
② The length difference of two adjacent spans does not exceed 20 percent of the shorter
span length;
③ Uniformly distributed loads are applied to the member
④ Live load does not exceed three times the dead load
⑤ Cross section of the member is uniform.
(4) Flexural moments and shear forces of continuous beams or one-way slabs satisfying (3) shall be
permitted to be calculated as follows:
① Positive moment
(a) End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained     

Discontinuous end integrated with support     

(b) Interior spans     

② Negative moment
(a) Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

Two spans      

More than two spans     

(b) Negative moment at interior supports except (a)     

(c) Negative moment at face of all supports for slabs with spans not exceeding 3 m
and for beams where ratio of the sum of column stiffness to the sum of beam
stiffness is not less than 8 at each end of the span     
(d) Negative moment at interior face of end support for members integrated with
supports
Where the support is a spandrel beam     

Where the support is a column     

③ Shear force
(a) Shear force at the exterior face of the first interior support   
(b) Shear force at all other faces of supports except (a)     

4.3.2 Redistribution of moments in continuous flexural members

(1) Except for the moments calculated by the approximate analysis, negative moments at
continuous flexural member supports calculated from any loading using the elastic theory
shall be permitted to be increased or decreased by 1,000  percent which shall not exceed
20 percent.
(2) Flexural moments of cross sections within the spans shall be calculated by using the
modified negative moment, and the static equilibrium shall be maintained after
redistribution of flexural moment.
(3) Flexural moment redistribution shall be applicable, only when the net tensile strain of the
extreme layer tensile reinforcement is not less than 0.0075 at the section where the
reduction of flexural moment is considered.

4.3.3 Modulus of elasticity

(1) Secant modulus of elasticity for concrete with unit weight,  , of   ∼   kg/m3 is
calculated from Eq. (4.3-1).
 
   
    (MPa) (4.3-1)

For concrete using normal-weight aggregate(    ), Eq. (4.3-2) can be used.
 
       (MPa) (4.3-2)

where,  is defined as follows when sufficient test data are not available :
       (4.3-3)

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

where,  is 4 MPa when   is not greater than 40 MPa, or 6 MPa where   is not less
than 60 MPa, and linear interpolation shall be permitted if  is between 40 and 60 MPa.
The relationship between the initial tangent modulus and secant modulus of elasticity for
concrete used in creep calculation is defined as Eq. (4.3-4).
     (4.3-4)

(2) The modulus of elasticity,   , of reinforcing steel bar shall be defined as Eq. (4.3-5).
     (MPa) (4.3-5)

(3) Modulus of elasticity for prestressing reinforcement shall be determined by tests or provided by the
manufacture. Otherwise, Eq. (4.3-6) shall be permitted to be used.
     (MPa) (4.3-6)

(4) Modulus of elasticity for shaped steel sections shall be defined as Eq. (4.3-7).
     (MPa) (4.3-7)

4.3.4 Light-weight concrete

(1) Modification factor for lightweight concrete,  , to account for the effect of lightweight
concrete shall be defined as follows.
① When the value of   is not specified,
   for all-lightweight concrete
   for sand-lightweight concrete
Linear interpolation between 0.75 and 0.85 shall be permitted, according to the volume
ratio of the fine aggregate of sand-light-weight concrete to be replaced with light-weight
fine aggregate. Linear interpolation between 0.85 and 1.0 shall be permitted, according to
the volume ratio of coarse aggregate of normal-weight concrete to be replaced with
light-weight aggregate. In case of normal-weight concrete,    .
② When   is specified,
    
   ≤ 

4.3.5 Stiffness
(1) Relative flexural and torsonal stiffness of columns, walls, floors, and roof systems shall be
permitted to be calculated using any reasonable assumptions. The adopted assumptions
shall be consistent in the entire analysis process.
(2) Effect of haunches shall be considered in flexural moment calculations or in member
design.

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

4.3.6 Effective stiffness

(1) For the calculation of lateral deflection of reinforced concrete structural systems subjected
to service loads, linear analysis shall be performed using member stiffness defined as 1.43
times the flexural stiffness in (2) and (3). Otherwise, analysis shall be performed
considering the reduced member stiffness. Member properties shall not exceed the
properties of the gross section.
(2) Lateral deflections for design loads shall be calculated either by linear analysis using the
stiffness defined in ① or ②, or by an analysis considering the reduced stiffness.
① Stiffness with sectional properties defined in KDS 14 20 20(4.4.4(2)(①,②, and ③)
② 50 percent of the stiffness of gross section
(3) When two-way slabs without beams are designed as elements of the earthquake-load-resisting
system, lateral deflections for design loads shall be permitted to be calculated by linear analysis.
In this case, the stiffness of slab shall be determined by a verified model that agree with the
results of relevant experiments and analysis, and the stiffness of frame shall be determined by (2).

4.3.7 Span length

(1) Span length of members not integrated with supports shall be defined as the clear span
plus the depth of beam or slab. However the span length need not exceed distance
between center-to-center of supports.
(2) In analysis of frames or continuous structures, span length used to calculate flexural
moments shall be the center-to-center distance between the supports. In the case of beams
integrated with supports, flexural moments at the face of support shall be permitted to be
used in design.
(3) In slabs integrated with supports, having clear spans not exceeding 3 m, the clear span
shall be permitted to be regarded as the span length for analysis, neglecting the width of
supporting beams.

4.3.8 Columns
(1) In column design, the axial force shall be determined as the factored loads applied to all
floors or roof, and the maximum flexural moment shall be determined as the value
resulting from the factored load applied to the single span of floor or roof adjacent to the
column. Further, loading condition producing the maximum ratio of moment to axial force
shall be considered.
(2) In design of frames or continuous structures, unbalanced floor load or roof load applied to
exterior and interior columns and the effects of other eccentric loads shall be considered.
(3) Far ends of columns integrated with the structure can be assumed to be fixed when

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

calculating flexural moments of the column due to vertical loads.

(4) All moments transferred from floors to columns shall be distributed between upper and
lower columns according to the relative column stiffness and constraint condition.

4.3.9 Arrangement of live loads

(1) Live loads shall be permitted to be applied only to the related floor under consideration.
In this case, the far ends of columns integrated with the structure can be assumed to be
fixed.
(2) Load combinations of dead and live loads shall be permitted to be limited to only two
combinations as follows:
① Factored dead load on all spans and full factored live load on two adjacent spans
② Factored dead load on all spans and full factored live load on alternate spans.

4.3.10 T-beams
(1) Effective width  of T-beam integrated with slab and beam shall be determined as the
smallest value of followings.
① T-beam
(a) (Eight times thickness of protruding flange in both directions)  
(b) Distance between the centers of two adjacent slabs.
(c) Quarter of the beam span length
② Half T-beam
(a) (Six times thickness of protruding flange in one direction)  
(b) (One-twelfth of the span length of the beam)  
(c) (One-half of the clear distance from the adjacent beam)  
(2) In isolated T-beams, the flange thickness providing compression area shall be not less
than one-half of the width of web, and the effective width of flange shall not be greater
than four times the width of web.
(3) Except for joist structure, when longitudinal reinforcement in a slab considered as a
T-beam flange is parallel to the beam length, reinforcement perpendicular to the beam
shall be placed at the top of the slab in accordance with the following requirements.
① Transverse reinforcement shall be designed to resist the factored load on the protruding
flange of T-beam regarding the flange as a cantilever. For isolated T-beams, the full
width of overhanging flange shall be regarded as the effective width. For other
T-beams, the effective width specified in (1) shall be used.
② Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not be greater than five times the slab
thickness and 450 mm.

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Structural Concrete Analysis and Design Principles KDS 14 20 10: 2022

4.3.11 Joist structure

(1) Joist structure shall satisfy the following requirements.
① Joist structure shall consist of regularly spaced joists and shall be integrated with the
top slab. Joist can be built in one direction or two orthogonal directions.
② The width of joist shall be not less than 100 mm, and the depth of joist shall be not
greater than 3.5 times the minimum width of joist.
③ Clear spacing between joists shall not exceed 750 mm.
④ Joist structure not satisfying the requirements of ① through ③ shall be designed as slabs
and
and beams.
beams.
(2) In design of joist structure, the followings shall be considered.
① When permanent burned clay or concrete tile fillers having compression strength not
less than that of concrete is used for joist, the followings shall be considered:
(a) The vertical parts of fillers contacting the joist shall be permitted to be included in
the calculations of shear strength and negative moment strength. Other parts of
fillers shall not be included in strength calculation.
(b) Slab thickness over permanent fillers shall be not less than the one-twelfth of the
clear distance between joists and 40 mm.
(c) In one-way joist design, transverse shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in the
slab required by KDS 14 20 50(4.6) shall be placed in the direction orthogonal to
the joist.
② When removable forms or fillers not complying with ① are used, the followings shall
be considered.
(a) Slab thickness shall be not less than one-twelfth of the clear distance between
joists and 50 mm.
(b) When concentrated loading is considered, reinforcement required for the flexural
moment resistance shall be placed in the direction orthogonal to the joists,
according to KDS 14 20 50(4.6).
③ When embedment of conduits or pipes in the slab is permitted by the qualified
structural engineer, slab thickness shall be at least 25 mm greater than the total overall
height of the conduits or pipes at any point. In this case, embedment of conduits or
pipes in the slab shall not significantly reduce the strength of the joist structure.
(3) For joist structure, concrete shear strength of section,   , shall be permitted to be increased
to 10 percent greater than the strength specified in KDS 14 20 22.

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