Hindawi

Advances in Civil Engineering

Volume 2022, Article ID 2919167, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2919167

Research Article
Effect of Coral Aggregates of Blended Cement Concrete
Subjected to Different Water Immersion Condition

Bunyamin Bunyamin ,1 Febrina Dian Kurniasari ,1 Reza Pahlevi Munirwan ,2

and Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya 3,4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Iskandar Muda, Banda Aceh 23234, Indonesia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
4
Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainability Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 42300,
Selangor, Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Reza Pahlevi Munirwan; [email protected]

Received 14 January 2022; Revised 4 April 2022; Accepted 6 May 2022; Published 14 May 2022

Academic Editor: Abdulkadir Cuneyt Aydın

Copyright © 2022 Bunyamin Bunyamin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The increasing use of concrete in construction has caused an increase in the need for resources for concrete mixtures and driving wide-
scale mining. One alternate material that can be used for aggregates replacement is coral. Coral aggregates (CA) have similar chemical
characteristics to cement. The compressive strength and tensile splitting strength tests of concrete coral aggregates were performed based
on the ASTM and ACI standards. This study aims are to investigate the usage of CA as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate
to increase the strength of concrete at substitution percentages of 0, 5, 10, and 15%. Two different water submerged scenarios of distilled
water and salt sea water immersion were applied. The concrete strength test was carried out after 28 days of curing time, with the
specified concrete quality of 17 MPa. The results showed that immersion in distilled water has a higher concrete strength than immersion
in sea water. The maximum compressive strength of concrete for distilled and sea water immersion is for 0% CA content of 18.47 and
14.89 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the highest value of the split tensile strength of concrete with distilled and sea water immersion is for
CA substitution of 5% of 2.52 and 2.5 MPa, respectively. The addition of 5% coral aggregates to cement and fine sand is the optimum
combination since it increases the maximum split tensile strength of concrete.

1. Introduction consequences of this condition include a decline in the

availability of materials such as cement for concrete pro-
Global production of cement is over 12 billion tons per year, duction, which is directly proportionate to the increase in
which equals nearly 1 m3 per person per year, making it one costs and material shortages [16, 17].
of the world’s major consumers of natural resources [1–3]. With the marine industry rapid development, marine
By 2025, concrete consumption is expected to exceed 7.5 engineering infrastructure projects such as island con-
billion m3 (approximately 18 billion tons) per year [4, 5]. struction, reclamation, and massive floating structures are
Concrete is a fundamental component that is regularly rising [18]. Due to the remoteness of the island from the near
utilized in the construction of buildings [6–8]. Concrete is mainland and accompanying transportation challenges,
made up of cement, aggregates, chemical and mineral ad- materials like aggregates and water supplies are scarce on-
mixtures, and water and contains a large proportion of site [19]. Coral debris is a unique organic sedimentary rock
artificial components [9, 10]. The amount of concrete that contains more than 96% calcium carbonate and is
consumed on our entire Planet is measured in billions of abundant on the sea island [20]. Coral debris is primarily
tons [1, 11, 12]. The extensive use of concrete in the building formed of coral reef alga and marine species bone debris
has increased the demand for concrete materials, resulting in [21]. It is the result of channel digging and harbor dredging,
large-scale mining for raw materials [13–15]. The as well as natural weathering, which take up valuable island
2 Advances in Civil Engineering

space and have a detrimental effect on ecological systems immersion methods were evaluated in this study, specifically
[20]. As a result, maximizing the utilization of this coral with sea water and in comparison to distilled water. CA was
debris is necessary to meet the marine industry’s material used in place of conventional aggregates and sands for
requirements. Additionally, Aceh-Indonesia has one of the concrete production subjected to two different water con-
highest rates of seismic activity in the world [22, 23]. Notably ditions. Following casting, the concrete specimens were
in the aftermath of multiple historic big earthquakes in Aceh, submerged for 28 days in distilled and sea water conditions.
such as the 8.9 Mw earthquake-tsunami of 2004 that caused Furthermore, the compressive strength and tensile splitting
death and destroyed numerous structures [24], it is critical to strength tests of concrete CA were investigated. The results
conduct a comprehensive analysis of the concrete used in of an experimental inquiry into the strength and workability
construction [25]. of concrete including CA substitution subjected to different
Coral aggregates (CA) are a type of undersea environ- water immersion conditions are reported in this article.
ment comprised of coral invertebrates that produce a calcium
carbonate structure, a form of limestone. CA is typically 2. Material and Methods
composed of limestone, which means that the aggregates
formed from coral have the most chemical content in the 2.1. Materials. For this investigation, ordinary Portland
form of CaCO3, which is classified as limestone [26]. CA may cement (OPC) was obtained from an Andalas cement fac-
be used in the replacement of fine aggregate in concrete as a tory, Aceh, with a specific gravity of 3.15 according to ASTM
substitute ingredient [18, 19, 27, 28]. By and large, CA is C595 [42]. When coupled with water, Portland cement is
composed of limestone. This is because these rocks contain a made of calcium silicates and calcium aluminates that hy-
high concentration of CaO [29]. Geologically defined, drate to generate the cementing components calcium silicate
limestone-containing rock is also referred to as crystalline hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), along
limestone. Meanwhile, coral reefs degrade when they are with excess calcium hydroxide [7].
damaged. As a result, this form of rock is known as coral The processing of CA into granular and ash is depicted in
limestone [26]. CA is formed when coral reef-building or- Figure 1. The CA are cleaned and immersed in distilled water
ganisms deposit vast amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). for one day after they are collected from the coast. Then, it is
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which contains a similar dried in the sun until it is ready to be used.
chemical composition to cement, can be used in place of The used natural CA was obtained in Lamreh beach. The
some of the cements in concrete [30–32]. white sand beach region of Lamreh village, Aceh Besar, Aceh
The extensive usage of rock fragments as a cement Province, is abundant life, with coral reefs on the seafloor.
substitute will affect the chemical composition of cement Some dead coral reefs are washed away by the waves and end
[33]. When used with cement, CA can enhance the binding up as a pile of boulders on the beach. These coral fragments
capacity by acting as a more homogenous binder throughout come in a variety of sizes, with some being comparable to
the hydration process. CA can be used as a common ag- sand. CA is often constituted of limestone, which implies
gregate; however, it is light and porous, with a rough surface, that coral aggregates have the highest chemical composition
lack of adhesion, and high sea salt concentrations. These in the form of CaCO3 and SiO2, as illustrated in Figure 2. In
parameters affect the resulting workability, mechanical ca- addition, CA is utilized in place of cement and fine sand in
pabilities, volume stability, and durability of concrete the concrete.
[34, 35]. Numerous researcher findings indicate that the CA The study incorporated fine and coarse aggregate from
used to replace a portion of the conventional aggregates has Jantho, Aceh Besar District. The fine sand passed through a
physical qualities similar to river aggregates [21, 36–39]. 4.76-mm sieve, coarse sand passed through a 9.52-mm sieve,
There are several external forces of concrete failure such and gravel passed through a sieve size of 31.5 and remained
as weathering, high-temperature variation, wetting-drying in a sieve size of 4.76 mm. In this study, the test object was
cycles, abrasion, and exposure to extreme environments treated with distilled water and sea water. The typical
[40]. The effect of pozzolanic materials added to concrete tropical sea water chemical composition can be seen in
when exposed to highly humid marine environments or the Table 1. Each treatment involves the use of twenty concrete
tropical climate has yet to be fully investigated [41]. As a cylinder specimens. The distilled water used is safe for
consequence, it is essential to investigate the effect of drinking. Furthermore, sea water was taken from Cermin
strength and workability of CA on the durability charac- Beach, Banda Aceh of Ulee Lheue Sea.
teristics of concrete exposed to an extreme sea water en-
vironment. Thus, it is vital to determine the extent to which
the CaCO3 content of CA affects the ability of CA to react 2.2. Mix Proportion and Specimen Preparation. The ASTM
homogeneously with cement and fine sand in concrete. [43] and ACI 211.1-91 [44] standards were used to design
Recent research on the usage of CA has included the use concrete mixes. The concrete is mixed using a forced mixer
of coral as a partial alternative for cement and gravel. This in the order of cement, sand, coarse aggregates, and water.
study employs a higher percentage of CA as a partial al- The whole time required for mixing was 15 minutes. The
ternative for cement and fine sand, to lower CO2 emissions substitution material is fine sand that passes through a
caused by increased cement production and also reduce number 200 sieve and is used to replace a portion of the fine
cement scarcity. The previous study has shown that im- sand that passes through a 4.75-mm sieve [45]. The concrete
mersion with solely distilled water is effective. Other novel compressive strength machine was applied in this study.
Advances in Civil Engineering 3

(a) (b)

Figure 1: Coral aggregates: (a) natural form; (b) after crushing to fine sand size.

A
A CaCO3
B SiO2

B
A
A
B AA
AA A
B
A A
A

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2 Theta (degree)

Figure 2: The XRD pattern (a) and the SEM picture (b) of a common coral aggregate [20].

Table 1: Typical tropical sea water chemical composition [41]. CA collected along the coast are transported to the
laboratory and washed to remove any clinging sand. The CA
Chemical constituent Value
are then submerged in distilled water for 24 hours. After 24
Sodium, Na+: ppm 2000–2400 hours of saturation with water, CA is dried in the sun and
Potassium, K+: ppm 375
then crushed. It produces 5 kg of coarse grain-sized rock
Calcium, Ca2+: ppm 285
Magnesium, Mg2+: ppm 1055
powder from the Los Angeles machine. The rock powder was
Chloride, Cl−: ppm 16 618–18 020 sieved using a 4.75-mm sieve and utilized in place of fine
Sulfate, SO42−: ppm 1098 sand. According to the sieve results, it can obtain coarse
Specific gravity: G/ml 1.025 grains for sand up to 3 kg. The remaining rock powder on a
pH 7.9–8.2 4.75-mm sieve was then crushed with an iron stick until it
Temperature range: °C 26.5–32.0 formed fine grains that went through the No. 200 sieve. By
using sieve number 200, it got a total of up to 2 kg of fine
coral grains. The fine grains are next roasted until they take
on an almost blackish color. The color shift occurs at a
Coral from the white sand coast of Lamreh, Aceh Besar temperature of 200°C for ten to fifteen minutes. CA possess
District in Aceh Province, was used as a substitute material the chemical properties of CaCO3 in high quantities and,
in this investigation. The CA were substituted for cement when burned, changes this substance which behaves as a
and fine sand at rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The ratio of binder in concrete and can behave like cement.
substitute materials to cement and fine sand in concrete is 1 :
1 [46]. The CA was separated into two sections: the first
section was utilized as a substitute for cement, while the 2.3. Testing Details. Compressive strength and split tensile
second section was used in place of fine sand. The ratio of CA strength of concrete tests were used for predicting concrete
substituted in cement and fine sand was equal. cracks and maximum tensile strength. A compressive
4 Advances in Civil Engineering

strength test was conducted with a 15 cm × 30 cm cylindrical Table 2: Design of a concrete mix for 1 m3.
test object. The cylinder compression experiment was per- Material Required amount Unit
formed by gradually applying a force vertically or parallel to
Water 193.00
the cylinder height until the sample reaches its maximum Cement 288.06
compressive strength. The split tensile strength of concrete Gravel 1201.31 kg/m3
with a cylindrical test object is the value of the test object’s Coarse sand 184.72
indirect splitting tensile strength as determined by loading Fine sand 512.91
the test object horizontally parallel to the compression Total 2380.00 kg/m3
testing machine’s surface [47]. The tensile strength of
concrete is quite modest, representing around 9% to 15% of
the compressive strength. This strength is more difficult to consisted of 80 cylindrical specimens measuring
measure and the findings vary depending on the experi- 15 cm × 30 cm. 40 of which were immersed in distilled water
mental material used. and 40 of which were immersed in sea water (Table 3).
The designing of the concrete mix begins with deter- Cement usage was replaced by 5%, 10%, and 15% of CA,
mining the compressive strength of concrete, which is respectively. The fine sand was also replaced by 5%, 10%, and
17 MPa with a slump design of (75–150) mm. The amount of 15% fine CA. The purpose of reducing the cement con-
water used for each 1 m3 of concrete is based on the ACI centration is to determine if the chemical composition of
standard, which indicates that the maximum diameter of CaCO3 in the CA has an effect, primarily as a binder for
aggregate is 31.5 mm. The amount of cement used was concrete. Furthermore, assess whether an extra additive is
derived using the water F02D cement ratio value from the still required to ensure that the bonding power created
ACI standard. The normal weight of concrete is determined during the hydration process is more consistent. The in-
using the ACI, with cement, fine sand, coarse sand, and fluences of a marine ecosystem on cement and CA-blended
water being the projected normal arrangement of concrete. concrete were investigated in a field study and compared
The results of the concrete mix design calculation are shown with the neutral ecosystem. The treatment of test specimens
in Table 2. Figure 3 illustrates the gradation curve of the with distilled water begins with the specimens being im-
mixed materials. mersed in a shielded immersion tube in the laboratory for 28
The preparation for the concrete mix starts with the days as in Figure 4(b). The distilled water used is completely
preparation of cement, fine sand, sifted coarse sand and safe to drink. Furthermore, sea water immersion begins with
gravel, water, and rock that has been processed to perform as the direct immersion of a concrete cylinder test object for 28
a substitute for cement and fine sand. Then, before the start days in sea water at the Cermin beach, Aceh, as in
of the mold, each material is weighed following the mixture Figure 4(c).
ratio determined by the concrete mix design. The test The concrete specimen was tested for compressive and
specimen mold is covered with oil to assist in its removal split tensile strength after 28 days of immersion. The lab-
once the concrete has hardened. The mixer utilized has a oratory-scale test was used to measure and record the di-
capacity of 50 liters/mix and is propelled by an electric mensions and weight of the test object. The test object is then
dynamo. Before casting, the concrete mix machine and positioned vertically on a compressive strength tester ma-
mortar storage container are saturated with water. This chine to determine the compressive and split tensile strength
prevents the concrete mortar from sticking to the container, of concrete, and the machine speed was gradually increased
making it easy to remove. After the preparations are until the test object reaches the maximum strength, at which
complete, the concrete mortar was mixed by sequentially point the test object becomes cracked or broken.
incorporating the concrete-forming ingredients, including
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, fine and coarse grains of 3. Results and Discussion
rock, cement, and water. The stirring duration is around 15
minutes with the concrete mix machine axis tilted ap- 3.1. Slump Test. The slump test is the most often used
proximately 45°. After thoroughly mixing the materials, the method for determining the workability of concrete. It can
mortar is placed into a steel mortar storage container. After be performed in the laboratory or on-site. It is not appro-
the mixing process is complete, the mortar mixture is slump priate for either wet or extremely dry concrete. Indonesia
tested to determine the workability and viscosity parameters. standard of SNI 1972 : 2008 was used for slump test pro-
Concrete cylindrical specimens are made by filling the cedures. Sea water was employed in this study for immersion
cylindrical mold with mortar in three layers. Each layer was of the samples only. While the water used to fabricate
compacted by dropping a steel rod with a diameter of 16 mm concrete test items for each scenario was distilled. Slump is a
and a length of 60 cm from a height of 30 cm, with 25 term that refers to the ability of fresh concrete to work or is
compactions per layer. After filling the mold to the maxi- one of the properties. Slump is determined after the concrete
mum, tap the side of the mold with a rubber mallet to densify mixture has been thoroughly mixed. The amount of the
the mortar. As in Figure 4(a), after 24 hours, the test object is slump is the fall in the value of the concrete mixture poured
removed from the mold and each is assigned a number/code into the test cone. The results indicated that the slump
accordingly. varied, as it was evaluated on each of the test objects. The test
For compressive and split tensile strength tests, fresh findings indicate that the slump obtained in the laboratory
concrete is poured into cylindrical molds. The samples remains within the ideal range of 75 to 100 mm.
Advances in Civil Engineering 5

100
90
80

Cumulative Passing (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)
Upper Limit
Bottom Limit
Material Used
Figure 3: The gradation of concrete-CA material used.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4: Sample preparation: (a) sample after 24 hours casting, (b) sample in distilled water immersion, and (c) sample in sea water
immersion.

Table 3: The design of specimens for the experiment.

CA-OPC CA-FS Submerged Submerged
Test Mixes OPC (%)
(%) (%) distilled sea water
Control 100 — — 5 5
CA5FS5 90 5 5 5 5
Compressive strength
CA10FS10 80 10 10 5 5
CA15FS15 70 15 15 5 5
Control 100 — — 5 5
CA5FS5 90 5 5 5 5
Splitting tensile strength
CA10FS10 80 10 10 5 5
CA15FS15 70 15 15 5 5
Total specimens 40 40
Note. CA � coarse aggregates, FS � fine sand, OPC � ordinary Portland cement.
6 Advances in Civil Engineering

The workability of CA-concrete was tested utilizing a 85

variety of replacement levels. Figure 5 illustrates the 83
workability values in terms of the slump test. As illustrated in 81

Slump (mm)
Figure 5, the slump test result varies between 75 and 85 mm. 79
This is consistent with the proposed slump of (75–100) mm. 77
The results indicate that, except for 5% sea water submerged, 75
the workability of concrete built with CA as fine aggregate 73
and cement declined as the proportion of substitution and 71
water F02D cement ratio increased even though the slump 69
test results obtained are still within the acceptable range. Control CA5FS5 CA10FS10 CA15FS15
Similarly, Althoey et al. [48] reported that the slump Mixes
values appear to decrease linearly as the fine aggregate Sea Water
content of the concrete is increased. Furthermore, the re- Distilled Water
duced slump could be a result of the roughness and het- Figure 5: Slump test of CA-concrete.
erogeneity of the CA particles, which contribute to the
mixtures’ fluidity. Additionally, the slump test results cor-
respond to the finding of Mangi et al. [49], which workability 19 18.47

Compressive Strength (MPa)

declines as the proportion of substitute material in the 18
17.01
concrete mix increases. This could be because of the fineness 17
of the particles, which increases surface area; as a result, the 16
concrete mix absorbed more water. 14.89
15 14.24
13.89
14
13 12.53
3.2. Compressive Strength. The compressive strength test 13.38
12 12.1
was conducted on cylindrical specimens of 150 mm in di- 11
ameter and 300 mm in length. This test was used to de- 0 5 10 15
termine the compressive strength of CA concrete samples. Coral Aggregates Percentage (%)
SNI 1974 : 2011 was used for compressive strength test
Sea water
procedures. A 28-day-old concrete cylinder specimen was Distilled water
subjected to the test. Concrete’s compressive strength was
measured under two different conditions, namely sea water Figure 6: Compressive strength of CA-concrete.
immersion and distilled water immersion.
Figure 6 displays the compressive strength test results of area of the concrete is insufficiently strong to sustain the
concrete after 28 days of curing. The compressive strength strain. Apart from the increased CA content, this resulted in
curve of concrete when immersed in distilled water and sea a higher water need, resulting in water being unavailable for
water exhibits the same pattern, specifically, the greater CA cement hydration [49].
added to the concrete, the lower the compressive strength. It
demonstrates that the salt content of sea water has a negative
effect on the overall strength of concrete. Additionally, by 3.3. Splitting Tensile Strength. The strength of tensile for
immersing the concrete in sea water, it was demonstrated CA-concrete samples was determined in this test. Cylin-
that the maximum strength of concrete with 0% variation in drical specimens with a diameter of 150 mm and a length of
CA provided a compressive strength of 14.89 MPa. Addi- 300 mm were used for the split tensile test. SNI 03-2491-2002
tionally, the result of concrete testing using the distilled was used for splitting tensile strength test procedures. The
water immersion method indicated that the maximum splitting tensile strength test was performed on a 28-day-old
compressive strength of concrete is 18.47 MPa at 0% CA. The concrete cylinder specimen. The splitting tensile strength of
results indicated that the addition of CA resulted in a de- concrete was determined for two scenarios namely sea water
crease in compressive strength when compared to 0% CA. immersion concrete and distilled water immersion scenar-
This demonstrates that when the CA content of the concrete ios. Based on the findings, it is confirmed that distilled water
increased, the compressive strength of the concrete de- immersion has a higher splitting tensile strength than sea
creased. The possible reason for the loss in compressive water immersion.
strength of CA concrete is that a significant percentage of The results indicate that substituting CA for a portion of
cement was replaced with CA, lowering the cement content the cement and fine sand can boost the split tensile strength
of the concrete and thereby limiting cement hydration of the concrete. From Figure 7, the split tensile strength of
processes [50]. Additionally, this is because the chemical concrete for CA substitution using a sea water immersion
content of the CaCO3 of CA does not contribute much to the method of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% is 2.10 MPa, 2.50 MPa,
production of cement and fine sand. There may be too 2.41 MPa, and 2.25 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the split
saturated lime in the cement F02D CA mixture, reducing the tensile strength of concrete at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% CA
homogeneity of the bonding power. Thus, when the force is using the distilled water immersion was 2.23 MPa, 2.52 MPa,
applied vertically, parallel to the test object, the upper surface 2.14 MPa, and 1.73 MPa, respectively.
Advances in Civil Engineering 7
Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa)

Volume Weight of Concrete (kg/m3)

2.7 2500
2.52
2.5 2.41 2467.22
2.23 2.5 2.25 2442.71
2.3 2450 2438.98
2.14 2426.05
2453.76
2.1
2.1 2426.79
1.9 2400 2389.21 2383.21
1.73
1.7
1.5 2350
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Coral Aggregates Percentage (%) Coral Aggregates Percentage (%)
Sea water Sea water
Distilled water Distilled water
Figure 7: Splitting tensile strength of CA-concrete. Figure 8: Volume weight of coral aggregates concrete.

The maximum split tensile strength of concrete is ob-

tained when 5% CA was substituted and the least split tensile and 2426.05 kg/m3. Furthermore, the volume of concrete
strength of concrete occurs when regular concrete. The measured using the distilled water immersion with substi-
immersion method with sea water and distilled water at a tutions of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% results in 2467.22 kg/m3,
difference of 5% generates the same value of concrete’s split 2426.79 kg/m3, 2389.21 kg/m3, and 2383.21 kg/m3,
tensile strength, which is around 2.50 MPa. This is because respectively.
CA released moisture continually during cement hydration, The results of the weight testing of the concrete volume
which enhanced cement hydration and the reaction of utilizing the sea water and distilled water immersion indicate
pozzolanic for CA [20]. that normal concrete has the maximum volume weight.
Additionally, the split tensile strength of concrete in- Moreover, specimens with 5%, 10%, and 15% substitution
creased by 5% due to the perpendicular loading of the test experienced a considerable drop in the weight of the con-
specimen for cylinders. As a result, the surface area that may crete volume. The more CA substituted for cement and
be retained is increased by 30 cm. When loading occurs, the fine sand, the lighter the concrete [51]. This is because
CA that has been substituted for cement and fine sand is the amount of water (workability) in the concrete mixture
capable of maintaining a 15-cm broad bond on the hori- is reduced by up to 2%–5% when rock substitution was
zontal side. The tensile strength declined further when the used. The workability specification attempts to achieve a
CA substitute was increased to 10% and 15%. This is because design slump of 75–100 mm in conformity with ACI stan-
the chemical composition of the concrete has saturated to dards [52].
the point where it can no longer maintain its binding ca- According to Figure 8, the weight of the concrete volume
pacity on the horizontal side of the test object. fluctuated between 2383.21 kg/m3 and 2467.22 kg/m3. This
The specimens immersed in sea water, on the other hand, indicates that the weight of the concrete volume obtained is
showed a higher average split tensile strength than those still within the range of 2200 kg/m3 to 2500 kg/m3. The
immersed in distilled water. This may be because the rock volume weight of regular concrete treated with distilled
contains CaCO3 (lime substance), which triggers a chemical water immersion is somewhat greater than that of sea water-
reaction in the test object during immersion in sea water, treated concrete. This is owing to the excellent absorption of
which is the rock’s natural habitat/environment. The con- the test object of distilled water. Meanwhile, sea water is not
crete mix contains 5% CA develops strength at a rate of completely absorbed by other test objects, resulting in the
approximately 8% higher than the control mix. This could be formation of pores. Meanwhile, the weight of the concrete
an indication of the production of C-S-H gel in the concrete volume when CA was substituted for 5% to 15% of the
mix as a result of the presence of CA [49]. As a result, a saltwater immersion test object is more than the weight of
higher split tensile strength value was achieved than when the distilled water immersion test object. This is because sea
the specimen is soaked in distilled water. water has higher specific gravity than distilled water and also
contains CA that reacts well when dissolved in sea water,
hence reducing pores during hydration.
3.4. Volume Weight of Concrete. After the concrete cylinder
specimen had been treated for 28 days, the volume weight of 4. Conclusion
the concrete was determined utilizing the dimensions and
weight of the concrete cylinder. As illustrated in Figure 8, the Several conclusions can be drawn from this study, including
weight of the concrete volume was determined for the sea the following: reducing the amount of rock in cement and
water immersion scenario. The weight values of concrete fine sand by 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% has a significant effect on
volume for rock substitution for the sea water immersion the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete
scenario are 2453.76 kg/m3, 2442.71 kg/m3, 2438.98 kg/m3, and the weight of the concrete volume, both when using the
8 Advances in Civil Engineering

sea water distilled water immersion scenario. The com- Acknowledgments

pressive strength of concrete results shows that 0% of CA as
the optimum percentage. Moreover, the splitting tensile This study was supported by the Universitas Syiah Kuala,
strength results indicated that the strength increased at 5% Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and Universiti Malaysia Pahang
CA and subsequently fell significantly at 10% and 15% CA under the research grant (RDU/UMP) vote number
substitution. In terms of volumetric weight, the more CA RDU190339. Furthermore, the authors wish to extend their
substituted for cement and fine sand, the lower the volu- gratitude to Mr. Bagus and Mr. Siddiqul for assisting in the
metric weight of the concrete. Moreover, CA incorporation experimental and data collections.
into concrete has several additional environmental and
technological benefits for all associated businesses. Addi- References
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