2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)

IoT-Enabled Water Pollution Detection for Real-

Time Monitoring and Pollution Source
Identification with MQTT Protocol
2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS) | 979-8-3503-6482-8/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ADICS58448.2024.10533607

Ramakrishnan Raman Natasha Martin

Symbiosis Institute of Business Management Pune & Symbiosis Law School (SLS) Pune &
Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis International (Deemed University),
Pune, Maharashtra, India, Pune, Maharashtra, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Global water pollution threatens the health and uses numerous sensors and a GPS module to detect
the environment. Many traditional water quality monitoring contaminants [3]. Sensors are monitors that monitor water
techniques require timely and accurate data. Sensors, cloud contamination. The system uses Wi-Fi for remote sensing
computing, and the MQTT protocol are used in the paper's and monitoring. The ThingSpeak server monitors recorded
innovative approach to address the gap. The paper presents an
Internet of Things (IoT) system strategically deploying sensors
data. The location of river contamination is also noted.
at water monitoring sites. Chemical composition, pH, dissolved Due to modern advancements in technology, a growing
oxygen, and pollutants may be measured using these sensors. A demand, and the resulting pollution, the water quality in
cloud-based platform receives these sensors' real-time data
many bodies, especially rivers, has decreased to the point
through MQTT. Storage, processing, and analysis are
centralized on the cloud. The cloud computing solution can where it is unsafe to use for human or animal consumption
effectively process huge amounts of data and give real-time [4]. Some of the established technologies might process
water quality trends and aberrations. It has a major existing data, such as water conditions, chemical
contribution to identifying pollution sources. By analyzing observations, or physical measurements. Water is the most
sensor data in the cloud, the technology can detect pollution important of all natural resources because it sustains life.
sources. This allows rapid reaction and tailored treatments to Risks to human health from drinking water tainted with
reduce pollution and stop its spread. By providing real-time infectious organisms and hazardous pollutants make
monitoring, data analysis, and pollution source identification, freshwater management a top priority [5]. Physical,
the technology helps environmental agencies, regulatory
chemical, and biological indicators are all considered when
organizations, and water management authorities make quick
decisions. Water, ecological systems, and public health may be analyzing water quality. This analysis uses these variables to
protected by this integrated IoT solution. foretell how far and how quickly water contamination will
spread.
Keywords— Water Quality Monitoring, Water Resource
Management, Pollution Mitigation, Remote Data Collection,
The IoT solution proposes a device to measure industrial
Pollution Control water contamination near waterways. The technology can
also forecast when pollution levels will exceed. India's
standard [6]. This data would aid proactive remediation. The
I. INTRODUCTION device's sensors detect water parameters in real-time and
Water is a limited resource that is increasingly being transfer data to a database through WiFi or LoRa. These
contaminated, despite the best efforts of scientists who are LoRaWAN-linked devices at industrial wastewater outputs
constantly testing and improving water quality to find a will be wirelessly connected to a central hub. Energy
solution [1]. Modern populations have a growing reliance on efficiency is achieved by optimizing the algorithm. The
government water testing and reporting organizations. In database stored real-time data for two reasons: presenting it
general, these organizations have a small sphere of influence. in the mobile app.
The ineffective monitoring of water quality in many outlying
places directly results from the region's neglect. The remote monitoring system for river water quality so
authorities may better understand its state and forecast
The water pollution report system provides its users, who significant future events discussed in [7]. The procedure
might include scientists in the lab, public health officials, and makes favorable efforts to safeguard rivers and the
other professionals in the health care industry, with a fast and environment. The framework can measure sensor value in
reliable method for analyzing water quality. An IOT-based real-time. It can also anticipate floods using our equipment.
solution to reduce water pollution by notifying the Early warnings for floods enable rapid evacuation and reduce
appropriate authorities as soon as chemicals are released by fatalities. IoT provides system real-time inputs. Use the
industries or water becomes polluted [2]. This aids in cloud for wireless data transfer. And, LoRaWAN is included
reducing water pollution and effective water management by to provide backup communication when the cloud is down.
classifying the water according to its use in households, For sensor data processing and visualization, a cloud
industry, etc. database stores it.
The river's water pollution monitoring uses antiquated The suggested system reports real-time water
continuous and manual methods. This makes it hard to locate contamination data utilizing several parameters. The alarm is
the contaminant and gather data remotely and in real-time. sent if pollution is serious. System customization is simple.
The ARM platform's automatic water quality tracking system The system's main characteristics are less power usage,

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 2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)

remote sensing time adjustment, and simple sensor Water pollution monitoring with IoT is a crucial
configuration [8]. Energy harvesting will make the sensor deployment that must be made as technology advances to
node viable in the future. The technology will capture solar address the water pollution problem [14]. The system
and wind energy to charge the battery. The wind turbine and performs the monitoring function by processing, storing, and
solar panels are separate. Self-monitoring sends a distress transmitting data about the parameter. A PC, Wi-Fi, and a
signal to the cloud if any gadget element is broken or sensors sensor-limited Arduino board make up this setup. With the
and other components fail. The signal includes device help of the IoT and the lightning-fast embedded C
location and trouble data. programming language, the suggested system could monitor
sensors and their associated interface devices. Using the Wi-
II. LITERATURE SURVEY Fi system, data collected by the sensors and uploaded to the
cloud may be examined on the IoT platform.
Water may be conserved, and an automated motor-
control system lowered utility costs. Our suggested design Citizens now monitor water contamination, making it
showcases an IoT and GSM-based device that allows users crucial. Traditional water quality surveillance and era-based
to manage and keep tabs on their water storage tank from water testing ran into IoT issues [15]. So, water quality may
their mobile phone [9]. Clean water is essential for human be checked automatically without human intervention. IoT-
health since many illnesses are spread by contaminated based water quality surveillance systems may be expanded to
water. Water pollution may be detected if residents in include storage tanks, ponds, rivers, and water pipelines.
residential areas monitor the water quality coming in via the Controlling water flow depending on water quality may
mains. The system offers a system that can carry out these extend the same paintings by looking at more than pH and
automated procedures. An alerting mobile app is included in TDS. When sent for analysis, prediction, and actuation for
the planned water quality monitoring system. water sensors and other microcontrollers, the statistics must
be safe and accurate. Different real-time monitoring systems
Water is a natural resource needed for fundamental are developed for animal health monitoring and wind system
human existence, but pollution in rivers, seas, lakes, etc., is monitoring. Different real-time monitoring systems are
worse. This analysis determined the actual source of developed for animal health monitoring [16] and wind
contamination owing to the river's length and numerous system monitoring [17].
industrial and other possible sources [10]. A water pollution
monitoring system was developed and deployed at river Urbanization requires sufficient monitoring and alerting
measurement sites that might contribute to pollution, mainly of water body maintenance authorities to control residential
from industrial chemical and wastewater emissions. Sensor water pollution [18]. As population grows and pollution
data is examined using an algorithm to discover and assess rises, providing pure water becomes difficult. The relevant
anomalous and changing behavior data. water quality maintenance authorities use conventional
methods. This procedure involves sampling suspicious water
To monitor pollution sources in urban sewage systems, from tanks and dams. Send these samples to relevant labs for
construct a pollution resource traceability system using IoT contamination testing. Thermal pollution lowers water
technology discussed in [11]. The urban cities, the system is quality by changing water temperature [19]. In recent years,
put into action and released into the wild. The practical industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution has plagued
application effect demonstrates that the proposed method can Karun, one of Iran's most important water supplies. The
rapidly improve the dynamic detection and early alerting whole ecology is affected by rising water temperatures,
capacity for water pollution in the water's pipe network and which reduce dissolved oxygen.
enables real-time monitoring of the electrical grid of the pipe
network. Municipal and industrial runoff onto surface water may
raise water temperature. Dams can change river temperature
Water quality is important since water is required to trends and cause thermal pollution. In rural regions around
sustain activities and consumption. Physical, chemical in the world, the quality and accessibility of water reservoirs
nature and biological factors may be monitored to help are becoming more important issues as a result of increasing
establish whether or not the water quality is satisfactory [12]. urbanization and population [20]. Rural water sources are
It uses the IoT to set up a water monitoring system in several negatively impacted by a wide range of pollutants and the
areas. Two sensor nodes and an access point act as Wi-Fi breakdown of harmful, poisonous substances. IoT
gateways in this system to gather information about water technology may be used to efficiently monitor water
quality. Sensors from DFRobot, including pH meters, Total environments by quickly and accurately collecting data on
Dissolved Solids meters, and turbidity meters, are utilized. water quality and making good use of that data [21].
One of the fundamental needs for human survival is It begins by reviewing the data model for water pollution
access to clean water. Sensor networks are crucial to source identification, and then moves on to improve the
determine the degree to which river water is tainted. model using wireless sensor technology. It simulation test
Monitoring river water constantly to look for abrupt shifts in analysis and optimization design scheme based on the IoT
its contamination level is difficult to solve [13]. It suggests a for water pollution source detection. Environmental
system to monitor the river's pollution level for unexpected limitations, innovative pollution detection methods, and the
changes. Long-range technology is used to upload the sense methods used to remove various water contaminants are all
data to the cloud. LoRa utilizes various Spreading Factors to covered in depth [22]. To remove harmful substances from
reduce the energy needed for communication and increase water sources, it is necessary to analyze and assess various
the system's durability. The system is useful and investigates approaches. Improvements and advancements in pollution
how variations in the water's pollution level affect the avoidance measures for aquatic settings can only be achieved
system's energy use. via continuous study in this area.

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 2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM choices better. The cloud service provides a repository for
The primary goal of this system is to use IoT data preservation. This information may be essential for
technologies, including sensors and the MQTT protocol, to detecting long-term tendencies and evaluating the efficacy of
identify and track water contamination in real-time and to treatments. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the
identify the source of that pollution. The technology collects integrated water pollution monitoring system.
water quality data from strategically positioned sensors and
uploads the information to the cloud for easy access and Water Bodies Raspberry Pi Cloud Server
investigation. The system aims to help protect water supplies
by facilitating quick reaction measures due to improved
identification of pollution incidents and their causes.
Wi-Fi Data Storage and
Connectivity Analytics
A. Working model
This system's operating concept incorporates several
components into unified water pollution detection and Real-Time Data Processing
monitoring framework. This approach leverages the potential and Transmission
of the IoT by combining a Raspberry Pi with various sensors,
a Wi-Fi connection, cloud computing infrastructure, and the
MQTT protocol. The Raspberry Pi acts as the network's Water Quality
brain center, controlling and coordinating everything from Sensors
data acquisition to processing to transmission. The Raspberry
Pi has sensors that can monitor things such as pH, dissolved
Fig. 1. Block diagram of IoT Water Pollution Monitoring
oxygen, and the presence of pollutants in the water.
To obtain the most accurate and comprehensive data B. Key Water Quality Sensors for Comprehensive Pollution
feasible, these sensors are placed in water bodies and other Detection and Monitoring
significant locations. The Raspberry Pi communicates with
these sensors and collects data from them at regular intervals. These sensors are crucial due to their direct application in
The Raspberry Pi can connect to the internet through Wi-Fi, evaluating water quality. They are essential for measuring
allowing for hassle-free data transfer. The connection is the state of aquatic ecosystems and discovering instances of
essential to the system's real-time nature since it enables possible contamination. The suggested system's ability to
quick data transmission from various monitoring stations to a continually monitor these parameters allows for quick
centralized cloud-based platform. The data is transmitted detection of deviations from normal conditions, helps
through the MQTT protocol, optimized for low-bandwidth identify pollution sources, and enables timely actions to
communication. protect water resources and ecosystems.

MQTT packets transmit the gathered water quality data 1) pH Sensor:This sensor determines the water's acidity
to a cloud computing infrastructure. This cloud service or alkalinity on a logarithmic scale that ranges from 0 to 14
serves as a data storage facility, archiving all incoming based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the sample.
information and making it available for further analysis in a It's a glass electrode that produces a voltage that rises or
safe, scalable environment. The data is processed and falls depending on the pH level. Acidity is shown by low pH
analyzed in real-time on the cloud. The entering data is readings, and alkalinity is indicated by high ones. The range
compared to thresholds and established water quality of 6.5 to 8.5 is considered the ideal pH level for aquatic life
requirements. Notifications and warnings are generated if a and chemical reactions. Changes outside of this range may
metric deviates from its typical range. Environmental and indicate pollution or cause ecological disruption.
water management authorities, among others, might be 2) Dissolved Oxygen Sensor: The oxygen in the water
alerted about possible pollution events through these alerts. is measured by this sensor since it is necessary for the
metabolism and respiration of aquatic life. It typically uses a
The system's capacity to pinpoint prospective pollution membrane that lets oxygen molecules through while still
areas is one of its greatest advantages. Data gathered over sensing electrical changes. Dissolved oxygen levels are
time may be examined for patterns, trends, and geographical reported by the sensor in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or as a
correlations using the cloud-based platform. This approach is saturation percentage. Hypoxia, caused by low oxygen
useful for picking out outliers and spotting patterns that may levels, harms aquatic life and may indicate pollution or poor
indicate pollution. The user where the pollution is coming water circulation.
from may take steps to reduce it and stop it from spreading. 3) Temperature Sensor: In aquatic environments, the
The cloud-based technology performs anomaly detection by temperature of the water affects the chemical and biological
scrutinizing incoming data for unusual shifts. Continuous activities that take place. Extremely accurate temperature
changes in water quality may be detected by the system since readings may be obtained using sensors like thermistors and
it performs trend and pattern analysis over time. resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). Temperature
The technology may help identify sources of pollution changes affect the dissolved oxygen dissolution, microbial
by evaluating patterns in the data. These discoveries help activity, and behavior of aquatic organisms. Possible causes
environmental organizations zero in on hotspots that may be of anomalies include thermal pollution, chemical
causing water contamination. Water quality trends and contamination, and natural disturbances.
pollution occurrences may be graphically tracked using data 4) Turbidity Sensor: Water turbidity is measured using
visualization tools provided by the cloud platform. Reports devices that detect the presence of suspended particles in the
may be compiled through user selection to inform the water. Light is shone into the water, and the reflected rays

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 2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)

are measured. The Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) is a detection and monitoring system. The system has succeeded
common measurement of turbidity. Sediment flow, erosion, in real-time monitoring, incident detection, and pollution
and pollution contribute to increased turbidity, which source identification via IoT devices, cloud computing, and
hinders visibility, destroys aquatic ecosystems, and makes the MQTT protocol. One of the most significant results is
water purification more difficult. that the system can report on key indicators of water quality
5) Conductivity Sensor: The capacity of water to in a timely and reliable manner. The pH, dissolved oxygen,
conduct electricity due to the presence of ions is measured and water turbidity are only some of the metrics tracked by
using conductivity sensors. Two electrodes are used to the deployed sensors.
determine the electrical resistance. Total dissolved solids
(TDS) may be approximately calculated from water This information is sent over MQTT to a cloud-based
conductivity. Pollution from salts, pollution from factories, platform for real-time analysis and display. This real-time
or agricultural runoff may all cause a change in data on water quality conditions worldwide allows
conductivity. environmental organizations and water management
authorities to make informed decisions. The system's
C. MQTT in Real-Time Water Pollution Monitoring efficiency in detecting pollution incidents quickly resulted in
The MQTT protocol is integral to the proposed water benefits. When water quality falls below a certain level, an
pollution detection and monitoring system. This compact and immediate alarm is sent out so that potential contamination
effective protocol allows accurate data transfer between the incidents may be found and dealt with immediately.
fielded sensors, Raspberry Pi, and the remote server. To reduce pollution and stop it from harming aquatic
MQTT’s publishing-subscribe architecture guarantees real- ecosystems and people, authorities may immediately use this
time updates by having sensors broadcast data to quick reaction mechanism. In addition, the technology has
predetermined topics. Then, subscribers like the Raspberry Pi been able to analyze variations and trends over time, which
and the cloud server get the data instantly without constant has helped locate the origins of pollutants. Water quality
polling. The system of its scalability, security, and hotspots are identified by matching data from several sensors
dependability, MQTT is a great option for transferring and analyzing regional patterns. The data allows
critical water quality data quickly and correctly since it policymakers and practitioners to intervene and regulate in
allows for efficient and secure communication. Figure 2 specific ways to reduce pollution.
shows the flow of information between sensors and the
MQTT Broker, which subsequently delivers the data to the The visual visualization of information and reporting
relevant subscribers. capabilities made available by the cloud platform has
improved user coordination. It is simple for decision-makers
to analyze water quality trends, allowing them to make
Sensors MQTT Broker Subscribers informed decisions about maintaining and enhancing water
supplies. Historical information stored in the cloud also
facilitates long-term pattern analysis and monitoring of the
efficiency of pollution reduction techniques.
Data Data The water pollution monitoring system results are shown
publication delivery
in Table 1, along with any relevant notifications. Date
temperature, conductivity, turbidity, pH, and dissolved
Fig. 2. MQTT Communication Workflow oxygen (DO) levels are also recorded. When certain
parameters, such as turbidity and pH, are exceeded, an alert
is triggered to alert of water contamination. Quick response
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS is made feasible, improving the quality of water and the state
Improved environmental monitoring and water resource of ecosystems.
protection have resulted from the deployed water pollution

TABLE I. MONITORING SENSOR DATA AND POLLUTION ALERTS

Dissolved
Date pH Turbidity (NTU) Temperature (°C) Conductivity (µS/cm) Alert
Oxygen (mg/L)
2024-02-01 7.2 8.5 5.6 25.5 300 -
2024-02-02 7.1 8.3 6.2 25.8 310 -
2024-02-03 7.3 8.6 5.9 25.7 305 -
2024-02-04 7.0 8.2 6.5 25.6 315 Turbidity High (6.5 NTU)
2024-02-05 6.8 7.9 8.2 26.0 320 Turbidity High (8.2 NTU), pH Low (6.8)
2024-02-06 6.9 7.8 9.0 26.2 325 Turbidity High (9.0 NTU), pH Low (6.9)
2024-02-07 6.7 7.7 10.1 26.5 330 Turbidity High (10.1 NTU), pH Low (6.7)
2024-02-08 6.5 7.5 11.5 26.8 335 Turbidity High (11.5 NTU), pH Low (6.5)

The rate of pollution incident detection throughout a monitoring, while drops could indicate potential optimization
month is shown in Figure 3 graph. The proportion of opportunities or heightened alertness.
pollution occurrences observed on a particular day is shown
by each data point. It can see how well the system is doing at Over the course of a month, the accuracy of identifying
quickly detecting pollution occurrences by looking at the pollution sources is shown in Figure 4. Every data point
trendline, which shows changes in detection efficiency. represents the proportion of pollution sources that were
accurately recognized on a given day. The accuracy trends
Maintaining consistently high numbers indicates efficient
show how well the algorithm can identify the sources of

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 2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)

pollution. High accuracy that doesn't fluctuate over time sustainable management of water supplies throughout time.
suggests problems or opportunities for development in the Seasonal tendencies may be easily identified using historical
identification process, while consistent high accuracy shows data, enabling predictive modeling and educated decision-
reliable source identification. making.
Using the cloud-based platform's data visualization
capabilities, users can better understand environmental issues
Detection Rate (% ) and participate in conservation activities. Soil contamination
95 may be avoided, and sustainable agricultural methods are
supported by this device to keep tabs on irrigation water
94 quality. Furthermore, it helps scientific investigations of
93 water quality, pollution, and the health of ecosystems by
giving reliable and consistent data.
92
Real-time data insights, incident prevention, source
91
identification, sector-agnostic applicability, and informed
90 decision-making are some of the benefits of the water
pollution detection and tracking system. Due to its flexibility
89
2/1/2024 2/2/2024 2/3/2024 2/4/2024 2/5/2024
may be used in various conditions, from environmental
management to public health protection to regulatory
compliance to scientific research, making it an essential
Fig. 3. Detection rate of pollution events over date instrument for preserving water supplies and promoting
sustainable growth.
Identif ication Accuracy (% )
89 V. CONCLUSIONS
88
87
Environmental monitoring has significantly advanced
86 due to the MQTT-based water pollution detection and
85 monitoring system. The solution gives real-time data on
84 water quality, pollution occurrences, and sources by
83 seamlessly integrating IoT devices, cloud infrastructure, and
82
MQTT. The system collects, transmits, and analyzes sensor
81
80
data from multiple places to help environmental agencies,
2/1/2024 2/2/2024 2/3/2024 2/4/2024 2/5/2024
organizations, and communities protect water resources and
aquatic ecosystems. Real-time alerts reduce ecological
Date damage and public health hazards by detecting pollution
situations quickly. By analyzing data patterns, the system
Fig. 4. Pollution source identification accuracy across time may identify pollution sources and enable targeted responses
for effective pollution management. Data visualization
There are several positive outcomes that result from capabilities on the cloud-based platform improve user
using the water pollution detection and tracking system, communication and long-term trend analysis. This
including the preservation of natural resources and the technology benefits municipal water management, industry
improvement of public health. This system's capacity to compliance, and scientific research beyond pollution
gather data in real-time, allowing for an immediate detection. Environmental protection and resource
evaluation of water quality, is a major benefit. Alerts will management are transformed by the system's capacity to
enable the system to identify pollution problems quickly, connect data collecting to actionable insights. Despite rising
ensuring prompt reactions to possible contamination events, water scarcity and pollution, the system is a developing
limiting ecological damage, and protecting public health. solution that improves our understanding of water
ecosystems and empowers us to protect these vital resources
Moreover, the system's ability to locate the source of for future generations.
pollution is crucial for controlling emissions. Authorities
may focus interventions and regulatory actions by identifying
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