By Rajesh shah

Sr. no Index Page number

1 Article
2 Part of speech
3 Sentence and its type
4 Exclamatory sentence
5 Interrogative sentence
6 Assertive sentence
7 Add a question tag
8 Remove “too” or use : so……………..that
9 Use : Unless
10 Use : No sooner……………than
11 Use : Hardly ………………when
12 Use: used to
13 Use : able to or Unable to
14 Use : going to
15 Use : not only……………..but also
16 Tense
17 Voice
18 Negative and affirmative sentence
19 Use: neither ………….nor
20 Use : Either ………….or
21 Use : infinitive and gerund
22 Use: model auxiliary
23 Degree of comparison
24 Figure of speech
25 Simple ,compound and complex sentence
26 Punctuation
27 Frame wh-type question
28 Narration
29 Phrase and idioms
30 Composition
 1: Article
 A, An , The Articles
 articles
(a) Definite article (b) Indefinite article

 A An definite article
 The Indefinite article

How to use “An”

 word vowels a , e , i, o, u ‘an’
article
 Ex. An Orange, An ink, An apple , An egg, an ice-cream , An elephant
, An umpire, An umbrella, An angle

How to use “A”

 word consonant a , e , i, o, u
‘a’ article
Ex. a bag , a tiger, a book , a fan , a car , a chair , a joker , a white board , a
Fish, a donkey , a grapes , a right , a money , a photo , a bag…

How to use “The”

 The’ is article ” ”
Ex. The sun , The moon , The earth , The king , The universe.

Exception
 word ‘an’
o Ex. an honest , an hour , An M.A
 word ‘a’
Ex. a university,
 proper noun article
Ex. Ram , Rani , Sanjay , Rahul , sajid , Tajmahal , America , India..
 uncountable noun article
Ex. milk , rice, water , butter , petrol , kerosene , honey..
 Worksheet
1. I realized that ___________ smallest change i had was____ ten dollar note
ANS.I realized that the smallest change I had was a ten dollar note

2.I Was rubbing myself with ___________ towel when I heard ___ steps.
Ans. I was rubbing myself with a towel when I heard the steps.

3. ____ heavy policeman bounded up ____steps .

Ans . A heavy policeman bounded up the steps.

4.In ____small silence, we all heard ___creaking in ___________attie.

Ans . In the small silence, we all heard a creaking in the attic.

5. We saw small bits of grass peeping through _______small cracks in ___ concrete
pavement.
Ans. We saw small bits of grass peeping through the small cracks in a concrete
pavement.

6.Finding __________ plants and trees took another year and ______half.
Ans. Finding the plants and trees took another year and a half.

7.________ other idea is _______ eco – park for children .

Ans. The other is an eco – park for children.

8.It is _____ part of _____ series of adventures across various locations in India.
Ans. It is a part of a series of adventures across various locations in India.

9.Although winning is _____ goal, he learned _______ value of finishing what he started.
Ans. Although winnig is a goal, he learned the value of finishing what he started.

10.In ________ sport like badminton, her performances are all _______ more creditable.
Ans.In a sport like badminton, her performances are all the more creditable.

11.________energy sector has not been able to keep pace with ______rate of economic
development.
Ans. The energy sector has not been able to keep pace with the rate of economic
development.

12.pv modules exposed to ______ sun can produce enough power to run _______ basic
appliances in _____home.
Ans. pv modules exposed to the sun can produce enough power to run the basic appliances
in a home.

13.______ grid solar power plants are _____very new phenomenon in India.
Ans. The grid solar power plants are a very new phenomenon in India.

14.Two meals _____ day was _____tough challenge.

Ans. Two meals a day was a tough challenge.

15.He is approaching _____age of 75 now and he still works 25 hours _____ day.
Ans. He is approaching the age of 75 now and he still works 25 hours a day.

16.If ______large number of cases are examined, _________ hollowness of such beliefs
becomes apparent.
Ans. If a large number of cases are examined, the hollowness of such beliefs becomes
apparent.

17.Performing _______ act of kindness produces _____ positive attitude.

Ans. Performing an act of kindness produces a positive attitude.

18._________ high temperature changes ________ taste to _______ more pleasant impression.
Ans. The high temperature changes the taste to a more pleasant impression.

19.I am ____ very visual person and I am _____ only child.

Ans .I am a very visual person and I am the only child.

20.Henna is _____ popular cosmetics used to beauty ________ hands and other parts of
______body.
Ans. Henna is a popular cosmetics used to beauty the hands and other parts of the body.

21.In _____ way, one of ______ greatest gift any teacher can give ______ student is to
inculcate ______ curiosity to learn.
Ans. In a way, one of a greatest gift any teacher can give a student is to inculcate a
curiosity to learn.

22.I had _____ uneasy night with all _____ weird traffic sounds.
Ans. I had an uneasy night with all the weird traffic sounds.

23.I would waste hundreds of paper at _______ drop of _______hat.

Ans. I would waste hundreds of paper at the drop of a hat.

24._______ natural choice for _______ diploma engineer is to go for ________B.tech.

Ans. The natural choice for a diploma engineer is to go for a B. tech.

25.Part of ______ answer lies in setting up _____ right systems.

 2: PARTS OF SPEECH
There are eight parts of speech.
Every word in the English language acts as one of these
parts of speech when in a sentence.
They are as follows:
A) Nouns
B) Pronouns
C) Adjectives
D) Verbs
E) Adverbs
F) Conjunctions
G) Prepositions
H) Interjections
 A: Noun
 A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea:
People: farmer, mechanic, father, Professor Haskins, editors, Marcia
Places: ocean, Canada, porch, Spain, classroom
Thing: scissors, giraffe, pen, smiles, tugboat, skateboard, braces, drill
Ideas: love, inspiration, courage, anxiety, eagerness, happiness
Types of noun as follows:

1) Common noun: A common noun names any person, place, or thing.

Examples are basketball, video, wizard, coin, woman, and coach.

2) Proper noun: A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing

and begins with a capital letter.
Examples are Winston Churchill, Babe Ruth, Mr. Richard Turner, and
Chicago.

3) Collective noun: collective noun is names a group of people or

things.
Examples of collective nouns are jury, herd, flock, family, fleet, club,
class, and group.

4) Abstract noun: The name of feeling is known as abstract noun.

Example: love, inspiration, courage, anxiety, eagerness, happiness

5) Material noun: the noun which show the name of things.

Example: scissors, giraffe, pen, smiles, tugboat, skateboard, braces, drill
 3: Sentence and its type
 Sentence

1) Assertive sentence
2) Interrogative sentence
3) Exclamatory Sentence
4) Operative sentence
5) Optative sentence
4: Exclamatory sentence
 ” ”
Exclamatory sentence
 How dirty your shirt is!
 What a good boy you are!
 What an honest boy Rajesh was!
 Bravo! You did a good job!
 Oh! She is no more!
 What a massive hit it is!

How to change assertive to Exclamatory

a) a a very exclamatory
sentence what a
b) an an very exclamatory sentence
what an
c) very/ so/ much/ extremely/ hardly / quiet
exclamatory sentence How
d) exclamatory mark (!) ”
e) a/a very what a
f) An/an very what an
g) Very, so, extremely, hardly, adverb How
h) Ending Exclamation mark(!)

 She was a very popular doctor.

 They are an intelligent worker.

 He was much pleased.

 He felt very sorry for Hirachand.

 Sita was so beautiful.

 5: Interrogative sentence
 H.V question mark (?)
interrogative sentence
 Interrogative sentence
1) interrogative sentence
2) Verbal question
3) yes- no type question
4) make a question
5) polite question
For 12th class specially known as
Rhetorical question
Rules to change Assertive to Interrogative
a) H.V
b) positive H.V n’t tag
c) Negative H.V n’t tag
d) Subject
e) Subject
f) Negative word not , no, never, noun , un,

g) question mark (?)

Example:
1. Your time is limited. (frame a Rhetorical questions)
Ans. Isn’t Your time limited?

2. You have been humble and sweet in all your deeds.

Ans. Haven’t you been humble and sweet in all your deeds?

3. Ambition beyond existence is the essential purpose of our being.

Ans. Isn’t ambition beyond existence the essential purpose of our being?

4. Today, the rains fall on empty streets.

Ans. Today, don’t the rains fall on empty streets?

5. They aren’t free from social conditioning.

Ans. Are they free from social conditioning?
Assertive sentence,………
 6: Assertive sentence
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks assertive sentence es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

Exclamatory to Assertive ……
;fn fdlh exclamatory sentence dks aassertive es cnyuk gks rks uhps fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

Rule…1…..
;fn okD; dh lqjokr what a ls gqbZ gSA rks bl izdkj ds okD; dks assertive es cnyrs le; what a dh txg
ij a very.

Rule…2…..
;fn okD; dh ‘ ’kq:okr how ls gqbZ gSA rks bl izdkj ds okD; dks assertive es cnyrs le; How dh txg
ij very fy[kuk pkgh,A

Rule…3…..
;fn okD; dh lqjokr what an ls gqbZ gSA rks bl izdkj ds okD; dks assertive es cnyrs le; what an dh
txg ij an very fy[kuk pkgh,A

Rule…4…..
gj okD; ds var es Full stop (.) yxkuk pkgh,A

Example:
1. What a wonderful story it was!
Ans. It was a wonderful story.

2. How naughty you are!

Ans. You are very naughty.

3. How sweet!
Ans. It is really very sweet.

4. He was very slow. (Make it exclamatory)

Ans. How slow he was!
5) What a lovely painting it was!
Ans: It was a very lovely painting.

6. How lucky I was!

Ans. I was very lucky.

7. What a lesson to be learned from Wilma!

Ans. It was indeed a great lesson to be learned from Wilma.

8) What an extraordinary human being he was!

Ans: He was an extraordinary human being.

9. How tired I am!

Ans.: I am quite tired.

10) How proud I am of my nice mother!

Ans: I am very proud of my nice mother.
Interrogative to Assertive……..
;fn fdlh Hkh Interrogative sentence dks assertive cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x,
fu;e dk ikyu djksA

1. gj okD; dh lqjokr subject ls djuh pkgh,A

2. mlds ckn H.V dk iz;ksx djuk pkgh, A

3. ;fn okD; positive gks rks Negative cuuk pkgh, A

4. ;fn okD; negative gks rks mls positive cuuk pkgh, A

5. blds ckn cps gq, “kCnks dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA

 7: Add a question tag
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Add a question tag es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu
djsA

1. Add a question tag djrs le; okD; dks ,d ckj tSls dk oSlk fy[kuk pkfg,A
2. okD; ds fy[kus ds ckn comma (,) yxkuk pkfg,A
3. comma (,) ds ckn H.v fy[kuk pkfg,A
4. ;fn okD; positive gS rks H.V dks n’t dk tag yxkuk pkgh,A
;fn okD; negative rks H.V dks n’t dk tag yxkuk pkgh,A
5. blds ckn eq[; drkZ dk loZeku fy[kuk pkfg, A
6. gj okD; ds var es question mark (?) yxkuk vfr vko” ;d gSA

Rules…..

1. okD; dks T;ks dk R;ks fy[kukA

2. Comma (,) yxkuk A
3. H.V fy[kukA
4. sentence positive rks H.Vn’t yxkuk A sentence Negative rks H.Vn’t yxkuk A
5. eq[; drkZ dk loZeku fy[kukA
Boys name :- He
girls name :- She
fuftSZo :- it
cgqopu :- They
6. question mark (?) yxkukA

Examples

1. I am in mood.
Ans. I am in mood, aren’t I?

2. Let’s go for picnic.

Ans. Let’s go for picnic, shall we?

3. Let us go for cinema.

Ans. Let us go for cinema, shall we?

4. They always come in time.

Ans. They always come in time, don’t they?

5. We sit here every day.

Ans. We sit here every day, don’t we?

6. Vijay comes here right at 5.

Ans. Vijay comes here right at 5, doesn’t he?

7. They reached here yesterday.

Ans. They reached here yesterday, didn’t they?

8. That girl got the prize.

Ans. That girl got the prize, didn’t she?

9. I am not tired.
Ans. I am not tired, am I?

10. He does not attend the school.

Ans. He does not attend the school, does he?

11. Ranji never mixes with her classmates.

Ans. Ranji never mixes with her classmates, does she?

12. You should not blame him.

Ans. You should not blame him, should you?

13. I shall go to school.

Ans. I shall go to school, shan’t I?

14. We are not telling the truth.

Ans. We are not telling the truth, are we?

15. He will go to school.

Ans. He will go to school, won’t he?

16. Bring me food.

Ans. Bring me food, will you?

17. Show me your pen.

Ans. Show me your pen, will you?

18. Stay there.

Ans. Stay there, will you?
19. Open the door.
Ans. Open the door, will you?

20. Both he and David grinned.

Ans. Both he and David grinned, didn’t they?

21. You’ll never know unless your try.

Ans. You’ll never know unless you try, will you?

22. Allow me to be a rose for one day.

Ans. Allow me to be a rose for one day, won’t you?

23. At that moment my spirit revolted.

Ans. At that moment my spirit revolted, didn’t it?

24. There has been no sign of improvement in the patient.

Ans. There has been no sign of improvement in the patient, has there?

25. It was dinner time when he finished.

Ans. It was dinner time when he finished, didn't he?

26. He felt the opportunities of a life time was passing him by.
Ans. He felt the opportunities of a life time was passing him by, didn't he?

27. His charity is generous of quit.

Ans. His charity is generous of quit, isn't it?

28. I had never seen such noise in all my life.

Ans. I had never seen such noise in all my life, had I?

29. Consume as little as possible.

Ans. Consume as little as possible, will you?

30. There is no better way to reduce air pollution.

Ans. There is no better way to reduce air pollution, is there
 8: Remove – too or Use : so
….that
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Remove – too djuk gS rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djksA

1. ;fn fn, x, okD; es ‘too’ vk;k gqvk gks rks mldh txg ij so fy[kuk pkfg,A

2. ;fn fn, x, okD; es ‘to’ vk;k gqvk gks rks mldh txg ij that fy[kuk pkfg,A

3. that ds ckn eq[; drkZ dk loZeku fy[kuk pkfg, A

4. eq[; drkZ ds ckn H.V ds vk/kkj ij can not ;kW could not dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

Rules…..
1. too- so
2. to – that
3. that ds ckn – eq[; drkZ dk loZuke Boy - He, Girl – She, fuftZo & It, cgqopu
&They.
4. can not I could not
can not – is, am, are, have
could not - was , wear, had , did
5. cpk gqvk okD;-A
…….so ……. that + s+ can not to+ o. w or could not t +o. w .
 For….
;fn fn, x, okD; es For ds ckn nzfofr; vk;k gqvk gks rks mlas For ds okD; dgrs gSA
nzfofr; izFkek
me I
him He
Her she
us We
Them they
you You
it it
name name

bl izdkj ds okD; dks Remove – too djrs le; nzfofr;; dks izFkek es #ikarj dj mls
That ds ckn fy[kuk pkfg, A Cannot / could not ----- cpk okD;
 9: Use: Unless
unless ;g Negative word gSA blfy, bldk mi;ksx Negative dh rjg gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh
okD; dks
unless es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA
Rules…..
;fn fn, x, okD; es igys okD; es if rFkk not nksuks gh vk;k gqvk gks rks if dks fudkydj mldh txg ij
unless fy[kuk pkfg, rFkk not dks fudky nsuk pkgh,A nqljs okD; es fdlh izdkj dk cnyko ugh djuk pkfg,
Rule…1
igyk okD; nqljk okD;

IF………not……………… , …………………………………

unless fudkyuk No change

Rule….2.
igyk okD; nqljk okD;

IF……… ……… , …………………………

unless Changing
Positive → Not yxkuk
Negative → Not fudkyuk
Rule….3.
;fn fn, x, okD; ds fcpks fcp IF vk;k gqvk gks rks IF dh txg ij unless fy[kdj vko” ;Drkuqlkj
igys okD; es ifjorZu
djuk pkfg,A

....................................... IF ……………………………
↓
T;ks dk R;ks fudkyuk
unless

....................................... IF ……………………………

Changing
unless
Positive → Not yxkuk
Negative → Not fudkyuk
 If sunny will fight. We will definitely win.

 If he makes a tea. I take it.

 If she slaps her. She becomes angry.

 She helped the poor if she has money.

 He buys a car if he gets prize

 Lajjo will miss me if I will not call her.

 10: No sooner……..than
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks No sooner than es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA
Rules…..
1. ;fan fan, x, okD; es as soon as , Hardly, scarily ;k dksbZ vk;k gqvk gks rks bl dh txg
ij
No sooner dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, A

2. No sooner ds ckn ges” kk H.V fy[kuk pkfg,A

3. H.V fy[kus ds ckn subject fy[kdj cpk gqvk igyk okD; fy[kuk pkfg,A

4. ;fn fn, x, okD; es comma (,) Full stop (.) and , but, but also, as well as , gqvk ]rks
mldh txg ij than fy[kuk pkfg,A

1. as soon as , Hardly, scarily, prefix → No sooner

2. H.V fy[kuk ( is, am , are, was, has ,have, had, can, could, may, must, might,
will, would, shall, should, do,
does, did, need , dare, ought to, used to)

3. Subject

4. igyk cpk okD; (o.w1)

5. comma(,) , full stop(.), but, but also, as well as → Than

6. nqljk cpk okD; (o.w1)

No sooner + H.V + s + o.w + than + o.w2
Type II………
dqN okD; ,als gksrs gS ftu es H.V ugh gksrk bl izdkj ds okD; dks No sooner es cnyrs
le; H.V ds #i es Do, Does, did
bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. bl izdkj ds lHkh okD; es V1 fy[kuk pkfg,A

V1 → do no sooner + do + S + V1 + O.W + than + nqljk okD;

V1 s les lies → Does no sooner + does + s+ V1 + O.W + than + nqljk okD;
V2 → did no sooner + did + S+ V1 + O.W + than + nqljk okD;
1. As I hearkened to the silence of the night, I heard the heavenly world talking.

Ans. No sooner did I hearken to the silence of the night than I heard the heavenly world

talking.

2. As soon as I reached the class, the students remained silent.

Ans. No sooner did I reach the class than the student remained silent.

3. As soon as the monsoon starts, the farmers become happy.

Ans. No sooner does the monsoon starts than the farmers become happy.

4. She fell down in one place when fellow pedestrian rushed instantly for her help.

Ans. No sooner did she fall down in one place than fellow pedestrian rushed instantly for her

help.

5. Most morning my wife enters the kitchen to find the scurrying away.

Ans. Most morning no sooner does my wife enter the kitchen than she finds them scurrying

away.

6. To avoid spoilage a 4000 litre milk chilling plant was set up.

Ans. No sooner was a 4000 litre milks chilling plant set up than avoid spoilage.

7. As soon as the leaf fell from the trees the wind swept it away?

Ans. No sooner did the leaf fall from the tree than the wind swept it away.

8. As soon as the teacher entered the class, the students wished him good morning?

Ans. No sooner did the teacher enter the class than the student wished him good morning.
 11: Hardly………….When
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Hardly ……..when es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

Rules………
1. ;fn fn, x, okD; es as soon as , No sooner, scary, ;k dksbZ prefix vk tk, rks mldh txg ij
hardly dk iz;ksx
djuk pkfg,A

2. Hardly ds ckn lnSo had bl H.V dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

3. blds ckn subjet fy[kuk pkfg,A

4. subject ds ckn fdz;kin dk frljk #i fy[kuk pkkfg,A

5. blds ckn igyk cpk okD; fy[kuk pkfg,A

6. comma(,) , full stop (.) and, but, than, as well as blds txg ij when dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
mlds ckn nqljk cpk gqvk okD; fy[kuk pkfg,A

 as soon as , No sooner , snarly, prefix → hardly

 had
 subject
 v3
 igyk cpk okD;
 comma (,) , full stop(.), but, and, than, as well as → when
 nqljk cpk okD;A
 12: Used to
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks use – to es cnyuk gS rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA
1. use – to ;g Hkqrdkyhu H.V gS blfy, bldk iz;ksx Hkh Hkqrdky dh rjg gh fd;k tkrk gSA
2. ;fn fn, x, okD; es would , should , could, was, had, did dh txg ij use – to dk
iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
3. use – to ds ckn ges” kk v1 fy[kuk pkfg,A
4. ;fn Negative word No, Not, Never , Non vk;k gqvk gks rks mls use – to ds igys
fy[kuk pkfg,A
5. v1 ds ckn cpk gqvk okD; fy[kuk pkfg,A
6. ;fn fn, x, okD; es always vk;k gqvk gks rks mlds txg ij use – to fy[kuk pkfg,A
 would, should, could, had, did , was, → used to
 use to ds ckn → v1
 cpk okD;
 No, Not, Never, Non → use to ds igys
or
S + used to + v1 + O.W
 in the habit of /accosted to → used to
 always → used to

1. I would spend hours under it.

Ans. I used to spend hours under it.

2. My father used to get transferred every year.

Ans. My father would get transferred every year.

3. My mother would set up an establishment.

Ans. My mother used to set up an establishment.

4. Our day used to start with the family huddling around my mother’s chulha.

Abs. Our day would start with the family huddling around my mother’s chulha.
 13: able to
 1. ;fn fn, x, okD; es can ;k could vk;k gqvk gks rks mldh txg ij able to
iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
 ;fn fn, x, okD; es can vk;k gqvk gks rks is/am/are bl H.V dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A
 ;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds txg ij I gqvk gks rks am bl H.V dk , He/she/is ;k
uke vk;k gqvk gks rks is rFkk we/you/they ;k cgqopu vk;k gqvk gks rks are bl H.V
dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

 ;fn fn, x, okD; es could vk;k gqvk gks rks rFkk drkZ ds txg ij I/she/ it uke
vk;k gqvk gks rks was rFkk we/you/they ;k cgqopu vk;k gqvk gksrks were bl
H.V dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

 ;fn okD; es dksbZ Negative word vk;k gks rks mls H.V ;k able to ds fcp es fy[kuk
pkfg,A
 Able to ds ckn ges” kk V1 dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
 V1 ds ckn cpk gqvk okD; fy[kuk pkgh,
Short notes…….
Can/could :- Able to
Can :- is/am/are
Could :- was/were
Negative word :- H.V + not + able to
able to ds ckn :- V1

S + is/am/are + Negative + able to + V1 + O.W

was/were word

1. I can play. (Use able to)

Ans. I am able to play.
2. I could play (Use able to)
Ans. I was able to play.
3. He could tell me. (Use able to)
Ans. He was able to tell me.

4. They could tell me. (Use able to)

Ans. They were able to tell me.
5. She can work. (Use able to)
Ans. She is able to work.

6. I can write a letter.

Ans. I am able to write a letter.
7. She could eat a mango.
Ans. She was able to eat a mango.
8. She could not eat sandwich.
Ans. She was unable to eat sandwich.
9. I cannot dance.
Ans. I am unable to dance.
10. I cannot write an essay.
Ans. I am unable to write an essay.
 14: Not only……but also
1.Nature had fashioned me to be short and poor.

Ans. Nature has fashioned me to be not only short but also poor.

2. The distances shrunk, the geographical boundaries disappeared.

Ans. Not only did the distances shrink but also the geographical boundaries disappeared.

3. This is the design of life. This is the secret of Existence.

Ans. This is not only the design of Life but also the secret of Existence.

4. You are contented and meek dullards.

Ans. You are not only contented but also meek dullards.

5. Business begins and ends with that simple precept.

Ans. Business not only begins but also ends with that simple precept.
 15: Tense
1. Present tense…….

tks le; vHkh py jgk gS mls Present tense dgrs gSA blds pkj izdkj gksrs gSA
 simple present tense
 present continuous tense
 present perfect tense
 present perfect continuous tense

2. Past Tense………

tks le; fcrk pqdk gS] mls Past Tense dgrs gSA
 Simple past tense
 past continuous tense
 past perfect tense
 past perfect continuous tense

3. Future Tense…………….

tks le; vHkh vkus okyk gS mls Future Tense dgrs gSA
 simple future tense
 future continuous tense
 future perfect tense
 future perfect continuous tense

Simple present tense……( )

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn v1 vk;k gqvk gks rFkk blds ckn o.w dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gks ;k fQj subject ds ckn v1
dks S leslies bl izR;; dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gks mls simple present tense dgrs gSA

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks simple present tense es cnykuk gS rks fups fn, fu;eks dk ikyu djsA

1. ;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds txg ij I/ we/ you/ They ;k cgqopu vk tk, rks bl izdkj ds okD; dks simple
present
tense es cnyus ds fy, fups fn, x, lq= dk iz;ksx djsA

S + v1 + O.W

2. ;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds txg ij I/ we/ you/ They ;k cgqopu NksMdj dksbZ vkSj drkZ vk tk, tSls dh He/ She/ it
uke rks bl izdkj ds okD; djks Simple present tense es cnyus ds fy, fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

S +V1 s/es /ies + O.W

Simple Notes……………..

1. S+ V1 + O.W Sub → I /we/you/they/ cgqopu

2. S + v1 S/es/ies +o.w Sub → he/ she/it/ uke

 3. Negative S + does not + v1 + o.w → He/ she/it/ uke
S + do not + v1 + O.W → I/we/you/they/ cgqopu

fgafn es → rk gwWA rh gwWA rk gSA rh gSA rs gSA

 eS & I
 rqe & You
 og & He – yMdk
She- yMdh
 mls & him/ her
 ge -&^ we
 ge & us

1. eS Hkkjr ds fy, fddzsV [ksyrk gwWA

I play cricket for india
2. jke vke [kkrk gSA
Ram eats mango
3. cPps jkst Ldqy tkrs gSA
Children go to school
4. eerk esjs lkFk ukprh gSA
Mamta dances with me.
5. os eq>s ialn djrs gSA
They like me
6. yksx ges cgksr MkVrs gSA
People scold us very much
Simple past tense……
;fn fn, x, okD; es H.V dk iz;ksx u djrs gq, fl/ks fdz;kin dk nqljk #i dk iz;ksx vkSj var es cps gq, “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; ;g Simple past tense dk dgykrk gSA

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Simple past tense es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj rk Fkh A rk FkkA gksrk gSA

S + V2 + O.W → I/We/ you/ they/ cgqopu → was/ were

Negative - S + did not + V1 + O.W
igpkuus dk fu;e – vk , bZ, ,dk mPpk[kk

 eS iq.ks x;k A
I Went to pune.
 rqeus u;k dkj [kjhnk A
You bought a new car.
 og eq>s NksM xbZA
She left me.
 os eq>s i= fy[ksA
They write a letter to me.
 vatqe us xkuk xk;kA
Anjum sang a song.
 ljyk us eq>s ;kn fd;kA
Sarla missed me.
 mlus eq>ks xkyh ugh fn;kA
 They did not abuse me.
 jathr izfr;ksfxrk es thrkA
Ranjit wan in cante.

Simple Future Tense…..

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn shall/will bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rFkk blds ckn fdz;kin dk igyk #i
yxkdj
cps gq, “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; Simple Future Tense dgykrk gSA

;fn fn, x, okD; dks Simple Future Tense es cnyus ds fy, fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

S + Shall/ will + V1 + O.W

;fn drkZ ds txg ij I/we vk tk, rks drkZ ds ckn Shall bl H.V dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, A
vU; lHkh drkZ ds fy, will dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, A
fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj Negative es cnyuk gks rks Shall ;k will ds ckn not dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

vafre v{kj xk ] xh ] xs gksrk gSA

 eS iq.ks tkÅaWxk A
I shall go to pune.
 rqe [kkuk [kkvksxas A
you will eat food.
 os eq>s ns[ksxhA
They will look me.
 lk{kh crZu /kks;sxhA
Sakshi will clean utensil .
 jkts” k lj ges xf.kr i<k,WxsA
Rajesh sir will teach us Math’s
 fnid diMs QkMsxk A
Dipak will tear cloth.
 dfjuk eq>s ;kn djsxh A
Kareena will remember me.

Present Continuous Tense………..

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn is/am/ are bl H.V iz;ksx djds fdz;kin ds igys #i dh ing izR;; yxk gqvk gks
rFkk
var es cps gq, “kCnks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; Present Continuous Tense dk dgykrk gSA

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Present Continuous Tense es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

;fn drkZ ds txg ij I tk, rks am rFkk She /it/he/ ;k uke vk, rks bl We/ you/They ;k cgqopu vk tk, rks
are bl h.v dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

;fn Present Continuous Tense dks Negative cukuk gks rks H.V ds ckn Not yxkuk pkfg,A

Short notes…….

S + is/am/are + V1 ing + O.w

is → He /she/ it/ uke
am → I
 are → you /we/cgqopu/ they

fganh es – (jgk ] jgh] jgs gS)

Negative - S + is/am/are + not +V1ing + O.W
 eksghuh [kuk cuk jgh gSA
Mohini is making a food.
 jkgqy fdzdsV [ksy jgk gSA
Rahul is playing a Cricket.
 lksge fcfLdV ds fy, jks jgk
Soham is crying for biscuit.

Past Continuous Tense……..( )

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn was/were bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rFkk blds ckn fdz;kin ds igys #i dks
ing izR;; yxkdj cps gq, “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; Past Continuous Tense dk dgykrk gSA

bl izdkj ds fdlh Hkh okD; dks Past Continuous Tense es cnyus ds fy, fups fn, x, lq= dk ikyu djsA

S + Was/were + V1ing + O.W

;fn drkZ ds txg ij I/He/she/it ;k uke vk tk, rks was rFkk we/ you/ they ;k cgqopu vk tk, rks were dk
iz;ksx
djrs gZA

fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj jgk A jghA gksrkA Fks A FkkA Fkh-

Short notes…….

S + Was/were/ V1ing + O.W

Was – He/she/it/uke/,dopu
were – We/you/They/ cgqopu

fganh es → (jgk/jgh/ jgs Fks)

Future Continuous tense……….

;fn fn, x, okD; dh lq#okr drkZ ls gqbZ rks blds ckn H.V ds #i es shall be/ will be dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks vkSj blds
ckn fdz;kin ds igys #i dks ing yxk gqvk gks rFkk mlds ckn es cps gq, “kCnks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks bl izdkj ds okD; dks
Future Continuous tense dk dgykrk gSA

bl izdkj fdlh Hkh okD; dks Future Continuous tense es ijhorZu djus ds fy, fups fn, x, fu;eks dk ikyu djsA

S + Shall be/ will be + V1ing + O.w

I/We → Shall be
vU; lHkh drkZ ds fy, → will be

fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj (jgk/jgh/ jgs Fks) gksrk gSA

Short notes…….

S + Shall be /will be + V1ing + O.W

 I/We → Shall be
vU; drkZ → Will be

fganh es → (jgk/jgh/ jgs Fks)

Present Perfect Tense ………( )

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn Have/ has bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rFkk blds ckn fdz;kin ds frljs #i dk iz;ksx
dj cps “kCnks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; Present Perfect Tense dk dgykrk gSA

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Present Perfect Tense es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

S + have/has + V3 + O.W

;fn drkZ dh txg ij I/we/you/they ;k cgqopu vk;k gqvk gks rks have vU;Fkk has bl H.V dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A

fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj pqdk gSA pqdh gzSA pqds gSA

;fn okD; dks Negative cukuk gS rks have ;k has ds ckn not yxkuk pkgh,A

Short notes…….

S + Have/has + V3 + O.W
have → I/we/you/they / cgqopu
Has → vU; lHkh drkZ ds fy,

fganh es → (pqdk gSA pqdh gzSA pqds gSA pqdk gqA pqwdh gqA pqds gksA)

Past perfect Tense……….

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn had bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks (V3) var es cps gq, “kCnks dl iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks
fn;k x;k okD; Past perfect Tense dk dgykrk gSA

S + had + V3 + O.W

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Past perfect Tense es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

¼ fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj pqdk FkhA pqdh Fkh A pqds Fks gksrk gSA½

Future Perfect Tense……………

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn shall have/ will have bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks blds ckn fdz;kin (V3)s
ds
frljs #i dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks var es cps gq, “kCnks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; Future Perfect
Tense
dgykrk gSA
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Future Perfect Tense es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA
S + shall have/ will have + V3 + O.W
;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ dh txg ij I/we vk tk, rks shall have bl H.V dk iz;ksx djsA
 ¼ fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj pqdk gksA pqdh gksxh A pqds gksxs gksrk gSA½
S + shall have/ will have + V3 + O.W
I/we → shall have
vU; lHkh drkZ → will have

Present Perfect continuous Tense……

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn has been / have been bl H.v dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rFkk fdz;kin ds igys #i ds
(V1.ing)yxk gqvk gks var es cps gq, “kCnks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; ;g Present Perfect
continuous
Tense dgykrk gSA
;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Present Perfect continuous Tense es cnyuk gks rks fups fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djksA

S + have been/ has been + V1 ing + O.w

;fn drkZ ds txg I/we/you/they ;k cgqopu vk;k gks rks have been bl H.v dk iz;ksx djuk pkgh,A

¼ fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj ‘jgk gS] jgh gS ] jgs gS½

Short notes…….

S + Have been /has been + V1 ing + O.W

I/we/you/they Pural no → have been
vU; lHkh → has been

Past Perfect continuous Tense……

;fn fn, x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn had been bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rFkk fdz;kin ds igys #i dks (V1.ing)
izR;;
yxk gks rks rFkk cps gq, “kCnks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fn;k x;k okD; Past Perfect continuous Tense dk dgykrk
gSA

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Past Perfect continuous Tense es cnyuk gks rks uhps fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

S + had been+ V1 ing + O.w

;fn drkZ ds ckn I/we/you/they / cgqopu He/ she/it/ uke vk;k gqvk gks rks had been bl helping verb dk
iz;ksx djuk pkgh,A

¼ fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj ‘jgk Fkk ] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks S½

Short notes…….

S + had been + V1 ing + O.W

I/we/you/they Pural number /he/she/it/ uke → had been
igpku → rk jgh Fkk/rh jgh Fkh / rs jgs FksA

Future Perfect continuous Tense……

;fn fn;s x, okD; es drkZ ds ckn Shall have been/will have been bl H.V dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rFkk fdz;kin ds
igys #i dks (V1.ing) izR;; yxk gks var es cps gq, “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks fd;k x;k okD; Future Perfect
continuous Tense dgykrk gSA
 S + shall have been /will have been + V1ing + O.W

;fn fdlh Hkh okD; dks Future Perfect continuous Tense es cnyuk gks rks uhps fn, x, fu;e dk ikyu djsA

;fn fdlh okD; es drkZ ds txg ij I/we vk tk, rk Shall have been bl H.V dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

s ¼ fganh es fdz;kin dk vafre v{kj → ‘jgk gksxk ] jgh gksxh ] jgs gksxsA S½

Short notes…….
I/we → Shall have been
vU; lHkh drkZ ds fy, → will have been
 16: Clause
Clause dks fganh es miokD; dgrs gSA vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij Clause ds nks izdkj gSA
1) main clause
2) sub – Ordinate clause

Main clause……
tks okD; viuk vFkZ iw.kZ djus ds fy, fdlh nqljs okD; ij fuHkZj ugh gksrk mls Main clause dgrs gSA

Sub – Ordinate clause ......

tks okD; vFkZ iw.kZ djus ds fy, Main clause ij fuHkZj gksrk gS mls Sub – Ordinate clause dgrs gSA

Note No..1…
main clause rFkk Sub – Ordinate clause dks lnSo Conjuction ls tksMk tkrk gSA

what/ that/ who/whom/when/where/if/so that /because/ so hense ./ as if/ than etc..

Note No..2…
;fn question flQZ Underline the Sub – ordinate clause ds #i es iqNk tkrk gS rks okD; fy[kdj flQZ Sub –
ordinate clause dks Underline djuk pkfg,A

Note No..3…
;fn question Identity ;k fu;fer vkrk gS rks clause dk uke fy[kuk pkgh,A

Noun Clause…..
ftl clause nzokjk Noun dk cks/k gks vFkkZr Sub – Ordinate clause ;k vius vFkZ ds fy, Main clause ds drkZ
ij
fuHkZj gks mls Noun Clause dgrs gSA

Adjective Clause……
,Slk clause ftles fo” ks’k.k dk cks/k gks vFkkZr Sub – Ordinate clause ;g Main clause ds fo” ks’k.k dks n” kkZrk
gks rks
mls Adjective Clause dgrs gSA

Adjective Clause es Main clause rFkk Sub – Ordinate clause dks who, whom, whose, bl
Conjuction
nzokjk tksMk tkrk gSA
Adverb Clause….
,slk clause ftles Sub – Ordinate ;g Main clause ds Adverb dks lacksf/kr fjrj gSA mls Adverb Clause dgrs
gSA

Adverb Clause ds eq[; vkB izdkj gS vkSj os fuEu fy[kr gSA

Sr.
Name of Clouse Meaning Conjuction
No
When, before,ofter,
1 Adverb clause of time ?kVuk ds le; dks n” kkZrk gSA since, while, as long as,
till, until, whenever
If,unles, lest , else, if and
2 Adverb clause of condition “krZ dks n” kkZrk gSA
only if

So that, in order that, in

3. Adverb clause of purpose mnzn”s ;
order to

4. Adverb clause of reason dkj.k Bacause

5. Adverb clause of place LFkku Where , wherever

Adverb clause of As adj as, that,as with,

6. rqyuk
Comparision two name

7 Adverb clause of manner O;ogkfjDrk How, like ,the way

8. Adverb clause of result Ifj.kke So….that….such…..that

Example: When the cat is away.

Since Sangeetha attends the function.

Noun Clause : Noun Clause does the function of a noun in a sentence.

Example: Amin fears that he shall fail.

Babu relied that he would come.

Adjective Clause: Adjective clause does the function of an adjective which modifies the noun.

Example: I am the monarch of all I survey.

The dog which bites does not bark.

Adverb clause: An Adverb Clause does the function of an adverb which modifies the verb.

Example: You may sit wherever you like

He fled where his pursuers could not follow

17: Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs
A verb which helps another verb with respect to formation of its tense, voice or specific meaning is
known as an auxiliary verb.
Auxiliary verb are of two types: Primary Auxiliary Verbs and Model Auxiliary Verbs.

Primary Auxiliary Verb Functions

To be: am, is are, was, were, shall, will, being, Formation of the progressive tense, passive
been voice.
To have: have, has, had, Formation of the perfect tense
To do: do, does, did Formation of interrogation and negation,
emphasis, request, invitation

Examples:

1. They are enjoying themselves in the garden. (Progressive tense)

2. The car was being repaired by the man. (Passive voice)

3. The computer has completed its task. (Perfect tense)

4. Do you know that? (Interrogation)

5. I did not buy any papers today. (Negation)

6. We did check all the cabin. (Emphasis)

7. Do come with me to the cinema. (Request)

Model Auxiliary Verb Function

Can Ability, Informal permission, possibility
Could Ability, Informal permission, possibility
May Formal permission, possibility, expression of
wish
Might Formal permission, possibility
Shall Future action, command, compulsion, formal
request
Will Future action, determination, threat, promise
intension, wish, invitation.
Should Duty/ obligation, advice, condition approval.
Would Habitual action, polite request, wish, refusal,
determination, invitation.
Must Compulsion, determination, duty/obligation.
Ought Moral obligation, advice
Dare Courage
Need Necessity
Have to Compulsory obligation

Examples to understand.
1. I can study well in quite hall. ability

2. Can I see your beautiful eyes. Informal permission.

3. He could not survive in such a critical situation. inability

4. Could I have this letter typed? Polite request.

5. You may enter the room. Formal permission.

6. I may go to Pune next week. Possibility

7. I might rain this evening. Probability

8. We shall watch a film this evening. Future action.

9. Shall i get you a cup of tea? Informal request.

10. You shall not leave until I permit you to do so. Command.

11. You must remain silent. Compulsion.

12. We ought to respect our senior citizens. Duty/obligation.

13. He dared to face the consequences. Courage.

14. She needs to fill in this form. Necessity.

15. My father has to go to office on Sundays too. Compulsive obligation.

16. You shouldn't talk so impolitely. Obligation.

17. Would you care for a continental meal? Formal request.

18. Ajith would go out jogging every morning. Habitual request.

19. The students would not admit their fault. Determination/ refusal
20. Father would like a cup of coffee. Formal request.

Identify the auxiliary verb and state its functions:

1.I don’t know exactly how much it costs.

2. we’ ll settle up when you get back.

3. But I couldn’t find it.

4. Parking was prohibited.

5. It was not commercially economic to grow it.

6. It will produce certain volatile oils.

7. He had to consult many scholars.

8. She dose not give up easily even when the odds are against her.

9. She would do well to practise a little more.

10. India has committed itself to reducing its carbon emissions by 20-25 per cent by 2020.

11. Power shortages could be the single biggest factor to derail the country from its high- growth
trajectory.

12. Solar water heaters can save enough electricity to pay back for their cost in three to five years.

13. The government has launched the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC ) mechanism.

14.We had to borrow from a lady, who was a housemaid in Chaupati in Mumbai.

15.Few people realize that the application of these well tried methods can revolutionize more new
departments of human life.

16.Before an idea or opinion can be accepted as truth, it must satisfy certain conditions.

17.It must be rational.

18.The idea or belief must be consistent with the knowledge already acquired.

19.Can faith take the place of reason, knowledge, hard work or right conduct in daily life.

20.Can you please take her home ?

21.Europe has forgotten it, whereas India still uses it.

22.It would not be as tasty.

23.Politicians dont really catch my attention.

24.I dont think it is a correct work ethic.

25.This however , does not last long and cannot be considered as mehendi in its true sense.
 Answers
1.don’t - to form negation

2.will settle – to from the tense

3.Couldn’t – to show no possibility

4.was - to form the tense

5.was – to form the tense

6.will – to form the tense

7.had to – to show compulsive obligation

8.dose not – to from negation

9.would – to show possibility

10.has committed –to from the tense

11.could – to show possibility

12.can –to ability

13.has launched – to form the tense

14.had to – to show compulsive obligation

15.can – to show possibility

16.can be –to show possibility

Must – to show compulsion

17.must – to show compulsion

18.must – to show compulsion

19.can – to show ability

20.can – to show ability

21.has – form the tense

22.would – to show possibility

23.don’t – to form negation

24.don’t – to form negation

25.dose not – to form negation

Cannot – to show inability

18: prepositions
"at a place" can be seen as a point in space. Examine the following sentences. Then write your Own
examples!
A man is standing at the bus stop.
Ans. I am waiting at the park.
A stranger is standing at the door.
Ans. She is standing at the bus stop.
There is a house sparrow at the window.
Ans. A crow was sitting at the door step.
Write your name at the top of the page.
Write your number at the right corner of the page.
Sign at the end of the page.
Write your address at the left corner of the page.
There is a car at the end of the street.
And. The bus is waiting at the bus stop.
Here are a few more prepositions that tell us where an object is, in relation to another. Write your
examples, too!
The river is below the bus.
Ans. The water is below our knee level.
There are clouds above the bus.
And. The sun shines above our heads.
The road is under the bus.
And. The cat is under the table.
A man standing by the side of the bus.
Ans. He is standing by me.
The road stretches in front of and behind the bus.
Ans. Behind the post office I live.
You may try to form your own sentences in the space provided, using man and subway instead of
train and tunnel.
The train is going towards the tunnel
Ans. The bus is moving towards the east.
The train is going into the tunnel.
I fell into the well.
The train is going through the tunnel.
I have gone through this book.
The train is going along the tunnel.
Ans. I am coming along with you.
The train is going away from the tunnel.
Don't go away from me.
The train is going out of the tunnel.
I am out of station now.
Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions:
1. Where is the ball?
The ball is _____ the table. [on, it, into]
Ans. The ball is on the table.
2. Where is the cat?
The cat is _____ the table. [above, in , under]
Ans. The cat is under the table.
3. Where is the pen?
The pen is _____ the pencil. [between, in, beside]
Ans. The pen is beside the pencil.
Fill in the blanks to make a meaningful sentence, choosing an appropriate prepositions from the box.

Between, under, in, below, on, among.

The girl is standing _________ two pillars.

There is a pencil _________ the table.
She placed the dishes _____ the table.
Water flowed _______ the bridge.
The cat sat ______ the table.
Ans. The girl is standing between two pillars.
There is a pencil on the table.
She placed the dishes on the table.
Water flowed under the bridge.
The cat sat under the table.
 19: Kinds of Sentences
There are three kinds of sentences according to their structure:

1. Simple Sentence:
It is a sentence which consists of a subject, a predicate and one and only one finite
verb.
e.g. (i) There are chairs vacant here.
(ii) The policeman chased the thief.
(iii) We shall visit him next week.
2. Compound Sentence:
It is a sentence made up of two or more main or principal sentences or clauses joined
together by coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators.
The Coordinators are: and, but, or, either, or, neither, nor, yet, therefore, hence, not
only buy also, as well as, else, still, so, etc.
e.g. (i) Te man entered the train and sat near the window.
(ii) The dog barked at the stranger so he ran away.
(iii) I saw the match but I did not enjoy it.
3. Complex Sentence:
It is a sentence which consists of a main or principal clause and one or more
subordinate clauses joined by subordinators or connectors.
The subordinators are: how, where, when, why, what, who, whose, which, that, since,
if, as, because, though, although, as if, unless, until, before, than, etc.
e.g. (i) I told him that I was in a hurry to reach theater.
(ii) The deer runs faster than the cheetah.
(iii) Rajiv bought a new jacket which was made from animal skin.
Complex Sentences: (because, when, while, where, as, before, after, that,
since, as soon as, no sooner, if, unless, as .... though, if .... though, though, even
though, although, whether, so .... that, till, only if, so that, until, which, ………)

Compound Sentence: (and, but, or, not only ...... but also, either ..... or,
neither ..... nor, etc )
Conversion of Simple Sentences into Compound
sentences
1. Simple: Seeing a snake he ran away.
Compound: He saw a snake and ran away.
2. Simple: Besides being intelligent she is beautiful.
Compound: She is intelligent and she is beautiful.
3. Inspite of his enormous wealth but still he is sad.
Compound: He possess enormous wealth still he is sad.
4. Simple: Standing with his grief he is optimistic (confident).
Compound: He is grievous but still he is optimistic.
5. Simple: To avoid danger you must be very careful.
Compound: Either you must be careful otherwise you will meet danger.
Conversion of Compound Sentences into Simple
Sentences
1. I ate apple, I went to Cinema.
Eating apple I went to Cinema.
2. He passed M.B.B.S. and became a doctor.
Having passed M.B.B.S. he became a doctor.
3. You must study well or you will not get the first class mark.
You must study well to get the first class mark.

Conversion of Simple sentences into Complex

sentences
1. He doesn’t know the date of his marriage.
He doesn’t know when he had married.
2. He expects first class in the medical examination.
He expects that he will get first class in the medical examination.
3. A man of justice gets respect every where
A man of who justice gets respect very where
4. The reason for his success is unknown.
The reason how he succeeded is unknown.
5. On seeing a police thief ran away.
As soon as thief saw the police ran away.

Conversion on Complex Sentences into Simple

Sentences
1. Since he was tired he could not go to office.
On account of his tiredness, he could not go to office
2. What he aced was seen by all
His action was seen by all.
3. He student who studies well gets high marks
The well studying student gets high marks.
4. He went to the college where he studied
He went to his old college.
5. He replaced the old wall clock which was damaged.
He replaced the damaged wall clock.
6. He ran fast the he might not miss the train
He ran fast to catch the train
7. After I had reserved the tickets I returned to my house.
Having reserved the tickets I returned to house.
Compound to Complex
1. Study well or you will fail
Unless you study well you will fail.
2. He saw the name board and entered the hotel.
Seeing the name board, he entered that hotel.
3. He was suffering from fever and he was admitted in the hospital.
Since he was feverish he was admitted in the hospital.
4. He is strong but he is timid (scared).
Although he is strong, he is timid.

Complex to Compound
1. I saw a monkey which was sitting on a tree.
I saw the monkey. It was sitting on a tree.
2. If you go to Agra you can see Tajmahal.
Go to Agra you can see Tajmahal.
3. I suspect that he has done the murder.
He has done the murder. I suspect him.
4. Though the soldier was wounded, but he went to the battle field again.
The soldier was wounded. He went to the battle field again.

State which of the following sentences are compound

and which are complex. In the case of a compound
sentence, separate the coordinate clauses and mention
the conjunction. If the sentence is complex, divide it
into its clauses and state the principal clause and the
subordinate clause.
1. Donald took out his pen and started writing.
2. The town in which I live is very large.
3. This is the house that Jack built.
4. The Commons passed the bill, but the Lords threw it out.
5. My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky.
6. God made the country and man made the town.
7. She must weep or she will die.
8. He must have done his duty, for he is a conscientious man.
9. Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise.
10. I went because I was invited.
Answers
1. Compound sentence; coordinate clauses – Donald took out his pen; he .started
writing; conjunction – and
2. Complex sentence; principal clause – the town is very large; subordinate clause –
in which I live
3. Complex sentence; principal clause – this is the house; subordinate clause – that
Jack built
4. Compound sentence – coordinate clauses – the Commons passed the bill; the
Lords threw it out; conjunction – but
5. Complex sentence; principal clause – my heart leaps up; subordinate clause –
when I behold a rainbow in the sky.
6. Compound sentence; coordinate clauses – God made the country; man made the
town; conjunction – and
7. Compound sentence; coordinate clauses – she must weep; she will die;
conjunction – or
8. Compound sentence; coordinate clauses – he must have done his duty; he is a
conscientious man; conjunction – for
9. Complex sentence; principal clause – it is folly to be wise; subordinate clause –
where ignorance is bliss
10. Complex sentence; principal clause – I went; subordinate clause – because I was
invited.

Exercise:
Identify the kind of sentence, giving and appropriate
reason for your choice:
1. I've been asked to bring back a vaccine for a horse.
2. But someone always catches me.
3. I don't know exactly how much it costs.
4. I went in search of a nearby shop where I had seen ties.
5. But I couldn't find it.
6. The stores had all sorts of ties, but not the kind I was looking for.
7. Panting, I boarded the plane under the reproachful gaze of the other
passengers.
8. Nature soothes and nurtures.
9. When I do, it leaves me in complete awe.
10. We went to a rocky beach and saw the spread of the majestic ocean.
11. It takes the shape that the water commands.
12. Remember, this too shall pass.
13. Their teamwork and perseverance which enriches the atmosphere.
14. Spider webs are delicate, yet very strong.
15. This will generate certain chemicals which enriches the atmosphere.
16. Sahyadri Adventure is a unique and perhaps the first of its kind adventure
fiction in India.
17. I have a very high regard for Indian sports women who excel at the highest level.
18. This strategy looks easy but is difficult to implement.
19. Even though she is a complete player, there is scope for her to work on her
forehand side.
20. What is important is not to get carried away.
21. Solar energy is clean energy as it emits no effluents of pollutants.
22. Germany does not have as many sunny days as India does.
23. Indian banks are still not fully confident about financing solar power
projects.
24. What helped me was the scholarship by Sir Dorab Tata Trust.
25. She was one of the noblest parent I have met in my life.
26. He thinks out for himself, forms his own judgment and then takes his own
decision.
27. He tried to explain the route by city bus.
28. Because I gave her a lift, she got to spend an extra two hours with him.
29. Hing or asafoeitida is a wonder spice.
30. As a dish cooks, the asafoetida graciously recedes into the background.
31. This colour coded plan doesn't feel like a diet.
32. That is what stimulates me.
33. The camera has been instrumental in my life in making friends with people
from different walks of life.
34. I always wondered how they were done.
35. I don't think it is a correct work ethic.
36. Try and capture movements and moments.
37. Muslims hold the application on henna to be a meritorious act.
38. The ritual adorning the bride with henna is a sacred one.
39. This however, does not last long and cannot he considered as mehendi in
its true sense.
40. Readymade patterns and blocks are available for quick and easy
application.
 20: Figure of Speech
1. Personification – human quality
E.g.: The Moon is laughing.
Personification: The Moon is given the human quality of Laughing.

 The river is running.

Personification: The river is given the human quality of running.

 The waves are dancing

Personification: The waves are given human quality of dancing.

 Wind made the trees to dance.

Personification: The trees are given the human quality of dancing.

 The pine trees frowned at the sun.

Personification: The pine trees are given the human action of ‘frowning’ (disappointing) .

 The sky rejoices in the morning’s birth.

Dual Personification: Bothe the sky and the morning are given human abilities of ‘rejoicing’ and ‘being born’.
respectively.

 The forests are dying.

Personification: The forest is given the human ability of ‘dying’.

 Wildlife is crying. (Try yourself)

 Mother earth is sighing. (Try yourself)

 And let us greet our Motherland and bow before her feet and say.

Personification: The Motherland is given human ability of ‘having feet’ and we are bowing. It is an act of
human being.

2. Alliteration – repetition of same alphabet

 It clogs and clutters up the mind.

Alliteration: The sound of the letter ‘c’ is repeated for poetic effect.

 Such wondrous fine fantastic tales.

Alliteration: The sound of the letter ‘f’ is repeated for poetic effect.
  And pirates wearing purple pants.

Alliteration: The sound of the letter ‘p’ is repeated for poetic effect.

 The rain came heavily and fell in floods.

Alliteration: The sound of the letter ‘f’ repeated for poetic effect.

 The hare is running races in her mirth.

Alliteration: The letter ‘r’ is repeated for poetic effect.

 It’s sharing sorrow and work and mirth. (Try yourself)

 It’s struggling on with the will to win.
 And greedy industries play their polluted pranks.
 The soup’s too hot, the corn’s too cold.
 The tip toe softly to the doorI wish I’d stayed a minute more.

Alliteration: The sounds of the letters ‘s’ and ‘m’ are repeated for poetic effect.

 Mother! your millions meet and swear on this, our proud Republic Day. (Try yourself)
 The grinning mask of death and doom worn by cress enemies of truth. (Try yourself)
 Famine and drought and dread and doom. (Try yourself)
 Let India’s millions chant in chorus. (Try yourself)
 Down with all ruthless tyranny, down with all exploitation which Renders the poor: the poorer - and
renders the bloated rich, more rich!

Alliteration: The sounds of the letter ‘p’ and ‘r’ are repeated for poetic effect.

3. Repetition – repetition of same word

 They sit and stare and stare and sit.

Repetition: The words ‘sit’ and ‘stare’ are repeated pleasantly for poetic effect.

 They ...used...to...read! They read and read, and read and read, and then proceed. (Try yourself)
 So, please, oh please, we beg, we pray. (Try yourself)

4. Tautology – same meaning

 Pure unadulterated butter available here.

Tautology: The meaning of the word ‘unadulterated’ is already contained in the word ‘pure’.
5. Antithesis – opposite words or ideas

 Speech is silvern, but silence is golden.

Antithesis: Two opposite ideas of speech and silence are placed together for poetic effect.

6. Hyperbole – over statement

 And stare until their eyes pop out.

Hyperbole: The idea expressed is highly exaggerated.

  It makes a child so dull and blind.

Hyperbole: The idea expressed is highly exaggerated.

 His powers of thinking rust and freeze.

Hyperbole: The idea expressed is highly exaggerated.

 For buying the hundreds of elctronic gadgets.

Hyperbole: The idea expressed is highly exaggerated.

 Millions of fish are dying

7. Interrogation – questions

 How could anyone not know?

Interrogation: Idea is expressed in the form of a question.

8. Exclamation – expression

 Oh! how wonderful is the rain.

Exclamation: The idea is conveyed explicitly.

 Oh the value of the elderly!

Exclamation: The idea is conveyed explicitly.

9. Onomatopoeia – sound

 The clock is running tik - tik - tik.

Onomatopoeia: Sense of sound is conveyed through the word ‘tik - tik - tik’

 There was a roaring in the wind all night.

Onomatopoeia: Sense of sound is conveyed through the word ‘roaring’.

 The Jay makes answer as the Magpie chatters.

Onomatopoeia: Sense of sound is conveyed through the word ‘chatters’

 For something in it crunches.

Onomatopoeia: Sense of sound is conveyed through the word ‘crunches’.

 Echoing and re - echoing a new hope and a new desire.

Onomatopoeia: Sense of sound is conveyed through the words ‘echoing’ and ‘re-echoing’
10. Climax - Ideas are arranged in the order of increasing importance.

 The spectators smiled, giggled and finally burst into laughter.

Climax: Ideas are arranged in the order of increasing importance.

 They’ll loll and slop and lounge about And stare until their eyes pop out.

Climax: Ideas are arranged in the order of increasing importance.

 That nauseating, foul, unclean, Repulsive television screen!

Climax: Ideas are arranged in the order of increasing importance.

 I’d tuck you in all safe at night. And hear your prayers, turn off the lights.

11. Metaphor- An implicit (indirect) comparison is made without using words such as ‘like’, ‘as’ and ‘so’.

 Before this monster was invented?

Metaphor: The television is indirectly compared to a monster.

 Our world is an institution.

Metaphor: The world is indirectly compared to an institution.

 They hold so many keys.

Metaphor: The experience of the elderly is indirectly compared to keys.

 As a nation we are mission our greatest true resource.

Metaphor: The nation is indirectly compared to a resource

12. Simile - An explicit comparison is made between two things by using words such as ‘like’, ‘as’ and ‘so’

 I wandered lonely as a cloud.

Simile: The loneliness of the poet is compared to that of the cloud using the word ‘as’.

 His brain becomes as soft as cheese.

Smile: The softness of the brain is directly compared to that of cheese.

 That attracts the industries to produce like maggots.

Simile: The industries are directly compared to maggots.

12. Apostrophe: Inanimate things are directly addressed.

 O Mother! teach our hands to bear.

Apostrophe: The earth is directly addressed as if it were a living being.

 Republic Day of India! Your dawning shall begin to work.

Apostrophe: Republic day is directly addressed as it were a living being.

13. Synecdoche - Here one idea is understood by means of another.

 My hands were busy through the day.

Synecdoche: Part (hands) for the whole (the person).

 My hands once busy now are still.

 21: Frame wh-type
Spider webs are delicate, yet very strong.
How are spider webs?

A rainbow colours the entire sky.

What colours the entire sky?

The greatest difficulty was in identifying the plants.

What was the greatest difficulty?

Dialogues throughout the book are lively.

How are the dialogues throughout the book?

The books have a few drawbacks.

What do the books have.

I've been asked to bring back a vaccine for a horse.

Ans. What have I been asked to bring back?

I went in search of a nearby shop where I had seen ties.

What did I go in search of?

The driver refused to wait.

Who refused to wait?

Parking was prohibited.

What was prohibited.

Nature soothes and nurtures.

What does nature do?

My greatest guru was my mother.

Who was my greatest guru.

Parallel lines never meet.

What kind of lines never meet?

It must answer the experimental test.

What must it answer?

Superstitions of various kinds are prevalent among the masses.

What is prevalent among the masses?

Cones are the most popular means of application of mehendi.

What is the most popular means of application of mehendi?

Muslims hold the application of henna to be a meritorious act.

Who holds the application of henna to be a meritorious act?

We went to rocky beach and saw the spread of the majestic ocean.
Where did we go and see the spread of the majestic ocean?

Their teamwork and perseverance were impressive.

What was impressive?

Saina is exceptional.
who is exceptional?

What is important is not to get carried away.

What is important?

The yawning gap of 12 percent between demand and supply of electricity continues to be an acute
problem.
What continues to be an acute problem?

There are numerous reasons for India to "go solar"

Why are there numerous reasons for India?

The government has launched the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) mechanism.
What has the government launched?

My father dies when I was six.

When did my father die?

The resin is collected from the roots.

From where is the resin collected?

Performing an act of kindness produces a positive attitude.

What does performing an act of kindness produce?
Wh type questions.
The interrogative pronouns who, what, whom, whose, which and the interrogative adverbs where,
when, why and how are used to frame information questions.

The structure ‘how + an adjective/adverb’ may also be used to frame information questions.

Frame WH questions to get the underline part as

answers.
1. We lived downstairs of the hospital.
Ans. Where did we live?

2. He announced that he was going to be a doctor.

Ans. What did he announce?

3. He catches the bus.

Ans. What does he catch?

4. Nature heard the conversation.

Ans. What did Nature hear?

5. The queen of violets saw by her side the converted violet.

Ans. Whom did the queen of violets see by her side?

6. The morning routine started with tea.

Ans. How did the morning routine start?

7. I didn’t mind vegetable shopping.

Ans. What did I not mind?

8. The final indicator of a country’s independence is the way its children live.
Ans. What is the final indicator of a country’s independence?

9. He launched an independent partnership.

Ans. What did he launch?
10. The rain water rises the water table in the sand.
Ans. What does the rain water rise in the sand?

11. The monsoon starts in June.

Ans. When does the monsoon start?

12. We reached America.

Ans. Where did we reach?

13. Dimple breaks the glass.

Ans. Who does break the glass?

14. 20 billion messages are sent every month worldwide.

Ans. How many messages are sent every month worldwide?
 22: Gerund and infinitive
Infinitive: A verb denoting possession, existence or action preceded by the preposition 'to' and not
limited to number and persons.

Gerund: A verb (ending in 'ing') denoting action but functioning as a noun (subject or object of a verb
or object of a preposition)

Examples of infinitives.
1. He went to the supermarket to buy some groceries.
Here the underlined words are infinitives because, though they are verbs, they are not limited to number and
person of the subject.
2. To err is human, but to forgive is divine.
Here the underlined words are infinitives because, though they are verb, they are not limited to number and
person of the subject.

Examples of Gerund.
1. Ajith and Vijay are fond of cycling.
In this sentence, the underlined word is gerund as it is in the form of verb, but it functions as noun.
2. Swimming is a great hobby.
In this sentence, the underlined word is gerund as it is in the form of verb, but it functions as noun.

More examples to understand.

1. The sky poured turbulent waters on Mumbai to transform lanes and streets into rivers.
(Rewrite using gerund form of the underlined word)

Ans. The sky poured turbulent waters on Mumbai, transforming lanes and streets into rivers.
2. Making omelettes and rolling out chappatis became my special duties.
Ans. To make omelettes and to roll out chappatis became my special duties.
3. I got caught each time I tried arguing.

Ans. I got caught each time I tried to argue.

4. Besides, in India there are always other people to do al that for you.

Ans. Besides, in India there are always other people doing all that for you.
6. Finally, we tried to combine forces.
Ans. Finally, we tried combining forces.
7. Looking for groceries was another matter.

Ans. To look for groceries was another matter.

8. My parents preferred to patronize just on store.

Ans. My parents preferred patronizing just one store

9. Public may take some time to apprehend that it is being cheated.

Ans. Public may take some time apprehending that it is being cheated.

identify the infinitives, participles or gerunds.

1.The driver refused to wait.

to wait - Infinitive

2.Panting , I boarded the plane under the reproachful gaze of the other passengers.
Panting – participle

3.We saw an army of ants lugging a fly wich was at least ten times the ant’s size.
Lugging – participle

4.On enquiring , the priest said that the temple found it difficult to get the bilva leaf.
enquiring - Gerund

5.It was not commercially economic to grow it.

to grow - infinitive

6.Very few flower sellers were willing to provide bilva leaves.

to provide – Infinitive

7.The greatest difficulty was in identifying the plants.

Identifying - Gerund
8.He had to consult many scholars.
to consult – Infinitive

9.The book succeeds in providing good leisure reading.

Providing – Gerund

10.It is one of the best occasions in recent times to raise a toast.

to raise – Infinitive

11.This strategy looks easy but is difficult to implement.

to implement – Infinitive

12.Indians are always comfortable playing against the wind as it easy to control you shorts.
Playing - participle

13.It is equally important to realize that she has a long career ahead of her.
to realize – Infinitive

14.India is faced with the challenge of sustaining its rapid economic groth.
sustaining - Gerund

15.India has committed itself to reading its carbon emissions by 20-25 per cent by 2020.
reducing - Gerund

To understand more

The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or a pronoun. But sometimes, to-infinitives and –ing
forms are also used as subjects.
Study the examples given below.

Swimming is a good exercise.

Here the –ing form ‘swimming’ acts as the subject of the verb ‘is’.
More examples are given below.

Smoking is injurious to health.

Singing gives me great pleasure.

Telling lies can get you into deep trouble.

Collecting stamps is his hobby.

Driving very fast on a busy road may lead to an accident.

In each of the following sentences, the subject is an –ing form.

A to-infinitive can also act as the subject of a verb.

Study the example sentences given below.

To err is human.

To give advice is easy.

To follow this advice may be difficult.

To swim in that sea may be dangerous.

To drive very fast here is not advisable.

 23: Direct and indirect
speech.
Direct
Simple Present Tense
Indirect
Simple Past Tense
[go/goes] [went]
Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
[am/is / are going] [was/were going]
Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
[have / has gone] [had gone]
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect
[went] [had gone]
Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous
[was / were going] [had been going]
am , is , are was , were
have, has had
do, does did
was, were had been
had had
shall should
will would
can could
may might
must must / had to
out their
this that
these those
here there
now, just then
ago before
thus so
come go
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before/ previous day
to night that night
last night the night before / previous
night
the next day/ week/ month/ the following day/ week/
year month/ year.

Examples
1. The doctor said, “I have given an injection and it will make you
sleep.”
Ans. The doctor said that he had given an injection and it would
make him sleep.
2. “Who are you and what are you doing here?” she asked him. “I
am a painter and I’m drawing pictures on my pitcher,” he said.
Ans. She asked him who he was and what he was doing there. He
answered that he was a painter and was drawing pictures on his
pitcher.
3. “Something is burning,” said the man. “Can you smell it, Vinay?”
(Change it into indirect speech)
Ans. The man said that something was burning. He asked Vinay
whether he could smell it.
4. She’d said, “What do you think – that somebody’s always going
to be around to wait on you?
Ans. She asked him whether he thought that somebody would always
be around to wait on him.
5. He announced that he was going to be a doctor.
Ans. He announced, “I am going to be a doctor.”
6. “Why not settle for something more, within your capabilities,
like History or Psychology?” suggested the biology professor.
Ans. The biology professor suggested him that he should settle for
something more within his capabilities like History or Psychology.
7. “Dave”, said the other senior, gripping his shoulder, “I can see
like an eagle.”
Ans. Gripping his shoulder, the other senior told Dave that he could
see like an eagle.
8. The violet opened her blue lips and said, “What an unfortunate
am I among the flowers!”
Ans. The violet opened her blue lips and exclaimed that she was
unfortunate among the flowers.
9. She laughed and commented. “How strange is your talk!”
Ans. She laughed and commented that her talk was very strange.
10. She approached and said, “Has greed entered your heart and
humbled your senses”
Ans. She approached and asked whether greed had entered her heart
and had humbled her senses.
11. The queen of violets called to her family, saying, “Let the
memory of this scene be a reminder of your good fortune.”
Ans. The queen of violets called to her family to say that the memory
of that scene should be a reminder of their good fortune.
12. He would give a reply, “We do not need a house of our own. I
already own five houses.”
Ans. He would reply that they did not need a house of their own and
added that he already owned five houses.
13. I tried arguing, “But what difference does it make?”
Ans. I tried to argue saying that it did not make any difference.
14. “Is it dead?” asked Neha. “No,” said Rahul. “ I can still feel its
heart beating.”
Ans. Neha asked whether it was dead. Rahul replied in the negative.
He added that he could still fell its heart beating.
15. Gandhiji said that the greatest lessons in life are learnt from
children.

Ans. Gandhiji said, “The greatest lessons in life are learnt from
children”.
 24: Degree of comparison
An adjective can exist in three forms – positive,
comparative and superlative. The positive form is the base form of
the adjective. The comparative form expresses a higher degree of
some quality. The superlative form expresses the highest degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Small Smaller Smallest
Tall Taller Tallest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Kind Kinder Kindest
Young Younger Youngest
Brave Braver Bravest
Fine Finer Finest
Happy Happier Happiest
Great Greater Greatest
Easy Easier Easiest
Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Eminent More eminent Most eminent
Industrious More industrious Most industrious
Ferocious More ferocious Most ferocious
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Good Better Best
Well Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Little Lesser Least
Much More Most
Many More Most
In Inner Innermost
Up Upper Uppermost
Old Elder Eldest
Old Older oldest

Positive Comparative Superlative

No other than any other the happiest
Few other/ very few than many / most other one of the tallest 1.
Raj
i is the richest woman in Mumbai.
Ans. Raji is richer than any other woman in Mumbai.
No other woman in Mumbai is as rich as Raji.
2. Reading is the best form of recreation.
Ans. Reading is better than any other form of recreation.
No other form of recreation is as good as reading.
3. Australia is the largest Island.
Ans. Australia is larger than many other Islands.
No other Island is as large as Australia.

4. Australia is one of the largest Islands.

Ans. Australia is larger than many other Islands.
Very few Islands are as large as Australia.

5. Books are the best source of knowledge.

Ans. Books are better than any other source of knowledge.
No other source of knowledge is as good as books.

6. Iron is stronger than many other metals.

Ans. Iron is one of the strongest metals.
Very few metals are as strong as Iron.

7. No one is as lazy as Raja.

Ans. Raja is lazier than any other.
Raja is the laziest of all.

8. The greatest lessons in life are learnt from children.

Ans. No other lessons in life is as great as the ones that are learnt
from children.

9. I have never seen such a ferocious animal as this.

Ans. I have never seen an animal more ferocious than this one.

Note: - Whenever the comparison is made between two persons or

things there does not exist with superlative degree.

1. Mango is sweeter than Apple.

Ans. Apple is not as sweet as Mango.
2. Mumbai is not leaner than Chennai.
Ans. Chennai is as clean as Mumbai.
3. March is not as hot as June.
Ans. June is hotter than March.
4. The rose smells as sweet as the lily.
Ans. The lily does not smell sweeter than the rose.
5. The rose smelled as sweet as the lily.
Ans. The lily did not smell sweeter than the rose.
6. The roses smell as sweet as the lilies.
The lilies do not smell sweeter than the rose.
7. I feel as scared as you do.
Ans. I don’t feel less scared than you.
 25: Affirmative and negative sentences
1. I like to go to the seashore. (Make it negative.)
Ans. I don’t dislike going to the seashore.

2. He likes to go to the seashore.

Ans. He doesn't dislike going to the seashore.

3. They like to go to the seashore.

Ans. They don’t dislike going to the seashore.

4. It is useless.
Ans. It is not useful.

5. There is little hurry.

Ans. There is no hurry.
6. He had only his daughter with him.
Ans. He had no one except his daughter with him.

7. I do not remember. (Make it affirmative)

Ans. I fail to remember.

8. I did not remember.

Ans. I failed to remember.

9. She does not remember.

Ans. She fails to remember.

10. It was never heard of in the history of Mumbai.

Ans. This was the first time in the history of Mumbai that it had been
heard of.
11. David grew up considering blindness no tragedy.
Ans. David grew up without ever considering blindness a tragedy.
12. They had always fallen into the realm of possibility.
Ans. They had never fallen into the realm of impossibility.

13. David’s ambition to become a doctor was not in that realm.

Ans. David’s ambition to become a doctor was beyond that realm.

14. He was no different from anyone else.

Ans. He was like everyone else

15. You’ll never know unless you try.”

Ans. You’ll only know if you try.

16. It’s likely no personal computer would have them.

Ans. It’s likely all personal computer would be without them.

17. You are fortunate and yet you cannot understand your fortune.
(remove negative)
Ans. You are fortunate and yet you are unable to understand your
fortune.

18. Abyss cannot head the song of the stars. (Remove negative and
rewrite)
Ans. Abyss is unable to hear the song of the stars.

19. His replies did not gladden our heart at the time.
Ans. His replies failed to gladden our hearts at the time.

20. It didn’t halve our time exactly.

Ans. It failed to halve our time.
 26: Punctuation
The word 'Punctuation' is taken from the Latin word 'Punctum' meaning 'point'. Punctuation refers to the right
point being put at the right place, in order to make reading and understanding clear, precise and
understandable. Some of these marks of punctuation are as follows.

Full Stop .

Comma ,

Semicolon ;

Colon :

Mark of interrogation or Question mark ?

Mark of interjection or Exclamation mark !

Quotation marks or Inverted Commas ""

Apostrophe '

Hyphen -
Dash __

1. Full Stop: The full stop marks the end of a sentence. It is also used to denote
abbreviations and initials.

2. Comma: Basically, the comma is used to indicate a slight pause between words, phrases
or clauses.

3. Semicolon: The semicolon represents a pause of greater intensity that they indicated
by a comma.

4. Colon: The colon marks a still more complete pause than that expressed by the
semicolon.

5. Mark of Interrogation or Question Mark: The question mark is

used instead of a full stop, at the end of a question asked.

6. Mark of Interjection or Exclamation Mark: The Exclamation

Mark is used after interjections and after phrases and sentences expressing sudden emotion or
wish.
7. Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas: Quotation marks are used
to enclose the exact words of a speaker, or a quotation.

8. Apostrophe: The Apostrophe is used to show possession.

e.g. Father's pen. Mother's dress.

It is also used to show the omission of a letter or letters.

e.g. Don't, Can't, Shouldn't, etc.

Apostrophe also used for plural nouns ending in 's'

e.g. Here are the pupils' books.

Whose fathers' pen it is?

9. Hyphen: A shorter line than the dash, it is used to connect parts of a compound word.
e.g. home-made, man-of-war, air-conditioner, etc.

10. Dash: A dash is used to indicate a sudden stop in the thoughts of the speaker, and the
introduction of another thought.

11. Capitalization - Capitals are used to begin a sentence. For proper noun, for
personal pronoun 'I' .

Exercise to practice.
Punctuate the following sentences.
1.sonia and her cousin sheila have just arrived from london

Sonia and her cousin, Sheila have just arrived from London.

2.uncle sam took us to spencers mall from where we bought many things cake biscuits soft drinks
stationery items and toiletries

Uncle Sam took us to spencer ‘s mall from where we bought many things -
cakes,biscuits,softdrinks, Stationery items and toiletries.

3.dr rajesh is a well qualified surgeon with a md degree from California university

Dr Rajesh is a well qualified surgeon with an M.D degree from California university.

4.who do you wish to speak to anne asked the man on the phone

“Who do u wish to speak to?” Anne asked the man on the phone.

5.emperor Akbar was a wise moghul king who rule India for many years

Emperor Akbar was a wise Moghul king who rued India for many years.
6.this year on teachers day the students of class 10 gave their class teacher mrs aarti patel a gift a
bouquet of flowers and a card

This year, on Teachers ‘ Day, the students of class 10 gave their class teacher, Mrs Aarti Patel a
gift, a bouquet of flowers and a card.

7.all students both boys and girls from class 9 must proceed to the science laboratory for a
demonstration by mr santosh

All students - both boys and girls from class 9 must proceed to the Science Laboratory for a
demontration by Mr Santosh.

8.the man asked his wife what do you wish for your birthday this year

The man asked his wife, “What do you wish for your birthday, this year?”

9.the wife replied i wish that you grant three wishes every birthday till the end of time

The wife replied,”I wish that you grant three wishes everybirthday till the end of time.”

10.punit and sanjana lived at salisbury park in pune city for ten years before they migrated to paris

Punit and Sanjana lived at Salisbury Park in Pune city for ten years before they migrated to
Paris.

11. ravi said his mother do you want a glass of orange juice

“Ravi,” said his mother, “Do you want a glass of orange juice?”

12.shakespeare yeats shelly wordsworth all are great english poets.

Shakespeare, Yeats, Shelly and Wordsworth – all are great English poets.

13. what is your priority health or wealth asked mr john our colleague from amsterdam

“What is your priority – health or wealth?” asked Mr John, our new colleague from amsterdam.

14. in india the people from the states of kerala and tamil nadu generally prefer coffee to tea

In India, the people from the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu generally prefer coffee to tea.

15.rohans mother and divyas sister went to america last year in september by virgin atlantic
airlines

Rohan’s mother and Divya’s sister went to America last year in September by Virgin atlantic
airlines.