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PHYSICS NOTES CLASS 11

CHAPTER 10
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER

Heat
Heat is a form of energy called thermal energy which flows from a higher temperature body to a lower
temperature body when they are placed in contact.

Heat or thermal energy of a body is the sum of kinetic energies of all its constituent particles, on account of
translational, vibrational and rotational motion.

The SI unit of heat energy is joule (J).

1 cal = 4.18 J

W = JQ

Temperature
Degree of hotness or coldness of the body. A device which is used to measure the temperature, is called a
thermometer.

Temperature of the core of the sun is 107 K while that of its surface 6000 K.

NTP or STP implies 273.15 K (0°C = 32°F).

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• Celsius Scale In this scale of temperature, the melting point ice is taken as 0°C and the boiling
point of water as 100°C and space between these two points is divided into 100 equal parts
• Fahrenheit Scale In this scale of temperature, the melt point of ice is taken as 32°F and the boiling
point of water as 211 and the space between these two points is divided into 180 equal parts.
• Kelvin Scale In this scale of temperature, the melting pouxl ice is taken as 273 K and the boiling
point of water as 373 K the space between these two points is divided into 100 equal pss

Thermometric Property
The property of an object which changes with temperature, is call thermometric property.

(i) Pressure of a Gas at Constant Volume

where p, p100. and pt, are pressure of a gas at constant volume 0°C, 100°C and t°C.

(ii) Electrical Resistance of Metals Rt =

R0(1 + αt + βt2)

where α and β are constants for a metal.

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( β is too small )

Rt = R0(1 + αt)

where, α = temperature coefficient of resistance and R0 and

Rt, are electrical resistances at 0°C and t°C.

where R1 and R2 are electrical resistances at temperatures t1 and t2.

where R100 is the resistance at 100°C.

Platinum resistance thermometer can measure temperature from —200°C to 1200°C.

(iii) Length of Mercury Column in a Capillary Tube

lt = l0(1 + αt)

where α = coefficient of linear expansion and l0, lt are lengths of mercury column at 0°C and t°C.

Thermo Electro Motive Force

When two junctions of a thermocouple are kept at different temperatures, then a thermo-emf is produced
between the junctions, which changes with temperature difference between the junctions.

Where E100 is the thermo-emf when hot junction is at 100°C.

A thermo-couple thermometer can measure temperature from —200°C to 1600°C.

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Thermal Equilibrium
When there is no transfer of heat between two bodies in contact, the the bodies are called in
thermal equilibrium.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two bodies A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with thirtli body C, then bodies A and B will be
in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass the substance through 1°C is called its
specific heat.

It is denoted by c or s.

Its SI unit joule/kilogram-°C'(J/kg-°C).

The specific heat of water is 4200 J kg-1°C-1 or 1 cal g-1 C-1, which high compared with most other
substances.

Gases have two types of specific heat

1. The specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv).

2. The specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cr).

Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) is greater than specific heat constant volume (CV), i.e., Cp > CV .

For molar specific heats Cp – CV = R where R = gas constant and this

relation is called Mayer’s formula.

The ratio of two principal sepecific heats of a gas is represented by γ.

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Q = mcΔt

where, m = mass of the substance, c=

specific heat of the substance and Δt =
change in temperature.

Thermal (Heat) Capacity

Heat capacity of any body is equal to the amount of heat energy required to increase its
temperature through 1°C. Heat capacity = me where c = specific heat of the substance of the body
and m = mass of the body.

Its SI unit is joule/kelvin (J/K).

Water Equivalent
It is the quantity of water whose thermal capacity is same as the heat capacity of the body. It is denoted by
W.

W = ms = heat capacity of the body.

Latent Heat
The heat energy absorbed or released at constant temperature per unit mass for change of state is called
latent heat.

Heat energy absorbed or released during change of state is given by Q = mL

where m = mass of the substance and L = latent heat.

Its unit is cal/g or J/kg .

For water at its normal boiling point or condensation temperature (100°C), the latent heat of vaporisation is

L = 540 cal/g
= 40.8 kJ/ mol
= 2260 kJ/kg

For water at its normal freezing temperature or melting point (0°C), the latent heat of fusion is

L = 80 cal/ g = 60 kJ/mol

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= 336 kJ/kg

Melting
Conversion of solid into liquid state at constant temperature is melting.

Evaporation
Conversion of liquid into vapour at all temperatures (even below boiling point) is called evaporation.

Boiling
When a liquid is heated gradually, at a particular temperature saturated vapour pressure of the liquid
becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, now bubbles of vapour rise to the surface d liquid. This process is
called boiling of the liquid.

The temperature at which a liquid boils, is called boiling point The boiling point of water increases
with increase in pre sure decreases with decrease in pressure.

Sublimation
The conversion of a solid into vapour state is called sublimation.

Calorimetry
This is the branch of heat transfer that deals with the measorette heat. The heat is usually measured in
calories or kilo calories.

Principle of Calorimetry
When a hot body is mixed with a cold body, then heat lost by ha is equal to the heat gained by cold body.

Heat lost = Heat gain

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Thermal Expansion
Increase in size on heating is called thermal expansion. There are three types of thermal expansion.

1. Expansion of solids
2. Expansion of liquids
3. Expansion of gases

Expansion of Solids

Three types of expansion -takes place in solid.

Linear Expansion Expansion in length on heating is called linear expansion. Increase

in length l2 = l1(1 + α Δt)

where, ll and l2 are initial and final lengths,Δt = change in temperature and α = coefficient of linear
expansion.

Coefficient of linear expansion α = (Δl/l * Δt)

Cubical Expansion

Expansion in volume on heating is called cubical expansion.

Increase in volume V2 = V1(1 + γΔt)

where V1 and V2 are initial and final volumes and γ is a coefficient of cubical expansion. Coefficient of

cubical expansion

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where V = real volume, AV =change in volume and Δt = change in temperature. Relation

between coefficients of linear, superficial and cubical expansions β = 2α and γ = 3α Or
α:β:γ = 1:2:3

2. Expansion of Liquids

In liquids only expansion in volume takes place on heating.

• Coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid

• Real Expansion of Liquids

yr = ya + yg

where, yr, and ya are coefficient of real and apparent expansion of liquids and yg is coefficient of cubical
expansion of the container.

Anamalous Expansion of Water

When temperature of water is increased from 0°C, then its vol decreases upto 4°C, becomes minimum at
4°C and then increases. behaviour of water around 4°C is called, anamalous expansion water.

3. Expansion of Gases

There are two types of coefficient of expansion in gases

(i) Volume Coefficient.

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where V0, V1, and V2 are volumes of the gas at 0°C, t1°C and t2°C

(ii) Pressure Coefficient (γp) .

where p0, p1 and p2 are pressure of the gas at 0°C, t1° C and t2° C.

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