DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

WEB TECHNOLOGIES-KCS-602
UNIT-I

Topics covered:
• Data types, Variables, Constants, Scope and Lifetime of variables,
• Operators, Operator Hierarchy, Expressions,
• Type conversion and casting, Enumerated types,
• Control flow- block scope, conditional statements, loops,
• break and continue statements,

Data Types
Data types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data types:

o Primitive data types

o Non-primitive data types

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Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean False 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

class Simple{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}}

Output:20

Variables and Data Types in Java

Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance
and static.

There are two types of data types in java: primitive and non-primitive.

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java:

o local variable
o instance variable
o static variable

1) Local Variable

A variable which is declared inside the method is called local variable.

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2) Instance Variable

A variable which is declared inside the class but outside the method, is called instance variable . It
is not declared as static.

3) Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

We will have detailed learning of these variables in next chapters.

Example to understand the types of variables in java

class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Constants in Java

A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It uses the 'final'
keyword.

Syntax
modifier final dataType variableName = value; //global constant

modifier static final dataType variableName = value; //constant within a c

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Scope and Life Time of Variables
The scope of a variable defines the section of the code in which the variable is visible. As a
general rule, variables that are defined within a block are not accessible outside that block. The
lifetime of a variable refers to how long the variable exists before it is destroyed. Destroying
variables refers to deallocating the memory that was allotted to the variables when declaring it.
We have written a few classes till now. You might have observed that not all variables are the
same. The ones declared in the body of a method were different from those that were declared
in the class itself. There are three types of variables: instance variables, formal parameters or
local variables and local variables.

Instance variables

Instance variables are those that are defined within a class itself and not in any method or
constructor of the class. They are known as instance variables because every instance of the
class (object) contains a copy of these variables. The scope of instance variables is determined
by the access specifier that is applied to these variables. We have already seen about it earlier.
The lifetime of these variables is the same as the lifetime of the object to which it belongs.
Object once created do not exist for ever. They are destroyed by the garbage collector of Java
when there are no more reference to that object. We shall see about Java's automatic garbage
collector later on.

Argument variables

These are the variables that are defined in the header oaf constructor or a method. The scope of
these variables is the method or constructor in which they are defined. The lifetime is limited
to the time for which the method keeps executing. Once the method finishes execution, these
variables are destroyed.

Local variables

A local variable is the one that is declared within a method or a constructor (not in the header).
The scope and lifetime are limited to the method itself.

One important distinction between these three types of variables is that access specifiers can be
applied to instance variables only and not to argument or local variables.

In addition to the local variables defined in a method, we also have variables that are defined
in bocks life an if block and an else block. The scope and is the same as that of the block itself.

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Operators in java

Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc.

There are many types of operators in java which are given below:

o Unary Operator,
o Arithmetic Operator,
o shift Operator,
o Relational Operator,
o Bitwise Operator,
o Logical Operator,
o Ternary Operator and
o Assignment Operator.

Operators Hierarchy

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Expressions
Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to produce a new
value, although sometimes an expression simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions are
built using values, variables, operators and method calls.

Types of Expressions

While an expression frequently produces a result, it doesn't always. There are three types of
expressions in Java:

• Those that produce a value, i.e. the result of (1 + 1)

• Those that assign a variable, for example (v = 10)
• Those that have no result but might have a "side effect" because an expression can include
a wide range of elements such as method invocations or increment operators that modify
the state (i.e. memory) of a program.

Java Type casting and Type conversion

Widening or Automatic Type Conversion

Widening conversion takes place when two data types are automatically converted. This happens
when:
▪ The two data types are compatible.
▪ When we assign value of a smaller data type to a bigger data type.

For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no automatic
conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char and boolean are not
compatible with each other.

Narrowing or Explicit Conversion

If we want to assign a value of larger data type to a smaller data type we perform explicit type
casting or narrowing.
▪ This is useful for incompatible data types where automatic conversion cannot be done.
▪ Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified value to.

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Java Enum

Enum in java is a data type that contains fixed set of constants.

It can be used for days of the week (SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY and SATURDAY) , directions (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST)
etc. The java enum constants are static and final implicitly. It is available from JDK 1.5.

Java Enums can be thought of as classes that have fixed set of constants.

Simple example of java enum

class EnumExample1{
public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (Season s : Season.values())
System.out.println(s);
}}
Output:
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

Control Flow Statements

The control flow statements in Java allow you to run or skip blocks of code when special
conditions are met.

The “if” Statement

The “if” statement in Java works exactly like in most programming languages. With the help of
“if” you can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined condition is met. The
structure of the “if” statement in Java looks like this:

if (condition) {
// execute this code
}

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The condition is Boolean. Boolean means it may be true or false. For example you may put a
mathematical equation as condition. Look at this full example: