1

Introduction to OSHA
 2
What is OSHA?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Responsible for worker safety and health protection

 3
What does OSHA require?

Determine which OSHA standards apply to your

workplace

Follow the OSHA standards and requirements

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RECORD KEEPING
 5
RECORD KEEPING

To keep the record of all work related work

precautions is called recordkeeping.

Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain

records of occupational injuries and illnesses
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Recordkeeping and Reporting
All employers must report to OSHA within 8 hours
any accident that results in a fatality or in-patient
hospitalization of 3 or more employees

Maintained on a calendar year basis

Summary of records for the previous year must be

posted within an year.
 7

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
 8

 TYPES OF PPE DISCUSSED:

- HEARING AND SIGHT
- FOOT
- RESPIRATORY
- HEAD
- HAND
 EYES 9

DAMAGE FROM CHEMICAL SPLASH,

DUST AND PROJECTILES

WEAR GOOGLES,GLASSES OR
SHIELD
 HEAD 10

IMPACT FROM
FALLING OR FLYING OBJECTS
RISK OF BUMPING HEAD
HAIR ENTANGLEMENT
 11
BREATHING

DUST,VAPOUR and GASES

 12
HANDS AND ARMS
ABRASIONS, CUTS AND
PUNCTURES
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
EXPOSURE
SKIN INFECTIONS & DISEASES
IMPACT INJURIES
 13
LEGS AND FEET
• WET CONDITIONS OR
SLIPPERY SURFACES
• CHEMICAL SPLASH
• FALLING OBJECTS
• CUTS AND
PUNCTURES
 14
FIRE PROTECTION
How Does a Fire Work? 15

 Three components
 Need all three
components to
start a fire
 Fire extinguishers
remove one or
more of the
components
 Types of Fires 16

 Class A - Wood, paper,cloth,

trash

 Class B - Flammable liquids,

oil, gas, grease

 Class C - Electrical, energized

electrical equipment

 Class D - Combustible metals

 Different Kinds of Extinguishers 17

The 4 most common fire extinguishers:

• All Purpose Water
• Carbon Dioxide
• Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical
• Dry Powder

Each kind of extinguisher has a specific use

 18
All Purpose Water

 Use on CLASS A fires

 Pressurized water

 Pressure gauge
present
 19
Carbon Dioxide

 Use on CLASS B
and CLASS C fires
 Hard, plastic
nozzle
 No pressure gauge
Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical 20

 Use on CLASS A,
CLASS B, and CLASS
C fires
 Fine powder under
pressure
 Pressure gauge present
21
 22
P.A.S.S. Method

Pull the pin

This will allow you to squeeze

the handle in order to discharge
the extinguisher
 23
P.A.S.S. Method

Aim at the base of

the fire

Aiming at the middle will

do no good.
The agent will pass
through the flames.
 24
P.A.S.S. Method

Squeeze the handle

This will release the

pressurized extinguishing
agent
 25
P.A.S.S. Method

Sweep side to side

Cover the entire area that is

on fire. Continue until fire is
extinguished. Keep an eye
on the area for re-lighting.
 26
MATERIAL HANDLING
 Overview -- Handling and 27
Storing Materials
Involves diverse operations:

Manual material handling

➢Carrying bags or materials
➢Unpacking materials

Material handling via machine

➢Forklift
➢Crane
➢Rigging

Stacking or storing drums, barrels, lumber,

bricks or other materials
 Cranes or Fork lift 28

• Check the load chart in the cab

• Frequently inspect

• Never lift people

• Check overhead power lines

• Ensure area of travel is clear

 29

Hand and Power Tool Safety

 Hazards 30

Workers using hand and power

tools may be exposed to these
hazards:
➢ objects that fall, fly, are
abrasive, or splash
➢ harmful dusts, fumes, mists,
vapors, and gases
➢ frayed or damaged electrical
cords, hazardous connections
and improper grounding
 Hand Tools - Protection 31

Use PPE, such as safety

goggles and gloves

Keep floor surface where

working free from tripping or
slipping hazards

Keep cutting tools sharp

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Welding and Cutting
 33
HAZARDS
• FIRE
• EXPLOSION
• MATERIAL DAMAGE
• ELECTRIC SHOCK
• FUMES, GASES
• LEAKAGES
• IN COMPETENCY OF STAFF
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 34

• CYLINDERS SHOULD BE CHECKED BEFORE

USAGE
• SPECIALIST RISH ASSESSMENT REQUIRED
• SEPARATE STORAGE PLACES
• CLEARLY MARKED TAGS
• SEPARATE VEHICLES FOR
TRANSPORTATION
• TRAINING – INSTRUCTION – INFORMATION
• CLEARLY INSULATED WIRES
 35
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
 Main hazards of electricity 36

Remember: - BSAFE

1) Burns
2) Shock: Contact with live parts
Direct Contact: Coming in to contact with a conductor that is
supposed to be live
Indirect Contact: Coming into contact with a conductor that is
not live in normal conditions but has become live due to a fault
3) Arcing
4) Fire & Explosion
 Electricity protection devices
37

• Fuses
• Circuit breaker
• Earthing
• Isolation
• Reduced voltage
• Battery operated tools
• Double insulation
FALL 38

PROTECTION
Identifying Fall Hazards 39

Examples of factors contributing to fall hazards:

Scaffolds
Ladders
Roofs
Other elevated work surfaces
 40
Fall Protection Systems
• Guardrail systems
• Personal fall-arrest systems
• Safety-net systems
• Positioning-device systems
• Warning-line systems
• Safety-monitoring systems
• Controlled-access zones
 41
Guardrail Systems
42
43
Excavations 44
 Excavation Hazards 45

Cave-ins are the greatest risk

Other hazards include:

➢ Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen
➢ Inhalation of toxic materials
➢ Moving machinery near the edge of
the excavation can cause a collapse
 Definitions 46
Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or
depression formed by earth removal.
Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater
than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.
Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and
protect employees
Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an
excavation and protects against cave-ins
Sloping - a technique that employs a specific angle of
incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle varies
based on assessment of impacting site factors.
 Site Evaluation Planning 47

Before beginning excavation:

➢ Evaluate soil conditions
➢ Construct protective systems
➢ Test for low oxygen, hazardous
fumes and toxic gases
➢ Provide safe in and out access
➢ Contact utilities
➢ Determine the safety
equipment needed
Stairways and Ladders 48
 Hazards 49

Stairways and ladders

cause many injuries and
fatalities among construction
workers

Improper use of the top

rung of a step ladder
 Summary 50
Key Components for Ladder Safety

• A competent person must inspect

• Use the correct ladder for the job
• Use the correct angle, supports.
• Don’t overload
• Your employer must train you in proper use of
a ladder
 51

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

 52
What is a Confined Space?

A space that:
Is large enough and so configured that an employee
can enter bodily and perform work;
Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
Is not designed for continuous human occupancy.
 Potential Hazards in Confined 53
Spaces
Oxygen Deficiency Toxic Materials
<19.5% or >23.5% Carbon Monoxide
oxygen concentration Hydrogen Sulfide
Combustibles Welding fumes
Methane Corrosives
Hydrogen Electricity
Acetylene Mechanical Hazards
Propane Mixers
Gasoline fumes Crushers
Two Options for Entering Confined 54
Spaces:

Permit-required Non-permit
confined space confined space
entry entry
For hazardous For non-
or potentially hazardous
hazardous confined space
confined space work
work
 55
Permit-Required Confined Space
Entry Procedure

• Isolate the space

• Ventilate the space
• Conduct TBT
• Complete permit
• Test the atmosphere
• Enter the space
Scaffolds 56
 57

DEFINITION
“A temporary structure from which persons
can gain access to a place in order to carry
out building operation”
 58
Scaffold can be made of the following
material:
a) Tubular steel
b) Tubular aluminium alloy
c) Timber
 DOUBLE
COUPLER Ledger
59

STANDARD

BASE PLATE
 60

Employees working on scaffolds are

exposed to these hazards:

• Falls from elevation – caused

by slipping, unsafe access, and
the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead
power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
• Bad planking giving way
 61

If a worker on a scaffold
can fall more than 10
feet, protect them by:
• Guardrails, and/or
• Personal Fall Arrest
Systems (PFAS)
 62

Wear hardhats
Barricade area below scaffold
to forbid entry into that area
Competent staff is required
Tool box talk should be
delivered
 63
Machine
Guarding
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Introduction
Any machine part, function, or process which may cause
injury must be safeguarded.

Where the operation of a machine can injure the

operator or other workers, the hazard must be controlled
or eliminated.

Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness -

the list of possible machinery-related injuries can occur.
Safeguards are essential for protecting workers from
needless and preventable injuries.
 65
Rotating Parts
Can grip hair or clothing
Can force the body into a dangerous position
Projecting pieces increase risk
 66
In-Running Nip Points
Between 2 rotating parts
Between rotating and tangential parts
Between rotating and fixed parts which shear, crush, or
abrade
 67
Reciprocating Parts
Risk of being struck between stationary and moving part
 68

 Continuous straight line motion

 Worker struck or caught in pinch or shear point
 69

 Guards
 Fixed
 Interlocked
 Adjustable
 Self-adjusting
 70
Fixed Guard
Barrier is a permanent part
of machine
Preferable over other types
 71

 Stops motion when guard is opened or removed

Interlocked
guard on
revolving
drum
 72

 Barrier may be
adjusted for
variable
operations
 What are the Bandsaw blade
drawbacks? adjustable
guard
 73

BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS
 74
INTRODUCTION
OSHA ESTIMATES 5.6 MILLION WORKERS IN HEALTH
CARE AND OTHER FACILITIES ARE AT RISK OF
EXPOSURE TO BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS SUCH AS
HUMAN IMUNODEFICIENCY (HIV) AND HEPATITIS B
(HBV).
PURPOSE: 75

TO PROVIDE SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS

THAT PROTECT EMPLOYEES FROM BEING
UNNECESSARILY EXPOSED TO HEALTH
HAZARDS
 76
GENERAL TERMS:

HBV
HEPATITIS MEANS INFLAMMATION
OF THE LIVER. HEPATITIS B
VIRUS IS THE MAJOR INFECTIOUS
BLOODBORNE HAZARD YOU
FACE ON THE JOB
 77
HIV
HIV
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRSUS
ATTACKS THE BODY’S IMMUNE
SYSTEM, CAUSING THE DISEASE
KNOWN AS AIDS OR ACQUIRED
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
 EXPOSURE TO BLOODBORNE
78
PATHOGENS INCLUDE:
NURSES LAW ENFORCEMENT
PHYSICIANS FIREFIGHTERS
DENTISTS PARAMEDICS
OPERATING ROOM FIRST RESPONDERS
PERSONNEL
CPR PROVIDERS
EMERGENCY ROOM
PERSONNEL
LAUNDRY HANDLERS
 WAYS TO TRANSMIT 79

INFECTION :
• SEXUAL CONTACT WITH INFECTED
PARTNER
• SHARING INFECTED NEEDLES
• CUTTING YOURSELF WITH INFECTED
OBJECTS
• GETTING INFECTED BLOOD IN OPEN
SORES
• GETTING BLOOD IN YOUR MOUTH ,
NOSE OR EYES
 A PERSON INFECTED WITH
80
HIV:

MAY CARRY THE VIRUS

WITHOUT DEVELOPING
SYMPTOMS

WILL EVENTUALLY DEVELOP

AIDS

MAY DEVELOP AIDS RELATED ILLNESSES

INCLUDING NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS, CANCER
AND OTHER OPPORTUNIST INFECTIONS
 CONTROL OF BLOODBORNE
81
PATHOGENS

• ENGINEERING CONTROLS
• EMPLOYEE WORK PRACTICES
• PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• HOUSEKEEPING
• HEPATITIS B VACCINE
 82
BE PREPARED
ALWAYS WEAR GLOVES
WHEN AT RISK
BE ALERT FOR SHARP
OBJECTS
DO NOT PICK UP GLASS
WITH BARE HANDS
PLACE SHARPS IN
APPROVED CONTAINERS
 83
COMMON SENSE RULES
BE SURE TO WASH HANDS
AND REMOVE PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING BEFORE:

- EATING
- DRINKING
- SMOKING
- APPLYING COSMETICS
- HANDLING CONTACTS
 84
Violence at Work
 85
Violence at Work

Work-related violence
Any incident in which a person is abused,
threatened or assaulted in circumstances
relating to their work.
 Violence at Work 86

Risk factor for Violence:

• Cash handling
• at risk of violence associated with robbery.
• Lone working
• in contact with members of the public at remote or private locations.
• Representing authority
• represents authority, such as police, traffic wardens, etc.
• Wearing a uniform
• uniforms are often seen as a symbol of authority, but even where they
are not workers may still be singled out for abuse.
 Violence at Work 87

Risk factor for Violence:

• Dealing with people under stress

• less capable of handling their emotions and can lose control.

• Dealing with people under the influence

• of drugs and alcohol, or with mental health problems

• Censuring or saying no
• give warnings, penalties, fines, or who have to refuse a service or
say no
 Violence at Work 88

Occupations at risk of violence:

• Hospital A and E staff
• Police
• Social workers
• Bus and taxi drivers
• Firefighters and paramedics
• Traffic wardens
• Railway staff
• Estate agents.
 Violence at Work 89
Preventing violence at a central office:

• Zero tolerance policy and prosecution of offenders.

• Security staff.
• CCTV cameras.
• Security doors between public areas and staff areas.
• Minimize queues and waiting times.
• Clear announcements about waiting times.
• Training for staff, e.g.
• Providing a good quality service.
• Diffusing aggression.
• Screens between staff and public.
• Panic alarms.
• Pleasant environment.
 Violence at Work 90

Preventing violence conducting home visits:

• No lone working in high risk areas

• Keeping records of past incidents
• Visit-logging with supervisor.
• Pre- and post-visit telephone calls.
• Training for staff, e.g.
• Lone working procedures.
• Break-away techniques (self-defense).
• Always having a means of communication
• No visits after dark.
• Parking in secure areas.
• Not carrying cash or valuables.
 91
Lockout - Tagout

Control of
Hazardous
Energy
 92
First Step In LOTO
Know your equipment & systems
hazards
isolation points
procedure for Lockout
Working on unfamiliar machinery is a hazard
Who Can Lockout 93
Equipment?

Only Employees who have been

trained and authorized by
management
 94
Use of Locks & Tags
Use only those issued to you
Never use another workers lock or tag
Ask your supervisor if you need more LOTO
equipment
 95
6 Step LOTO Procedure
• Prepare for Shutdown
• Shutdown Equipment
• Isolate all energy sources
• Place Locks & Tags
• Release Stored Energy
• Verify Equipment Isolation
1. Prepare for Shutdown 96

Understand equipment hazards

Notify other workers of shutdown

 97
2. Shutdown Equipment
Use normal shutdown procedure

Turn all switches to OFF

Shut all control valves

Disable all sources of energy

3. Isolate All Energy Sources 98

Shut valves

Open breakers & disconnects

 99
4. Place Locks & Tags on

Valves

Breakers/electrical disconnects

Block or disconnect all lines

Lock and tag blank flanges

5. Release or Block all Stored 100
Energy
✓Discharge capacitors
✓Stop rotating flywheels
✓Relieve system pressure
✓Drain fluids
✓Vent gases
✓Allow system to cool
 101
6. Verify Equipment Isolation
• Check all other workers are clear
• Check locking devices securely
placed
• Check isolation
• Attempt normal startup
• Return Controls to OFF/Neutral
 102
Release from LOTO
• Inspect Area and Equipment
• Ensure all Machine Guards in
place
• Move tools away from equipment
• Inform others of startup
• Restore system connections
• Remove Locks & Tags
• Restore equipment to normal
• Conduct normal startup
 103
Who can remove Locks & Tags?

Only the employee who placed the tag

or
a supervisor, after obtaining permission from the
worker who placed the tag
 104
A piece of equipment already
has a lock and tag. Do I have to
place my own locks & tags?

YES. Each person working on the

equipment must place their own
locks and tags to ensure their
safety.
105