FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENTCLUSTER OF WATER &

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Experiment Flow In Open Channel

Course/ Subject Code BFC 21201

Section 5

Experiment Date 30/11/2023

Group Name Group 1

1. Muhammad Firdaus Bin Radjani (CF220061)

2. Irfan Hafiz Bin Noor Azam (AF220045)

Group Members 3. Faris Aiman Bin Jamaludin (CF220076)

4. Daniel Hakeem Bin Ismail (AF220087)

5. Che Mohamad Redhwan Bin Che Hamzah (AF210127)

Lecturer/ Instructor/
Ts. Dr. Sabariah Binti Musa
Tutor Name

Submission Date 11/1/2024

CLO 1: Report/
Presentation 35%
CLO 2: Equipment
Marks
Handling 7.5%
CLO 3: Team work/
Interview 7.5%
Received Stamp
Total

1.0 INTRODUCTION
 A river, canal, or conduit that allows liquid to flow with a free surface is known as an open
channel. The term "open channel flow" describes the movement of fluid in an open channel where
water is flowing through either a natural or constructed channel. Water is the liquid in the majority
of applications, and the air above the flow is typically either at rest or at regular atmospheric
pressure.
In open channels the transition from a rapid flow to a slow flow is known as hydraulic jump.
Hydraulic jump occurs when the depth of flow changes rapidly from supercritical flow to subcritical
flow within a short distance. It happens when the slope of open channel decreases from steep to
mild, the depth of flow of water increases towards the critical depth and a flow instability occurs at
some point. The flow becomes turbulent until the new normal depth is attained in the downstream.
In hydraulic jump, the water flow had a sudden change in water depth from the less than critical to
the greater critical depth. The different of flow velocity form the supercritical as a result for the
jump. This transition was taking place over a relatively short distance, usually less than 5 times the
depth flow after the jump where the height increase rapidly and incurring considerable of loss
energy. There are 5 types of hydraulic jump such as undular jump, weak jump, oscillating jump,
steady jump and strong jump.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the characteristics of a standing wave (hydraulic jumps) produced when

waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.
3.0 THEORY

A hydraulic leap or standing wave is created when a swift change in water flow is followed
by a calmer, slower flow. This occurrence occurs when water that is released via a sluice gate
combines with water that is deeper downstream. It happens when a depth that is less than critical
shifts to one that is larger than critical and necessitates an energy loss. When there is a slight shift in
depth, an undular jump happens. The water's surface oscillates in a sequence of smooth, peaceful
areas that eventually fade away. When there is a significant shift in depth, a direct leap happens.
Before the water calms down to a smooth, serene flow, a zone of intense turbulence is created by
the significant energy loss.

By considering the forces acting within the fluid on either side of a hydraulic jump of
unit width it can be shown that (Equation. 1):

velocity
before jump (m/s), da is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m). Because of the

working
 Figure 3.2 Hydraulic Jump

This illustration of the hydraulic jump shown in Figure. The water flows through the gate
with high velocity and a depth less than the critical depth causing the rapid flow of water.
Assuming the channel is horizontal, since the hydraulic jump takes place in a limited length of
channel, gravitational energies will not be important. Let the water enter the jump with velocity
V1 and height y1 and leave with velocity V2 and height y2. In one second, the momentum lost
by the fluid - V1), and this must be equal to the difference in
pressure forces on the two cross sections. This difference is -
the surface to the centroid of area, A. This is one place where pressure plays an explicit role.
Equating the rate of momentum change with the net force acting, we find that the combination
hA + QV/g is conserved. For a rectangular channel, A = by and h = y/2m so a conserved
quantity is f = q2/yg + y2/2.
We can write this in dimensionless form by setting x = y/yc, as we did for the specific
energy above. Then, f/yc = 1/x + x /2. shall call a plot 2 We of f/y vs y/y c c the hydraulic jump
curve. Curiously, it is just the specific energy curve with 1/x in place of x. The hydraulic jump
curve for a wide rectangular channel is shown at the right.
When the slope changes from steep to mild, a hydraulic jump occurs at a point such that
y2 is the normal depth on the downstream end. Depending on the corresponding value of y1, the
jump may occur either after or before the break in slope, wherever the required valu of y can be
found. If y is greater than the depth on the steep 1 1 slope, then the jump will occur on the mild
slope when the height of the rapid flow reaches y1. If it is not, then the jump will occur on the
steep slope to a depth that becomes the normal depth on the mild slope.
4.0 APPARATUS

Figure 4.1 : Self-contained Glass Sided Tilting

Flume

Figure 4.2 : Adjustable Undershot Weir

Figure 4.3 : Hook And Point Gauge

5.0 Procedure

1) The flume was ensured its level same with the downstream tilting overshot
weir, at the bottom of its travel. The actual breadth (m) of the undershot
weir was measured and recorded. Then the undershot weir was installed
towards the inlet end of the flume and its securely clamped in position was
ensured.

2) The undershot weir was adjusted to position the sharp edge of the weir 20 mm
above the bed of the channel. The height of the tilting overshot weir was
increased until the downstream level just started to rise.

3) The flow control valve then gradually opened, and the flow was adjusted
until an undular jump is created with small ripple decaying towards the
discharge end of the working section. Then the flow pattern was observed and
sketched.

4) The height of water upstream of the undershot weir was increased by increasing
the flow rate and the height of the tilting overshot weir was increased to create a
hydraulic jump in the center of the working section. The flow pattern was
observed and sketched.

5) The values of 1, 3, and was measured and recorded. Then it was

repeating for other flow rates (upstream head) and heights of the gate.
 6.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

Channel Width = 0.3 m

Part A
Table 6.1 The Hydraulic Jumps

Weir Upstrea Flow Flow

Opening m Flow Depth Depth
Depth Abov Belo
Flow
e w
Rate Q
Jump Jump

0.024 0.057 0.023 0.03 0.004 0.00043 0.263 0.019 1.478

4 5
0.024 0.082 0.030 0.04 0.005 0.00027 0.224 0.009 1.367
1 5
0.024 0.110 0.030 0.04 0.006 0.00052 0.2 0.017 1.467
4 5
0.024 0.143 0.031 0.05 0.007 0.002 0.18 0.065 1.774
5 5
0.024 0.163 0.033 0.05 0.008 0.002 0.17 0.061 1.758
8 5
0.024 0.18 0.035 0.06 0.009 0.002 0.17 0.057 1.743
1 5

6.1 DATA ANALYSIS

Using the first row data, to get data:

ΔH = (y3 - y1)3 / (4y1y3) = (0.034 - 0.023)3 / 4(0.023)(0.034) = 0.00043

V1 = Q / A = Q / yo b = 0.0045 / 0.057(0.3) = 0.263 m/s
ΔH / y1 = 0.00043 / 0.023 = 0.
y3 / y1 = 0.034 / 0.023 = 1.478
Part B
TABLE 6.2 FORCE ON THE SLUICE GATE

Weir breadth = 0.3m

Weir Upstream Downstream Flow Gate Hydrostat FG/FH yG/yo

Opening Flow Flow Depth, Rate, Thrust, ic Thrust,
yg(m) Depth, y1(m) Q Fg(N) FH(N)
yo(m) (m3/s)

0.024m 0.200m 0.022m 0.0088 12026226.88 151.94 79151.16 0.12

0.029m 0.158m 0.020m 0.0088 11281620.49 55.11 204710.95 0.18

0.034m 0.120m 0.023m 0.0088 5996098.28 31.39 191019.38 0.28

0.039m 0.097m 0.027m 0.0088 3139960.27 13.78 227863.59 0.4

0.044m 0.083m 0.030m 0.0088 1925696.04 6.71 286988.98 0.53

 Weir Opening (m) where the values are 0.024m, 0.029m, 0.034m,
0.039m, 0.044m, 0.049m and the value of weir breadth, b is 0.3m. Calculation that will be
find which are Gate Thrust and Hydrostatic Thrust and will be using the formula:

Fg = 1 / 2 ρgy1^2 [(y0^2 / y1^2) - 1] - (ρg / by1)(1- [y0 / y1])

Fg = 1 / 2 (1000)(9.81)(0.022^2)[(0.2000 / 0.0192^2) - 1] - [1000(9.81) / 0.3(0.022)][1 -

(0.200 / 0.022)]

Fg = 12026226.88N

FH = 1 / 2ρg (y0 - yg)^2 = 1 / 2 (1000)(9.81)(0.200 - 0.024)2 = 151.94N

Fg / FH = 12026226.88 / 151.94 = 79151.16
yg / y0 = 0.024 / 0.200 = 0.12
7.0 DISCUSSION

The experiment has shown that, without affecting the channel's structure, fluid depth
can vary suddenly over a little distance. One way to conceptualize such shifts in depth is as a
discontinuity in the free-surface elevation. We refer to this discontinuity as a hydraulic leap.
The starting flow velocity prior to the leap, v1, and the decreasing upstream flow depth, y0,
are both impacted by the increasing discharge flowrate. The flow depth below jumps y3 and
above jump y1 increased because of the chain reaction. The loss of flow energy was made
possible by the depth of flow between the crucial flow alterations. Although the level of
water with the hydraulic jump is higher than y3, the recorded depth of water before to the
jump (y1) is less than the critical depth (yc).

The experiment has shown that, in the absence of a change in the channel
configuration, fluid depth can vary suddenly across a brief distance. These variations in depth
can be roughly described as a discontinuity in the elevation of the free surface. We refer to
this discontinuity as a hydraulic leap. The starting flow velocity prior to the leap, v1, and the
decreasing upstream flow depth, yo, are both impacted by the increasing discharge flow rate.
The flow depth below jumps y3 and above jump y1 increased as a result of the chain reaction.
The loss of flow energy was made possible by the flow depth between the key shifts.
Although the level of water with the hydraulic jump is higher than y3, the recorded depth of
water before to the jump (y1) is less than the critical depth (yc).

8.0 CONCLUSION

The idea and properties of the hydraulic leap were understood in the experiment.
Abrupt changes from supercritical flow in the flow direction give rise to hydraulic leaps.
Based on the experiment, it is demonstrated that the hydraulic leap is influenced by the
following variables: velocity before to jump v1, depth of upstream flow y0, change in
discharge flowrate of the flow Q, and flow depth above jump y1. The hydraulic jump over a
constant weir opening increases with flowrate, upstream flow depth, and hydraulic jump. If
the depth changes suddenly over a short distance, there will be a rapidly variable hydraulic
jump. The hydraulic jump's engineering goal is to implement an energy-dissipating
mechanism to lessen the surplus energy of water flows.