Multiphasic Questionnaire

MULTIPHASIC QUESTIONNAIRE( MPQ)
AIM: The aim of the test was to assess personality and psychopathology of
participant using MPQ developed by H.N Murthy
INTRODUCTION:
The word "personality" stems from the Latin word persona, which refers to a
theatrical mask worn by performers to play roles or disguise their identities.
Allport (1937) believes that personality is biologically determined at birth, and
shaped by a person’s environmental experience.
Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a
given situation (Cattell, 1950)
Personality refers to unique and relatively stable qualities that characterise an
individual’s behaviour across different situations over a period of time.
Consistency in behaviour, thought and emotion of an individual across
situations and across time periods characterises her/his personality.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY:
1. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY- Psychodynamic
theories of personality are heavily influenced by the work of Sigmund
Freud and emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and
childhood experiences on personality.4 Psychodynamic theories include
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stage theory and Erik Erikson's stages of
psychosocial development.
A. Freud believed the three components of personality were the id, ego, and
superego. The id is responsible for needs and urges, while the superego
regulates ideals and morals. The ego, in turn, moderates the demands of
the id, superego, and reality
B. Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most
popular and influential theories of development. While his theory was
impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work, Erikson's theory
centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual
development.
 Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

 Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months
to three years)
 Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)
 Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)
 Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)
 Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)
 Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)
 Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)
C. FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:
2. Humanist Theories of Personality:
Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual

experience in the development of personality.5 Humanist theorists include Carl
Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Humanist theorists promote the concept of self-actualization, which is the innate

need for personal growth and the ways that personal growth motivates
behaviour.
Trait Theories of Personality
The trait theory approach is one of the most prominent areas in personality
psychology. According to these theories, personality is made up of a number of
broad traits. A trait is a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual
to behave in certain ways. It is essentially the psychological "blueprint" that
informs behavioural patterns.
Some of the best-known trait theories include Eysenck's three-dimension theory

and the five-factor theory of personality.
Eysenck utilized personality questionnaires to collect data from participants and

then employed a statistical technique known as factor analysis to analyse the
results. Eysenck concluded that there were three major dimensions of
personality: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.6
Eysenck believed that these dimensions then combine in different ways to form
an individual's unique personality. Later, Eysenck added the third dimension
known as psychoticism, which related to things such as aggression, empathy,
and sociability.
Later researchers suggested that there are five broad dimensions that make up a
person's personality, often referred to as the Big 5 theory of personality.
The Big 5 theory suggests that all personalities can be characterized by five
major personality dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism, collectively referred to by the acronym
OCEAN.
3. BEHAVIOURIST THEORIES
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a behavioral training technique that begins with a
naturally occurring stimulus eliciting an automatic response. Then, a previously
neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.
Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without
the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then
known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a behavior training technique in which reinforcements
or punishments are used to influence behavior. An association is made between
a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
4. CATTELL’s THEORY:
In Cattell’s theory, he identified 16 primary personality factors known as
the 16PF (16 Personality Factors). These factors encompass a wide range
of traits that contribute to an individual’s unique personality profile. Here
are some key examples of these traits:
 Extroversion: This trait refers to one’s level of sociability, assertiveness,

and desire for social interaction. An extroverted person tends to be
outgoing, talkative, and energized by being around others.
 Anxiety: Also known as neuroticism or emotional stability, this trait
relates to the degree of emotional instability or resilience an individual
possesses. People high in anxiety may experience frequent worry or
fearfulness, while those low in anxiety tend to remain calm under
pressure.
 Independence: This trait reflects a person’s ability to think and act
autonomously without relying heavily on others for guidance or
validation. Individuals with high independence are self-reliant and value
their own judgment.
 Openness to Experience: This trait measures one’s receptivity to new
ideas, experiences, and perspectives. Those high in openness tend to be
curious, imaginative, and open-minded towards unconventional concepts.
 Dominance: The dominance trait encompasses assertiveness, leadership
qualities, and a tendency to take charge in social situations. Individuals
with high dominance are often confident decision-makers who enjoy
being in control.
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: psychopathology is the study of the same concepts within the
realm of mental health (or illness).
This study of mental illness can include a long list of elements: symptoms, behaviors, causes
(genetics, biology, social, psychological), course, development, categorization, treatments,
strategies, and more.
In this way, psychopathology is all about exploring problems related to mental health: how to
understand them, how to classify them, and how to fix them.
Signs of Psychopathology
Signs of psychopathology vary depending on the nature of the condition. Some of the signs
that a person might be experiencing some form of psychopathology include:
 Changes in eating habits

 Changes in mood
 Excessive worry, anxiety, or fear
 Feelings of distress
 Inability to concentrate
 Irritability or anger
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (DSM)
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is created by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA) as an assessment system for mental illness.
The DSM-5-TR (Text Revisions) published in 2022 is the current edition and includes
identifiable criteria that mental health professionals use to arrive at a specific diagnosis. 3
The criteria and list of disorders sometimes change as new research emerges. Some examples
of disorders listed in the DSM-5-TR include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia, paranoid personality disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
Identifying Psychopathology
 Deviance: This term refers to thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that deviate from what
is common or at odds with what is deemed acceptable in the society. In the case of
depression, you might report thoughts of guilt or worthlessness that are not common
among other people.
 Distress: This symptom refers to negative feelings either felt within a person or that
result in discomfort in others around that person. In the case of depression, you might
report extreme feelings of distress over sadness or guilt.
 Dysfunction: With this symptom, professionals are looking for the inability to
achieve daily functions like going to work. In the case of depression, you might report
that you can't get out of bed in the morning or that daily tasks take you much longer
than they should.
 Danger: This term refers to behavior that might put you or someone else at some type
of detrimental risk. In the case of depression, this could include reporting that you are
having thoughts of suicide or harming yourself.
MULTIPHASIC QUESTIONNAIRE: The Multiphasic Questionnaire (MPQ) is a

psychological assessment tool developed by H.N. Murthy to measure various psychological
states. It is widely used in India and has been translated into several languages. The MPQ is
commonly used in clinical settings to assess anxiety, depression, and other psychological
disorders. It can also be used in research to study the relationship between psychological factors
and various outcomes. he MPQ consists of several scales, each of which measures a specific
psychological construct. Some of the most common scales include the Depression Scale,
Paranoid Scale, and Anxiety Scale.
METHODOLOGY:-
SUBJECT DETAILS:
NAME-XYZ
AGE-29
GENDER: FEMALE
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Stationary, scoring key, questionnaire
TEST DETAILS:
The Multiphasic Questionnaire (MPQ) is a psychological assessment tool developed by H.N.

Murthy to measure various psychological states. It is widely used in India and has been translated
into several languages. The MPQ is commonly used in clinical settings to assess anxiety,
depression, and other psychological disorders. It can also be used in research to study the
relationship between psychological factors and various outcomes. he MPQ consists of several
scales, each of which measures a specific psychological construct. Some of the most common
scales include the Depression Scale, Paranoid Scale, and Anxiety Scale.
MPQ contains 100 items which falls under 7 clinical scales and 1 validity scale. These scales are:
1. Anxiety
2. Hysteria
3.
PROCEDURE:-
INSTRUCTIONS: The following statements are intended to indicate your
interests and attitudes. This is not an intelligence test and there are no right and
wrong answers. Draw a circle around "T" if the corresponding statement is true
and around “F” if it is false.
ADMINISTRATION:
SCORING: Anxiety (11)
True: 8, 18, 20, 23, 24, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 64, 73, 78, 81, 93, 100
False: 3, 45, 47, 56, 60, 66, 70, 74, 94
II Depression (5)
True: 6, 18, 20, 23, 27, 39, 48, 53, 64, 100
False: 3, 13, 30, 40
III Mania (8)
True: 6, 17, 20, 35, 39, 47, 53, 61, 64, 79, 86, 96, 97
False: 32, 46, 62
IV Paranoia (8)
True: 17, 20, 27, 29, 37, 39, 47, 50, 55, 61, 64, 79
False: 12, 14, 67, 77, 92, 97
V Schizophrenia (5 and above)
True: 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 28, 30, 39, 55, 61, 64, 79, 81, 87, 88
False: 41, 67, 70, 77
VI Psychopathic Deviation (17)
True: 5, 18, 27, 29, 33, 36, 38, 39, 43, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 62, 64, 65, 85, 88
False: 3, 13, 14, 15, 25, 37, 69, 74, 75, 82, 84, 89, 91, 94
VII Hysteria (4)
True: 11, 23, 39, 50, 64
False: 40, 45, 83
VIII K Scale (4)
True: 19, 47
False: 2, 12, 22, 32, 42,52, 62, 72, 82, 9
RESULTS:
IMPRESSION:
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MULTIPHASIC QUESTIONNAIRE( MPQ)

 Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual

Humanist theorists promote the concept of self-actualization, which is the innate

Trait Theories of Personality

Some of the best-known trait theories include Eysenck's three-dimension theory

Eysenck utilized personality questionnaires to collect data from participants and

 Extroversion: This trait refers to one’s level of sociability, assertiveness,

 Changes in eating habits

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

MULTIPHASIC QUESTIONNAIRE: The Multiphasic Questionnaire (MPQ) is a

The Multiphasic Questionnaire (MPQ) is a psychological assessment tool developed by H.N.

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